6 Main Analysis: DDD/TID and trends
6.1 Overview of gabapentinoids consumption by Drug, Country, and Year
*MIROGABALIN is only available in Japan in 2019 which is not covered in our analysis
library(ggplot2)
library(RColorBrewer)
new_set.2<-analy
stacked<-subset(new_set.2, Drug!="Gabapentinoids" )
stacked$Country<-toupper(stacked$Country)
stacked[
order( stacked[,2] ,stacked[,3]),
]stacked$Drug <- factor(stacked$Drug)
stacked$Region <- factor(stacked$Region, levels =
c("Global","Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
"Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
"Oceania" ,
"Eastern Asia" ,
"South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
"Western Asia","Central Asia",
"Northern Africa", "Southern Africa"
))
a<-ggplot(stacked[order(stacked$Drug), ], aes(x = str_to_title(Country), y = DDDPTPD*10, fill = Drug)) +
geom_col(alpha = 0.8, width = 0.9) +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0.1)) +
scale_x_discrete(limits=rev)+
coord_flip() +
facet_grid(rows = vars(Region), cols = vars(Year),
scales = "free_y", switch = "y",
space = "free_y",
labeller = label_wrap_gen(width=20)) +
labs(
title = "Gabapentinoids consumption from 2008 to 2018",
subtitle = "in 65 countries",
caption = "Figure",
y = "Defined Daily Dose per 10000 inhabitants per day"
) +
theme_minimal() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#EC2049", "#DCEDC2", "#2F9599"))+
# scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2")+
theme(
plot.margin = margin(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, unit = "cm"),
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, face = "bold"),
panel.spacing.x = unit(1, "lines"),
# strip.text.y = element_text(angle = 270, face = "bold"),
strip.text.y.left = element_text(angle = 0,face = "bold"),
strip.placement = "outside",
axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 0.5, b = 0.5, unit = "cm")),
axis.title.y = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.x=element_text(angle=270),
legend.position = "top",
panel.grid.major.y = element_blank()
)
a
ggsave(filename="Figure 1_Consumption by Year Country Drug.png", plot=a, height =13, width=16,device="png",
path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
dpi=800)6.2 Calculate CIs of consumption in DDD/TID per year
The function pois.approx from R package epitools is used to calculation the Confidence intervals for Poisson rates with normal approximation
library(epitools)
CIs<-pois.approx(new_set.2$DDD, pt = new_set.2$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
pool.new_set<-cbind(new_set.2,CIs)
pool.new_set.2<-subset(pool.new_set)
pool.new_set.2$DDD<-round(pool.new_set.2$DDD, digits = 5)
write.csv(pool.new_set.2,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_2_Gaba_consumption_CI.csv")6.3 Meta-analysis of DDD/TID by Year
When DDD=0 or extremely small, Country data wont be counted as number of studies in the meta analysis
Drug indices: [1] “Gabapentin”, [2] “Gabapentin Enacarbil”, [3] “Pregabalin”, [4]“Gabapentinoids”
options(width=800)
library(Rcpp)
library(meta)
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
set_subzero<-subset(analy, Drug!="MIROGABALIN")
set_subzero$DDD_dum=set_subzero$DDD
set_subzero$DDD_dum[set_subzero$DDD==0]<-0.00001
CIs<-pois.approx(set_subzero$DDD_dum, set_subzero$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
meta.gaba<-cbind(set_subzero,CIs)
meta.gaba$Region <- factor(meta.gaba$Region, levels =
c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
"Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
"Australia and New Zealand" ,
"Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
"South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
"Western Asia",
"Northern Africa","Southern Africa"
))
meta <- function(rho, iseed){
meta.gaba_1<- subset(meta.gaba, Year==rho & Drug==iseed)
m1_var<-metagen(log(meta.gaba_1$rate),
lower = log(meta.gaba_1$lower),
upper = log(meta.gaba_1$upper),
studlab = meta.gaba_1$Country,
sm = "IRLN", method.tau = "DL",
comb.fixed = TRUE,
byvar = meta.gaba_1$Region)
print(c(rho, iseed))
print(summary(m1_var), digits=4)
est.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
est.random$Year<-rho
est.random$Drug<-iseed
est.random$`DDD/TID`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$TE.random)
est.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$lower.random)
est.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$upper.random)
est.by.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
est.by.random$Year<-rho
est.by.random$Drug<-iseed
est.by.random$`DDD/TID`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$TE)))))
est.by.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$lower)))))
est.by.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$upper)))))
return(c(est.random,est.by.random))
}
datin <- expand.grid(rho = unique(meta.gaba$Year), iseed = unique(meta.gaba$Drug))
i <- 1:nrow(datin)
datout <- with(datin,
lapply(i, function(j){meta(rho[j], iseed[j])}))## [1] 2008 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049] 0.2 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.7587 [0.7581; 0.7593] 0.7 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 1.4440 [1.4427; 1.4454] 0.5 1.7 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0049 [0.0048; 0.0049] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.3490 [0.3484; 0.3495] 0.2 1.7 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0867 [0.0863; 0.0870] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 2.4878 [2.4870; 2.4887] 3.7 1.7 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0425 [0.0423; 0.0426] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0340 [0.0339; 0.0341] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.2926 [0.2918; 0.2935] 0.1 1.7 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.7153 [0.7145; 0.7162] 0.3 1.7 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0727 [0.0725; 0.0730] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0759 [0.0758; 0.0760] 0.3 1.7 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0754 [0.0746; 0.0761] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.9593 [0.9579; 0.9607] 0.2 1.7 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.3793 [1.3788; 1.3798] 3.9 1.7 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.2294 [1.2290; 1.2298] 4.5 1.7 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.8335 [0.8326; 0.8344] 0.4 1.7 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.2259 [0.2254; 0.2264] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0320 [0.0319; 0.0320] 1.7 1.7 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.9193 [0.9178; 0.9207] 0.2 1.7 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5709 [0.5706; 0.5712] 1.5 1.7 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017] 0.6 1.7 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0755 [0.0751; 0.0758] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0298 [0.0294; 0.0301] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.3321 [0.3308; 0.3334] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.2416 [0.2409; 0.2424] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.2187 [0.2179; 0.2195] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.8551 [0.8508; 0.8595] 0.0 1.7 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0713 [0.0712; 0.0713] 0.4 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0074 [0.0073; 0.0074] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.9749 [0.9734; 0.9765] 0.2 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 1.1055 [1.1040; 1.1071] 0.2 1.7 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543] 0.4 1.7 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0242 [0.0241; 0.0243] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0260 [0.0260; 0.0261] 0.1 1.7 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.1470 [0.1468; 0.1472] 0.3 1.7 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.3098 [1.3087; 1.3109] 0.6 1.7 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 3.7459 [3.7426; 3.7492] 0.6 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.0597 [0.0595; 0.0599] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0152 [0.0152; 0.0152] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.1059 [0.1057; 0.1061] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.5982 [0.5971; 0.5993] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.4548 [0.4533; 0.4564] 0.0 1.7 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516] 0.1 1.7 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.6427 [0.6424; 0.6431] 1.4 1.7 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 1.7859 [1.7853; 1.7866] 3.7 1.7 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 1.2074 [1.2063; 1.2086] 0.5 1.7 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.6300 [0.6291; 0.6309] 0.2 1.7 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0646 [0.0643; 0.0648] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 1.1817 [1.1813; 1.1821] 3.8 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1005] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 1.6870 [1.6864; 1.6875] 4.7 1.7 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 4.4760 [4.4756; 4.4764] 61.3 1.7 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.1957 [0.1949; 0.1964] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.4496 [0.4492; 0.4500] 0.6 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 59
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 2.3447 [2.3446; 2.3449] 24236.81 0
## Random effects model 0.2084 [0.1451; 0.2996] -8.48 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.0195 [1.5801; 5.1102]; tau = 1.4211 [1.2570; 2.2606]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4154.05
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1000855860.37 58 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 4.3273 [4.3269; 4.3276] 9848134.09 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.2870 [0.2869; 0.2871] 57037395.75 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.5146 [1.5141; 1.5150] 3503305.53 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.2359 [0.2358; 0.2361] 12165172.49 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.2249 [1.2245; 1.2252] 13237522.89 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 1.2517 [1.2514; 1.2520] 3487176.91 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.7987 [0.7981; 0.7993] 76160.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.3027 [0.3026; 0.3029] 28145086.76 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0260 [0.0260; 0.0261] 0.00 --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0354 [0.0354; 0.0355] 764277.08 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.0335 [1.0331; 1.0339] 9645206.33 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0691 [0.0691; 0.0692] 445938.84 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 862500483.20 12 0
## Within groups 138355377.17 46 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 3.3370 [1.8767; 5.9336] 0.1725 0.4153
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1125 [0.0344; 0.3679] 3.6518 1.9110
## Region = Northern Europe 8 0.5683 [0.4158; 0.7767] 0.2033 0.4509
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.0927 [0.0360; 0.2386] 1.8636 1.3651
## Region = Southern Europe 6 0.7274 [0.4290; 1.2333] 0.4354 0.6598
## Region = Western Europe 6 0.8787 [0.7024; 1.0993] 0.0784 0.2799
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.8601 [0.6727; 1.0996] 0.0314 0.1773
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.0572 [0.0107; 0.3072] 2.9416 1.7151
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0260 [0.0260; 0.0261] -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0416 [0.0248; 0.0699] 0.1397 0.3737
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.1376 [0.0374; 0.5071] 2.6562 1.6298
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0331 [0.0124; 0.0883] 0.7542 0.8685
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 211324.42 12 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1194 [0.1193; 0.1196] 0.2 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.7770 [0.7764; 0.7776] 0.7 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 1.5762 [1.5748; 1.5776] 0.5 1.7 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0093 [0.0092; 0.0094] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.3669 [0.3663; 0.3675] 0.2 1.7 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0590 [0.0590; 0.0591] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.1204 [0.1200; 0.1208] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 2.6364 [2.6355; 2.6373] 3.5 1.7 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0335 [0.0333; 0.0336] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0287 [0.0286; 0.0288] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.2979 [0.2971; 0.2988] 0.1 1.7 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.8909 [0.8900; 0.8918] 0.4 1.7 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0696 [0.0693; 0.0698] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0833 [0.0832; 0.0834] 0.3 1.7 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.1091 [0.1081; 0.1100] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.9637 [0.9623; 0.9650] 0.2 1.7 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.2998 [1.2993; 1.3003] 3.2 1.7 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.3422 [1.3418; 1.3426] 4.3 1.7 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.7983 [0.7974; 0.7991] 0.3 1.7 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.2731 [0.2725; 0.2736] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0343 [0.0343; 0.0343] 1.7 1.7 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.9042 [0.9028; 0.9057] 0.2 1.7 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5370 [0.5367; 0.5373] 1.3 1.7 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479] 0.8 1.7 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0886 [0.0882; 0.0889] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0266 [0.0263; 0.0269] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.3719 [0.3705; 0.3732] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.3655 [0.3646; 0.3664] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.2225 [0.2216; 0.2234] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.7788 [0.7747; 0.7829] 0.0 1.7 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0705 [0.0704; 0.0706] 0.3 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0051 [0.0050; 0.0051] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.1650 [1.1633; 1.1667] 0.2 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 1.4251 [1.4233; 1.4268] 0.3 1.7 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0466 [0.0465; 0.0466] 0.3 1.7 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0173 [0.0173; 0.0174] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0266 [0.0265; 0.0266] 0.1 1.7 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.1674 [0.1672; 0.1676] 0.3 1.7 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.1282 [1.1271; 1.1292] 0.5 1.7 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 4.7038 [4.7000; 4.7075] 0.7 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.1543 [0.1540; 0.1546] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0166 [0.0166; 0.0166] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.1008 [0.1006; 0.1010] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.7215 [0.7203; 0.7227] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.4132 [0.4117; 0.4146] 0.0 1.7 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457] 0.1 1.7 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.6597 [0.6593; 0.6601] 1.3 1.7 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 1.8188 [1.8181; 1.8194] 3.4 1.7 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 1.2153 [1.2141; 1.2165] 0.4 1.7 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5953 [0.5944; 0.5962] 0.2 1.7 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0831 [0.0828; 0.0834] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 1.4377 [1.4372; 1.4381] 4.1 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.1115 [0.1111; 0.1119] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 2.0046 [2.0040; 2.0052] 5.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 5.1806 [5.1802; 5.1811] 62.9 1.7 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.2686 [0.2677; 0.2695] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.4848 [0.4844; 0.4852] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 59
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 2.7150 [2.7149; 2.7152] 30310.89 0
## Random effects model 0.2289 [0.1574; 0.3328] -7.72 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.1545 [1.6226; 5.2873]; tau = 1.4678 [1.2738; 2.2994]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4506.10
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1177686897.84 58 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 4.9981 [4.9977; 4.9985] 14040867.96 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.3631 [0.3630; 0.3633] 71651246.56 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.7810 [1.7805; 1.7814] 5007049.74 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.2945 [0.2943; 0.2947] 14394809.46 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.2236 [1.2232; 1.2239] 14640133.22 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 1.2828 [1.2825; 1.2831] 3594821.16 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.8527 [0.8521; 0.8533] 232452.36 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.2827 [0.2826; 0.2829] 35978409.65 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0266 [0.0265; 0.0266] 0.00 --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0361 [0.0360; 0.0361] 234353.99 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.2660 [1.2656; 1.2664] 11764429.76 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0785 [0.0785; 0.0786] 453736.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1005694587.18 12 0
## Within groups 171992310.65 46 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 3.6957 [1.9064; 7.1646] 0.2282 0.4777
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1134 [0.0321; 0.4011] 4.1510 2.0374
## Region = Northern Europe 8 0.6376 [0.4455; 0.9124] 0.2675 0.5172
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.1305 [0.0528; 0.3223] 1.7037 1.3053
## Region = Southern Europe 6 0.6904 [0.3904; 1.2209] 0.5076 0.7125
## Region = Western Europe 6 0.8811 [0.7034; 1.1036] 0.0792 0.2814
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.9514 [0.6397; 1.4149] 0.0820 0.2864
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.0765 [0.0143; 0.4097] 2.9324 1.7124
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0266 [0.0265; 0.0266] -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0400 [0.0296; 0.0540] 0.0469 0.2166
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.1550 [0.0408; 0.5888] 2.7809 1.6676
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0328 [0.0129; 0.0831] 0.6774 0.8231
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 128256.56 12 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1292 [0.1290; 0.1294] 0.2 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.8366 [0.8360; 0.8373] 0.6 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 1.7240 [1.7225; 1.7255] 0.5 1.7 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0122 [0.0121; 0.0124] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.4468 [0.4461; 0.4475] 0.2 1.7 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0614 [0.0614; 0.0615] 0.4 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.1616 [0.1611; 0.1621] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 2.7823 [2.7814; 2.7832] 3.2 1.7 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0269 [0.0268; 0.0271] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0235 [0.0234; 0.0236] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.2668 [0.2660; 0.2676] 0.0 1.7 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.0463 [1.0452; 1.0473] 0.4 1.7 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0720 [0.0718; 0.0723] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1069 [0.1067; 0.1070] 0.3 1.7 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.2425 [0.2411; 0.2439] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.9824 [0.9810; 0.9837] 0.2 1.7 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.2534 [1.2529; 1.2538] 2.6 1.7 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.4106 [1.4101; 1.4110] 3.8 1.7 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.8032 [0.8023; 0.8041] 0.3 1.7 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.3559 [0.3553; 0.3565] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0373 [0.0373; 0.0373] 1.5 1.7 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.8461 [0.8447; 0.8475] 0.1 1.7 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5452 [0.5449; 0.5455] 1.1 1.7 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1810 [0.1809; 0.1811] 0.8 1.7 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.1086 [0.1082; 0.1090] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0240 [0.0237; 0.0243] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.4715 [0.4699; 0.4730] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.3637 [0.3629; 0.3646] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.2311 [0.2302; 0.2320] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.7427 [0.7388; 0.7466] 0.0 1.7 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0782] 0.3 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0060 [0.0060; 0.0061] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.3931 [1.3913; 1.3950] 0.2 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 1.8065 [1.8046; 1.8085] 0.3 1.7 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0446 [0.0445; 0.0446] 0.3 1.7 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0290 [0.0289; 0.0291] 0.1 1.7 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.1920 [0.1917; 0.1922] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.1608 [1.1597; 1.1618] 0.4 1.7 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 5.5328 [5.5288; 5.5368] 0.7 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.2463 [0.2459; 0.2466] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0159 [0.0159; 0.0160] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.1232 [0.1230; 0.1234] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.8791 [0.8778; 0.8805] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.4079 [0.4064; 0.4093] 0.0 1.7 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457] 0.1 1.7 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.6761 [0.6757; 0.6765] 1.1 1.7 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 1.8213 [1.8206; 1.8219] 2.9 1.7 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 1.2623 [1.2611; 1.2635] 0.4 1.7 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5748 [0.5739; 0.5757] 0.1 1.7 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.1721 [0.1720; 0.1723] 0.4 1.7 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0815 [0.0812; 0.0818] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 1.7746 [1.7740; 1.7751] 4.3 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.1305 [0.1301; 0.1309] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 2.3586 [2.3580; 2.3592] 5.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 6.3255 [6.3250; 6.3260] 65.3 1.7 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.2401 [0.2392; 0.2409] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.4784 [0.4780; 0.4788] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 3.2965 [3.2963; 3.2967] 39447.96 0
## Random effects model 0.2505 [0.1693; 0.3707] -6.92 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.3975 [1.6822; 5.4854]; tau = 1.5484 [1.2970; 2.3421]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5009.64
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1480692150.09 59 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 6.0892 [6.0888; 6.0896] 22322857.16 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4215 [0.4213; 0.4217] 83966945.48 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.0853 [2.0848; 2.0858] 6851246.20 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.3698 [0.3696; 0.3700] 16162172.26 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.2310 [1.2306; 1.2313] 14580988.44 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 1.3086 [1.3083; 1.3089] 3905460.33 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.9491 [0.9484; 0.9497] 435233.77 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.2746 [0.2744; 0.2747] 42693447.47 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1226 [0.1225; 0.1227] 2555118.07 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0383 [0.0383; 0.0383] 78155.30 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.5620 [1.5615; 1.5624] 15136013.33 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0986 [0.0985; 0.0987] 588757.35 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1271415754.90 12 0
## Within groups 209276395.18 47 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 4.1952 [1.8759; 9.3820] 0.3373 0.5807
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1119 [0.0298; 0.4204] 4.5582 2.1350
## Region = Northern Europe 8 0.7657 [0.5139; 1.1407] 0.3311 0.5754
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.1625 [0.0685; 0.3859] 1.5564 1.2476
## Region = Southern Europe 6 0.6821 [0.3875; 1.2008] 0.4995 0.7067
## Region = Western Europe 6 0.9136 [0.7246; 1.1519] 0.0839 0.2897
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.0796 [0.6550; 1.7795] 0.1300 0.3606
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.0929 [0.0172; 0.5003] 2.9520 1.7181
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0706 [0.0123; 0.4047] 1.5861 1.2594
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0408 [0.0343; 0.0485] 0.0157 0.1253
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.1732 [0.0433; 0.6927] 3.0006 1.7322
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0375 [0.0133; 0.1054] 0.8352 0.9139
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1213.87 12 < 0.0001
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1364 [0.1363; 0.1366] 0.2 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.8668 [0.8662; 0.8675] 0.6 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 1.8391 [1.8376; 1.8406] 0.5 1.6 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0139 [0.0138; 0.0140] 0.0 1.6 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.4884 [0.4878; 0.4891] 0.2 1.6 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0443 [0.0439; 0.0447] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0770 [0.0769; 0.0770] 0.5 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.2211 [0.2206; 0.2217] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 2.9905 [2.9896; 2.9915] 3.2 1.6 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0234 [0.0233; 0.0235] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0047 [0.0047; 0.0047] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.2282 [0.2275; 0.2290] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.2108 [1.2097; 1.2119] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0672 [0.0670; 0.0675] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1148 [0.1147; 0.1149] 0.3 1.6 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.2902 [0.2887; 0.2917] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 1.0435 [1.0420; 1.0449] 0.2 1.6 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.2042 [1.2038; 1.2047] 2.4 1.6 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.4962 [1.4957; 1.4966] 3.8 1.6 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.8916 [0.8906; 0.8925] 0.3 1.6 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.4230 [0.4223; 0.4236] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0430 [0.0430; 0.0430] 1.7 1.6 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.8952 [0.8938; 0.8967] 0.1 1.6 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5448 [0.5445; 0.5451] 1.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1505 [0.1504; 0.1506] 0.6 1.6 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.1083 [0.1079; 0.1087] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190] 0.0 1.6 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0285 [0.0282; 0.0288] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.6091 [0.6073; 0.6108] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.3338 [0.3330; 0.3346] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.2378 [0.2369; 0.2387] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.7418 [0.7379; 0.7456] 0.0 1.6 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0770 [0.0769; 0.0771] 0.3 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0104 [0.0103; 0.0104] 0.0 1.6 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.6528 [0.6522; 0.6534] 0.3 1.6 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.6064 [1.6045; 1.6084] 0.2 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.0397 [2.0376; 2.0418] 0.3 1.6 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0465 [0.0465; 0.0466] 0.3 1.6 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0192 [0.0192; 0.0193] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0279 [0.0279; 0.0280] 0.1 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.2211 [0.2208; 0.2213] 0.3 1.6 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.1147 [1.1136; 1.1157] 0.4 1.6 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 7.1769 [7.1723; 7.1815] 0.8 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.3992 [0.3987; 0.3996] 0.3 1.6 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0184 [0.0183; 0.0184] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.1683 [0.1681; 0.1686] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0660 [0.0657; 0.0663] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.9711 [0.9697; 0.9724] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.3702 [0.3688; 0.3715] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504] 0.1 1.6 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.6730 [0.6727; 0.6734] 1.0 1.6 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 1.8636 [1.8630; 1.8643] 2.7 1.6 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 1.4097 [1.4084; 1.4109] 0.4 1.6 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5369 [0.5360; 0.5377] 0.1 1.6 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.2549 [0.2547; 0.2551] 0.5 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0891 [0.0888; 0.0894] 0.0 1.6 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.1980 [2.1975; 2.1986] 5.0 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.1306 [0.1302; 0.1310] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 2.7146 [2.7139; 2.7152] 5.4 1.6 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 6.5599 [6.5594; 6.5604] 63.7 1.6 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.3039 [0.3029; 0.3049] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.5095 [0.5091; 0.5100] 0.5 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 3.3835 [3.3833; 3.3837] 41728.55 0
## Random effects model 0.2547 [0.1748; 0.3712] -7.12 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.3641 [1.7027; 5.3863]; tau = 1.5376 [1.3049; 2.3208]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5068.59
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1618509242.42 63 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 6.3167 [6.3162; 6.3171] 22159370.66 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.5506 [0.5504; 0.5508] 109018020.17 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.3962 [2.3957; 2.3967] 8260655.14 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.4438 [0.4436; 0.4440] 18059780.13 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.2378 [1.2375; 1.2382] 17724703.98 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.2989 [1.2986; 1.2992] 6752609.30 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.0217 [1.0211; 1.0224] 723732.35 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.2378 [0.2378; 0.2379] 51274998.68 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1894 [0.1893; 0.1896] 4126909.43 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0435 [0.0435; 0.0435] 16705.05 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.9348 [1.9343; 1.9352] 19487910.69 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.1043 [0.1042; 0.1044] 703123.53 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1360200723.30 13 0
## Within groups 258308519.12 50 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 4.4292 [2.0512; 9.5641] 0.3085 0.5554
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1195 [0.0292; 0.4900] 5.1801 2.2760
## Region = Northern Europe 8 0.8626 [0.5704; 1.3043] 0.3561 0.5967
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.1991 [0.0874; 0.4539] 1.4137 1.1890
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.3545 [0.2079; 0.6045] 0.5933 0.7703
## Region = Western Europe 7 0.8837 [0.6779; 1.1519] 0.1280 0.3578
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.1800 [0.6447; 2.1600] 0.1903 0.4362
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1011 [0.0162; 0.6318] 3.4972 1.8701
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0844 [0.0097; 0.7368] 2.4447 1.5636
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0447 [0.0414; 0.0483] 0.0031 0.0557
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.1919 [0.0456; 0.8063] 3.2196 1.7943
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0474 [0.0170; 0.1319] 0.8200 0.9055
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 98506.15 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1383 [0.1382; 0.1385] 0.2 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.9460 [0.9453; 0.9466] 0.7 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 1.9626 [1.9611; 1.9642] 0.5 1.6 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0148 [0.0147; 0.0150] 0.0 1.6 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.5723 [0.5715; 0.5730] 0.2 1.6 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0958 [0.0953; 0.0964] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0876 [0.0875; 0.0876] 0.5 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.2866 [0.2859; 0.2872] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 3.3044 [3.3034; 3.3054] 3.5 1.6 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0220 [0.0219; 0.0221] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0083 [0.0083; 0.0083] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0193 [0.0192; 0.0193] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.2042 [0.2035; 0.2049] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.3418 [1.3407; 1.3430] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0590 [0.0588; 0.0592] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1044 [0.1043; 0.1045] 0.3 1.6 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.3901 [0.3883; 0.3919] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 1.1761 [1.1746; 1.1776] 0.2 1.6 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.2173 [1.2168; 1.2177] 2.4 1.6 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.5603 [1.5599; 1.5608] 3.9 1.6 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.8239 [0.8230; 0.8248] 0.3 1.6 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.4641 [0.4634; 0.4648] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0472 [0.0472; 0.0473] 1.8 1.6 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.9214 [0.9199; 0.9228] 0.1 1.6 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5310 [0.5307; 0.5313] 1.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1244 [0.1243; 0.1245] 0.5 1.6 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0998 [0.0994; 0.1002] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220] 0.0 1.6 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0292 [0.0289; 0.0295] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.8136 [0.8115; 0.8156] 0.1 1.6 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.2992 [0.2985; 0.3000] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.2617 [0.2607; 0.2626] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.7475 [0.7437; 0.7514] 0.0 1.6 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0837 [0.0836; 0.0837] 0.3 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173] 0.0 1.6 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.6605 [0.6599; 0.6612] 0.3 1.6 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.8861 [1.8840; 1.8882] 0.3 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.1749 [2.1727; 2.1770] 0.3 1.6 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0469 [0.0469; 0.0470] 0.3 1.6 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0190 [0.0189; 0.0191] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0268 [0.0267; 0.0268] 0.1 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.2055 [0.2053; 0.2058] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.1942 [1.1931; 1.1953] 0.4 1.6 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 8.2103 [8.2053; 8.2152] 0.9 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.5151 [0.5146; 0.5157] 0.3 1.6 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0226 [0.0225; 0.0226] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.1279 [0.1277; 0.1281] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0827 [0.0823; 0.0830] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.0650 [1.0635; 1.0664] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.3544 [0.3531; 0.3558] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533] 0.1 1.6 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.7229 [0.7225; 0.7232] 1.1 1.6 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 1.8152 [1.8146; 1.8159] 2.6 1.6 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 1.5277 [1.5265; 1.5290] 0.4 1.6 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5176 [0.5168; 0.5184] 0.1 1.6 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2142 [0.2139; 0.2145] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.2950 [0.2948; 0.2952] 0.6 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.1064 [0.1061; 0.1067] 0.0 1.6 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.3781 [2.3775; 2.3787] 5.4 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0810 [0.0807; 0.0813] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 3.2081 [3.2074; 3.2089] 6.3 1.6 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 6.3591 [6.3586; 6.3595] 61.2 1.6 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.4181 [0.4169; 0.4192] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.5864 [0.5860; 0.5869] 0.5 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 3.2768 [3.2767; 3.2770] 40970.80 0
## Random effects model 0.2735 [0.1891; 0.3955] -6.89 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.2668 [1.7021; 5.3176]; tau = 1.5056 [1.3047; 2.3060]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5128.07
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1656717916.72 63 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 6.1357 [6.1352; 6.1361] 17075245.37 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.6394 [0.6391; 0.6396] 124192415.77 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.8154 [2.8148; 2.8160] 10578709.84 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.4962 [0.4960; 0.4964] 20800619.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.2063 [1.2060; 1.2066] 17661915.48 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.3442 [1.3439; 1.3444] 7340926.83 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.1476 [1.1470; 1.1483] 1055334.37 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.2080 [0.2079; 0.2080] 65605634.82 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.2238 [0.2237; 0.2240] 4843774.97 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0472 [0.0472; 0.0472] 104.88 99.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.1359 [2.1353; 2.1364] 20203034.60 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0950 [0.0949; 0.0951] 644510.30 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1366715689.87 13 0
## Within groups 290002226.85 50 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 4.5840 [2.4134; 8.7067] 0.2143 0.4629
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1255 [0.0303; 0.5205] 5.2682 2.2953
## Region = Northern Europe 8 0.9948 [0.6378; 1.5517] 0.4115 0.6415
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.2257 [0.0979; 0.5205] 1.4535 1.2056
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.3908 [0.2287; 0.6677] 0.5977 0.7731
## Region = Western Europe 7 0.9170 [0.6991; 1.2027] 0.1341 0.3661
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.3357 [0.6793; 2.6267] 0.2381 0.4879
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1125 [0.0154; 0.8223] 4.1216 2.0302
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0889 [0.0085; 0.9334] 2.8792 1.6968
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0471 [0.0468; 0.0474] <0.0001 0.0043
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.1667 [0.0334; 0.8321] 4.0376 2.0094
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0576 [0.0242; 0.1368] 0.5843 0.7644
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 94816.14 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1348 [0.1346; 0.1350] 0.2 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.7847 [0.7841; 0.7853] 0.5 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.0660 [2.0644; 2.0676] 0.5 1.6 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0221 [0.0219; 0.0222] 0.0 1.6 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.8101 [0.8093; 0.8110] 0.2 1.6 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1360 [0.1353; 0.1366] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0978 [0.0977; 0.0978] 0.5 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.4003 [0.3995; 0.4010] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 3.6682 [3.6672; 3.6693] 3.5 1.6 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0206 [0.0205; 0.0207] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0119 [0.0119; 0.0119] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0168 [0.0167; 0.0169] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.1891 [0.1884; 0.1897] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.5003 [1.4991; 1.5015] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0490 [0.0488; 0.0492] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1103 [0.1102; 0.1104] 0.3 1.6 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.5081 [0.5061; 0.5101] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 1.4016 [1.4000; 1.4032] 0.2 1.6 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.2245 [1.2240; 1.2249] 2.1 1.6 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.6432 [1.6427; 1.6436] 3.6 1.6 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.9298 [0.9289; 0.9308] 0.3 1.6 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.5382 [0.5374; 0.5389] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0518 [0.0517; 0.0518] 1.8 1.6 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.9678 [0.9663; 0.9693] 0.1 1.6 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5287 [0.5284; 0.5290] 0.9 1.6 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1114 [0.1113; 0.1115] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.1073 [0.1069; 0.1076] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0203 [0.0202; 0.0204] 0.0 1.6 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0408 [0.0404; 0.0411] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## LATVIA 1.0487 [1.0464; 1.0510] 0.1 1.6 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.3187 [0.3180; 0.3195] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.3129 [0.3118; 0.3139] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.7067 [0.7030; 0.7104] 0.0 1.6 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0904 [0.0903; 0.0905] 0.3 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0271] 0.0 1.6 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.6591 [0.6585; 0.6598] 0.3 1.6 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 2.1377 [2.1355; 2.1399] 0.3 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.2712 [2.2690; 2.2734] 0.3 1.6 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0450] 0.2 1.6 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0181 [0.0180; 0.0182] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0330 [0.0330; 0.0331] 0.1 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.2660 [0.2658; 0.2663] 0.3 1.6 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.2241 [1.2230; 1.2252] 0.3 1.6 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 8.3869 [8.3819; 8.3919] 0.8 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.6903 [0.6897; 0.6909] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0296 [0.0295; 0.0296] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.1192 [0.1190; 0.1194] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0894 [0.0891; 0.0897] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.1862 [1.1847; 1.1877] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.3501 [0.3488; 0.3515] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573] 0.1 1.6 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.7358 [0.7354; 0.7362] 1.0 1.6 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 1.8345 [1.8339; 1.8352] 2.3 1.6 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 1.8971 [1.8957; 1.8986] 0.5 1.6 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5102 [0.5094; 0.5110] 0.1 1.6 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2000 [0.1997; 0.2003] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.4366 [0.4363; 0.4368] 0.8 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.1107 [0.1104; 0.1111] 0.0 1.6 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.5445 [2.5439; 2.5451] 5.2 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0828 [0.0825; 0.0831] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 3.8409 [3.8401; 3.8417] 6.7 1.6 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 7.3525 [7.3520; 7.3530] 62.5 1.6 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.4117 [0.4106; 0.4128] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.6841 [0.6836; 0.6846] 0.5 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 3.7911 [3.7909; 3.7913] 49132.25 0
## Random effects model 0.3009 [0.2060; 0.4396] -6.21 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.3923 [1.7292; 5.4420]; tau = 1.5467 [1.3150; 2.3328]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5554.13
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1943447617.03 63 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 7.0878 [7.0873; 7.0883] 21658699.79 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.6512 [0.6510; 0.6514] 126291949.71 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 3.3625 [3.3618; 3.3631] 12984168.11 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.5736 [0.5734; 0.5739] 23620137.19 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.2226 [1.2222; 1.2229] 17899253.57 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.4001 [1.3998; 1.4004] 7634003.02 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.1101 [1.1094; 1.1108] 2316862.49 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1818 [0.1817; 0.1819] 72711690.90 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0203 [0.0202; 0.0204] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.3382 [0.3380; 0.3384] 7162697.36 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0509 [0.0509; 0.0510] 55258.47 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.2917 [2.2912; 2.2922] 21934345.55 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0991 [0.0990; 0.0992] 608514.47 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1628570036.40 13 0
## Within groups 314877580.64 50 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 5.1933 [2.6273; 10.2654] 0.2417 0.4917
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1241 [0.0311; 0.4946] 4.9794 2.2314
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.1794 [0.7480; 1.8594] 0.4317 0.6570
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.2869 [0.1285; 0.6406] 1.3436 1.1592
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.4155 [0.2439; 0.7077] 0.5906 0.7685
## Region = Western Europe 7 0.9687 [0.7397; 1.2686] 0.1325 0.3641
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.2952 [0.4851; 3.4582] 0.5022 0.7086
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1183 [0.0157; 0.8921] 4.2519 2.0620
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0203 [0.0202; 0.0204] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1201 [0.0096; 1.5078] 3.3337 1.8258
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0482 [0.0420; 0.0554] 0.0099 0.0997
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.1809 [0.0349; 0.9365] 4.2236 2.0551
## Region = Northern Africa 3 0.0691 [0.0322; 0.1480] 0.4536 0.6735
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 123056.22 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0031 [ 0.0031; 0.0032] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1286 [ 0.1284; 0.1288] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.6459 [ 0.6453; 0.6464] 0.4 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.1770 [ 2.1754; 2.1786] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0305 [ 0.0303; 0.0307] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 1.0163 [ 1.0154; 1.0173] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1421 [ 0.1414; 0.1427] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1063 [ 0.1062; 0.1064] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.4875 [ 0.4867; 0.4884] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 3.8718 [ 3.8707; 3.8729] 3.4 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0202 [ 0.0201; 0.0203] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0158 [ 0.0158; 0.0158] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0150 [ 0.0150; 0.0151] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.1837 [ 0.1830; 0.1844] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.7140 [ 1.7127; 1.7153] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0434 [ 0.0432; 0.0436] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1243 [ 0.1242; 0.1244] 0.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.6371 [ 0.6349; 0.6394] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 1.6351 [ 1.6333; 1.6368] 0.2 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.2639 [ 1.2634; 1.2644] 2.0 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.6853 [ 1.6848; 1.6858] 3.4 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.9639 [ 0.9629; 0.9649] 0.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.6103 [ 0.6095; 0.6111] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0637 [ 0.0637; 0.0637] 2.0 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 1.0037 [ 1.0022; 1.0052] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5519 [ 0.5516; 0.5522] 0.8 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1038 [ 0.1037; 0.1039] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0884 [ 0.0880; 0.0887] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0272 [ 0.0270; 0.0273] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.1028 [ 0.1022; 0.1033] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 1.2957 [ 1.2931; 1.2983] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.3372 [ 0.3365; 0.3380] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.3355 [ 0.3344; 0.3366] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.6660 [ 0.6625; 0.6696] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0891 [ 0.0890; 0.0892] 0.3 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0311 [ 0.0310; 0.0312] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.6984 [ 0.6977; 0.6991] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 2.4379 [ 2.4355; 2.4403] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.2095 [ 2.2074; 2.2116] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0423 [ 0.0422; 0.0423] 0.2 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0158 [ 0.0157; 0.0159] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0272 [ 0.0271; 0.0272] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.3332 [ 0.3329; 0.3335] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.2655 [ 1.2643; 1.2666] 0.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 10.1429 [10.1373; 10.1484] 0.9 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.8419 [ 0.8412; 0.8426] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0362 [ 0.0361; 0.0362] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.1250 [ 0.1248; 0.1252] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0908 [ 0.0905; 0.0912] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.4205 [ 1.4189; 1.4222] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.3401 [ 0.3388; 0.3414] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0581 [ 0.0580; 0.0582] 0.1 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.8166 [ 0.8162; 0.8170] 1.0 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 1.8863 [ 1.8856; 1.8869] 2.2 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 2.3524 [ 2.3508; 2.3540] 0.6 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5117 [ 0.5109; 0.5125] 0.1 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.1917 [ 0.1914; 0.1920] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.4858 [ 0.4856; 0.4861] 0.8 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.1231 [ 0.1227; 0.1234] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.5723 [ 2.5717; 2.5729] 4.9 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0897 [ 0.0893; 0.0900] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 4.4910 [ 4.4902; 4.4919] 7.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 7.9211 [ 7.9206; 7.9216] 62.3 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.4417 [ 0.4405; 0.4429] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.8366 [ 0.8360; 0.8371] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 4.0622 [4.0620; 4.0624] 53922.93 0
## Random effects model 0.3039 [0.2077; 0.4447] -6.13 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.4511 [1.7673; 5.5514]; tau = 1.5656 [1.3294; 2.3561]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5831.39
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 2176329690.77 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 7.6324 [7.6319; 7.6329] 24502017.82 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.8332 [0.8329; 0.8335] 150990965.00 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 3.9290 [3.9283; 3.9297] 15545676.98 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.6699 [0.6696; 0.6701] 27464690.33 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.2578 [1.2575; 1.2582] 18217237.30 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.4488 [1.4485; 1.4491] 7395333.57 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.1316 [1.1309; 1.1323] 4146297.98 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1838 [0.1837; 0.1838] 83779536.81 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0272 [0.0270; 0.0273] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.3903 [0.3901; 0.3905] 7666743.77 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0614 [0.0614; 0.0614] 461162.92 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.3055 [2.3050; 2.3060] 23294204.76 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1080 [0.1079; 0.1081] 1250157.76 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1811615665.79 13 0
## Within groups 364714024.98 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 5.5380 [2.7460; 11.1686] 0.2562 0.5062
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1253 [0.0299; 0.5250] 5.3451 2.3119
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.3434 [0.8434; 2.1398] 0.4513 0.6718
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.3499 [0.1584; 0.7725] 1.3067 1.1431
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.4229 [0.2493; 0.7174] 0.5814 0.7625
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.0166 [0.7852; 1.3162] 0.1216 0.3487
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.2548 [0.3414; 4.6121] 0.8822 0.9392
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1265 [0.0161; 0.9959] 4.4318 2.1052
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0272 [0.0270; 0.0273] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1149 [0.0068; 1.9386] 4.1561 2.0387
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0519 [0.0347; 0.0776] 0.0841 0.2900
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.2110 [0.0417; 1.0679] 4.1071 2.0266
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0350 [0.0147; 0.0829] 0.7766 0.8813
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 87486.00 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0272 [ 0.0271; 0.0273] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1302 [ 0.1300; 0.1303] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.6512 [ 0.6507; 0.6518] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.1760 [ 2.1744; 2.1777] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0476 [ 0.0474; 0.0478] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 1.0938 [ 1.0927; 1.0948] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1982 [ 0.1974; 0.1990] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1118 [ 0.1118; 0.1119] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.5419 [ 0.5410; 0.5428] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 4.1539 [ 4.1528; 4.1550] 3.3 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0193 [ 0.0192; 0.0194] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0202 [ 0.0202; 0.0202] 0.6 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0150 [ 0.0149; 0.0150] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.1533 [ 0.1527; 0.1539] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.8848 [ 1.8834; 1.8861] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0448 [ 0.0447; 0.0450] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1340 [ 0.1339; 0.1342] 0.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.7565 [ 0.7540; 0.7589] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 1.8835 [ 1.8816; 1.8854] 0.2 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.2950 [ 1.2946; 1.2955] 1.8 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.6790 [ 1.6785; 1.6794] 3.0 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 1.0152 [ 1.0142; 1.0162] 0.2 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.6659 [ 0.6651; 0.6668] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0748 [ 0.0748; 0.0749] 2.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 1.0668 [ 1.0652; 1.0684] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5614 [ 0.5610; 0.5617] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.0968 [ 0.0967; 0.0969] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0728 [ 0.0725; 0.0731] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0261 [ 0.0259; 0.0262] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.1504 [ 0.1497; 0.1510] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 1.5928 [ 1.5899; 1.5957] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.3553 [ 0.3545; 0.3560] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.3776 [ 0.3765; 0.3788] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.6946 [ 0.6910; 0.6982] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0935 [ 0.0934; 0.0936] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0421 [ 0.0420; 0.0423] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.7221 [ 0.7215; 0.7228] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 2.8493 [ 2.8467; 2.8518] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.6628 [ 2.6605; 2.6651] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0398 [ 0.0397; 0.0398] 0.2 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0558 [ 0.0557; 0.0560] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0275 [ 0.0274; 0.0275] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.4023 [ 0.4020; 0.4027] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.3129 [ 1.3117; 1.3140] 0.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 11.7963 [11.7902; 11.8024] 0.9 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.9553 [ 0.9545; 0.9560] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0453 [ 0.0453; 0.0454] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.2044 [ 0.2042; 0.2047] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.1135 [ 0.1131; 0.1138] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.5663 [ 1.5645; 1.5680] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.3335 [ 0.3322; 0.3348] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0551 [ 0.0550; 0.0552] 0.1 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.8380 [ 0.8375; 0.8384] 0.9 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 1.9664 [ 1.9657; 1.9670] 2.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 2.7401 [ 2.7384; 2.7418] 0.6 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5081 [ 0.5073; 0.5089] 0.1 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2013 [ 0.2010; 0.2016] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.5087 [ 0.5084; 0.5090] 0.8 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0958 [ 0.0955; 0.0961] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.6150 [ 2.6144; 2.6156] 4.5 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.1007 [ 0.1004; 0.1011] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 5.1176 [ 5.1167; 5.1185] 7.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 9.2026 [ 9.2020; 9.2031] 64.3 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.3638 [ 0.3627; 0.3649] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.3521 [ 0.3517; 0.3524] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 4.7307 [4.7305; 4.7309] 63664.08 0
## Random effects model 0.3411 [0.2293; 0.5074] -5.31 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.6697 [1.8264; 5.7894]; tau = 1.6339 [1.3515; 2.4061]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6349.46
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 2580199141.57 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 8.8562 [8.8557; 8.8567] 32916135.44 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.8637 [0.8634; 0.8640] 178926198.99 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 4.4871 [4.4863; 4.4878] 17341214.90 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.7319 [0.7316; 0.7321] 30772569.15 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.3070 [1.3066; 1.3073] 19356305.49 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.4589 [1.4586; 1.4592] 6901479.64 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.2795 [1.2787; 1.2803] 5674568.71 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1724 [0.1724; 0.1725] 88154541.10 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0261 [0.0259; 0.0262] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.4096 [0.4094; 0.4098] 8079936.31 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0714 [0.0714; 0.0714] 1070003.54 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.2947 [2.2942; 2.2952] 25907039.84 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1059 [0.1058; 0.1060] 1437448.83 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0551 [0.0550; 0.0552] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2163661699.62 13 0
## Within groups 416537441.95 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 6.1828 [2.8356; 13.4810] 0.3164 0.5625
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1310 [0.0254; 0.6757] 7.0074 2.6472
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.5547 [0.9868; 2.4496] 0.4304 0.6560
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.4152 [0.1894; 0.9100] 1.2824 1.1324
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.4503 [0.2636; 0.7693] 0.5972 0.7728
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.0403 [0.8128; 1.3315] 0.1110 0.3331
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.3622 [0.3207; 5.7863] 1.0892 1.0437
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1347 [0.0177; 1.0234] 4.2811 2.0691
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0261 [0.0259; 0.0262] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1182 [0.0068; 2.0651] 4.2601 2.0640
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0546 [0.0294; 0.1013] 0.1996 0.4467
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.2437 [0.0564; 1.0533] 3.3466 1.8294
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0619 [0.0282; 0.1358] 0.6420 0.8012
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0551 [0.0550; 0.0552] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 82622.74 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0677 [ 0.0676; 0.0678] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1252 [ 0.1251; 0.1254] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.6366 [ 0.6361; 0.6371] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.1089 [ 2.1074; 2.1105] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0535 [ 0.0532; 0.0537] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.9712 [ 0.9703; 0.9722] 0.2 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.2626 [ 0.2617; 0.2635] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1122 [ 0.1121; 0.1123] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.5557 [ 0.5548; 0.5566] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 4.5476 [ 4.5464; 4.5487] 3.3 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0195 [ 0.0194; 0.0196] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0238 [ 0.0238; 0.0238] 0.7 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0147 [ 0.0147; 0.0148] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.1439 [ 0.1433; 0.1445] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.9731 [ 1.9717; 1.9745] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0484 [ 0.0483; 0.0486] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1568 [ 0.1567; 0.1570] 0.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.8935 [ 0.8908; 0.8961] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 2.2200 [ 2.2180; 2.2221] 0.2 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.3220 [ 1.3215; 1.3224] 1.7 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.6877 [ 1.6872; 1.6881] 2.7 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 1.0272 [ 1.0262; 1.0283] 0.2 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.7149 [ 0.7140; 0.7157] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0872 [ 0.0871; 0.0872] 2.3 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 1.1315 [ 1.1300; 1.1331] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5573 [ 0.5569; 0.5576] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.0910 [ 0.0909; 0.0910] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0856 [ 0.0852; 0.0859] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0254 [ 0.0253; 0.0255] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.4524 [ 0.4513; 0.4535] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 1.7258 [ 1.7228; 1.7288] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.4366 [ 0.4357; 0.4374] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.4294 [ 0.4282; 0.4307] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.6676 [ 0.6641; 0.6710] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.1015 [ 0.1014; 0.1016] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0514 [ 0.0512; 0.0515] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.7640 [ 0.7633; 0.7647] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 3.3486 [ 3.3459; 3.3514] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.7479 [ 2.7456; 2.7503] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0364 [ 0.0364; 0.0365] 0.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0566 [ 0.0565; 0.0568] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0275 [ 0.0274; 0.0275] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.4448 [ 0.4445; 0.4452] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.3466 [ 1.3455; 1.3478] 0.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 13.2279 [13.2214; 13.2344] 0.9 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 1.1118 [ 1.1110; 1.1125] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0930 [ 0.0930; 0.0931] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.4083 [ 0.4079; 0.4087] 0.3 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.1056 [ 0.1052; 0.1060] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.4980 [ 1.4963; 1.4997] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.3248 [ 0.3235; 0.3261] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0642 [ 0.0640; 0.0643] 0.1 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.8851 [ 0.8847; 0.8855] 0.9 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 2.0645 [ 2.0638; 2.0652] 1.9 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.4050 [ 3.4031; 3.4069] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5020 [ 0.5012; 0.5028] 0.1 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2339 [ 0.2335; 0.2342] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.5326 [ 0.5324; 0.5329] 0.7 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0939 [ 0.0936; 0.0942] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.4956 [ 2.4950; 2.4961] 3.9 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0726 [ 0.0723; 0.0729] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 5.7608 [ 5.7598; 5.7617] 7.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 10.2970 [10.2964; 10.2975] 65.3 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.3608 [ 0.3598; 0.3619] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0491 [ 0.0490; 0.0493] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 5.2903 [5.2900; 5.2905] 71831.16 0
## Random effects model 0.3651 [0.2427; 0.5491] -4.84 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.8207 [1.8569; 5.9271]; tau = 1.6795 [1.3627; 2.4346]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6788.80
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 2949619479.48 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 9.9058 [9.9053; 9.9064] 38450605.61 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 1.0458 [1.0455; 1.0462] 198560580.21 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 5.0676 [5.0669; 5.0684] 19099065.99 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.7082 [0.7080; 0.7085] 34331254.58 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.3656 [1.3652; 1.3660] 20997743.55 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.4638 [1.4635; 1.4641] 6776855.64 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.4662 [1.4653; 1.4670] 7813323.91 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1750 [0.1749; 0.1750] 94218049.76 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0254 [0.0253; 0.0255] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.4303 [0.4301; 0.4305] 8485068.19 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0827 [0.0827; 0.0827] 1936935.94 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.1041 [2.1037; 2.1046] 25194165.00 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1236 [0.1235; 0.1237] 1207406.76 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0642 [0.0640; 0.0643] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2492548424.34 13 0
## Within groups 457071055.14 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 6.8430 [3.0720; 15.2430] 0.3340 0.5779
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1102 [0.0176; 0.6899] 8.7607 2.9598
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.7542 [1.1264; 2.7318] 0.4086 0.6392
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.4815 [0.2235; 1.0374] 1.2270 1.1077
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.4617 [0.2654; 0.8030] 0.6380 0.7988
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.0227 [0.8012; 1.3054] 0.1085 0.3294
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.4601 [0.2870; 7.4289] 1.3780 1.1739
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1455 [0.0195; 1.0886] 4.2167 2.0535
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0254 [0.0253; 0.0255] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1210 [0.0066; 2.2101] 4.3942 2.0962
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0564 [0.0240; 0.1325] 0.3803 0.6167
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.3282 [0.1090; 0.9884] 1.8984 1.3778
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0846 [0.0469; 0.1527] 0.3634 0.6028
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0642 [0.0640; 0.0643] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 127140.85 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.1275 [ 0.1273; 0.1277] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1241 [ 0.1240; 0.1243] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.6583 [ 0.6578; 0.6589] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.0880 [ 2.0864; 2.0896] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0843 [ 0.0840; 0.0846] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.9062 [ 0.9053; 0.9071] 0.2 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.3009 [ 0.3000; 0.3019] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1148 [ 0.1148; 0.1149] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.5224 [ 0.5215; 0.5233] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 4.7693 [ 4.7681; 4.7705] 3.1 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0198 [ 0.0197; 0.0200] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0293 [ 0.0293; 0.0293] 0.7 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0119 [ 0.0118; 0.0119] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.1282 [ 0.1276; 0.1288] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 2.0591 [ 2.0577; 2.0606] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0520 [ 0.0519; 0.0522] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1489 [ 0.1488; 0.1491] 0.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 1.1053 [ 1.1024; 1.1083] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 2.6654 [ 2.6631; 2.6676] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.3419 [ 1.3415; 1.3424] 1.5 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.6769 [ 1.6765; 1.6774] 2.5 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 1.0026 [ 1.0016; 1.0036] 0.2 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.7477 [ 0.7468; 0.7486] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0989 [ 0.0989; 0.0989] 2.4 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 1.1919 [ 1.1903; 1.1936] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5694 [ 0.5691; 0.5698] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.0856 [ 0.0855; 0.0857] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.1192 [ 0.1189; 0.1196] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0230 [ 0.0229; 0.0231] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.9078 [ 0.9062; 0.9093] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 2.0008 [ 1.9975; 2.0041] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.4970 [ 0.4962; 0.4979] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.5211 [ 0.5197; 0.5225] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.6295 [ 0.6261; 0.6328] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0994 [ 0.0993; 0.0995] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0369 [ 0.0368; 0.0370] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.7887 [ 0.7880; 0.7894] 0.2 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 3.7529 [ 3.7500; 3.7558] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.9508 [ 2.9484; 2.9532] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0311 [ 0.0310; 0.0311] 0.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0733 [ 0.0732; 0.0735] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0243 [ 0.0242; 0.0243] 0.0 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.4682 [ 0.4678; 0.4685] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.4084 [ 1.4072; 1.4096] 0.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 14.8281 [14.8211; 14.8351] 0.8 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 1.3080 [ 1.3072; 1.3089] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.1532 [ 0.1531; 0.1533] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.5669 [ 0.5665; 0.5673] 0.3 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.1059 [ 0.1055; 0.1062] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.5627 [ 1.5609; 1.5644] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.3402 [ 0.3389; 0.3415] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0655 [ 0.0654; 0.0656] 0.1 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.9343 [ 0.9339; 0.9348] 0.9 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 2.1655 [ 2.1648; 2.1662] 1.8 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.9049 [ 3.9029; 3.9070] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5067 [ 0.5059; 0.5075] 0.1 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2404 [ 0.2401; 0.2407] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.6236 [ 0.6233; 0.6239] 0.8 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0915 [ 0.0912; 0.0918] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.5773 [ 2.5767; 2.5779] 3.7 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0593 [ 0.0590; 0.0595] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 6.1083 [ 6.1073; 6.1093] 7.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 11.4514 [11.4508; 11.4520] 66.3 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.3376 [ 0.3365; 0.3386] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0634 [ 0.0633; 0.0636] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 5.8461 [5.8459; 5.8464] 79960.47 0
## Random effects model 0.3929 [0.2587; 0.5968] -4.38 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 2.9569 [1.8636; 5.9664]; tau = 1.7196 [1.3651; 2.4426]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7221.33
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 3337446034.08 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 11.0094 [11.0088; 11.0099] 46885844.31 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 1.1795 [ 1.1791; 1.1799] 217721506.58 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 5.3963 [ 5.3955; 5.3971] 18935583.40 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.7213 [ 0.7211; 0.7215] 36237051.22 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.4283 [ 1.4280; 1.4287] 22421508.04 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.4622 [ 1.4619; 1.4625] 6626712.57 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.6320 [ 1.6311; 1.6329] 9341458.86 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1743 [ 0.1742; 0.1744] 99749180.39 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0230 [ 0.0229; 0.0231] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.5202 [ 0.5200; 0.5205] 9276525.80 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0937 [ 0.0937; 0.0937] 3017502.47 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.1441 [ 2.1437; 2.1446] 24556919.29 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1290 [ 0.1289; 0.1291] 904429.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0655 [ 0.0654; 0.0656] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2841771811.74 13 0
## Within groups 495674222.34 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 7.3902 [3.1323; 17.4360] 0.3836 0.6194
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1150 [0.0176; 0.7530] 9.1947 3.0323
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.0017 [1.3233; 3.0279] 0.3567 0.5973
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.5619 [0.2699; 1.1698] 1.1200 1.0583
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.4709 [0.2676; 0.8287] 0.6652 0.8156
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.0099 [0.7938; 1.2847] 0.1056 0.3250
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.5718 [0.2855; 8.6535] 1.5148 1.2308
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1541 [0.0212; 1.1194] 4.0955 2.0237
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0230 [0.0229; 0.0231] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1230 [0.0051; 2.9621] 5.2691 2.2954
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0554 [0.0178; 0.1725] 0.6709 0.8191
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.4087 [0.1621; 1.0305] 1.3362 1.1559
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0895 [0.0565; 0.1418] 0.2205 0.4696
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0655 [0.0654; 0.0656] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 150746.52 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018 1
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0899 [ 0.0898; 0.0901] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1258 [ 0.1257; 0.1260] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.7003 [ 0.6998; 0.7009] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.0631 [ 2.0615; 2.0646] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.1204 [ 0.1200; 0.1208] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.8770 [ 0.8761; 0.8779] 0.2 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.3650 [ 0.3640; 0.3661] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1201 [ 0.1201; 0.1202] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.4317 [ 0.4309; 0.4325] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 4.8245 [ 4.8233; 4.8256] 3.1 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0214 [ 0.0213; 0.0215] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0330 [ 0.0329; 0.0330] 0.8 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0146 [ 0.0145; 0.0146] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.1217 [ 0.1211; 0.1223] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 2.0989 [ 2.0974; 2.1003] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0512 [ 0.0510; 0.0513] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1647 [ 0.1646; 0.1648] 0.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 1.2831 [ 1.2799; 1.2862] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 3.0971 [ 3.0947; 3.0996] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 1.3516 [ 1.3511; 1.3521] 1.5 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.6751 [ 1.6746; 1.6755] 2.4 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.9888 [ 0.9878; 0.9898] 0.2 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.8107 [ 0.8098; 0.8117] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.1112 [ 0.1112; 0.1112] 2.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 1.2545 [ 1.2528; 1.2562] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.5734 [ 0.5731; 0.5737] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.0833 [ 0.0832; 0.0833] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.3329 [ 0.3323; 0.3335] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0263 [ 0.0262; 0.0265] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.9165 [ 0.9150; 0.9180] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 2.3533 [ 2.3498; 2.3569] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.4987 [ 0.4978; 0.4996] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.5957 [ 0.5942; 0.5972] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.6434 [ 0.6400; 0.6467] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.1003 [ 0.1002; 0.1004] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0402 [ 0.0401; 0.0403] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.8129 [ 0.8122; 0.8136] 0.2 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 3.9910 [ 3.9880; 3.9939] 0.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 3.1948 [ 3.1923; 3.1973] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0328 [ 0.0328; 0.0328] 0.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0703 [ 0.0701; 0.0704] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0299 [ 0.0298; 0.0299] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.5082 [ 0.5079; 0.5086] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.4806 [ 1.4794; 1.4819] 0.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 13.9247 [13.9178; 13.9317] 0.7 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 1.3918 [ 1.3909; 1.3926] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.2102 [ 0.2101; 0.2103] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.7810 [ 0.7805; 0.7815] 0.5 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.1066 [ 0.1063; 0.1070] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.7118 [ 1.7100; 1.7136] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.3713 [ 0.3700; 0.3727] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0662 [ 0.0661; 0.0663] 0.1 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.9307 [ 0.9303; 0.9312] 0.8 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 2.2219 [ 2.2212; 2.2226] 1.8 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 4.4354 [ 4.4332; 4.4376] 0.8 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.5148 [ 0.5141; 0.5156] 0.1 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2588 [ 0.2585; 0.2592] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.7063 [ 0.7060; 0.7067] 0.8 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0909 [ 0.0906; 0.0911] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.5175 [ 2.5170; 2.5181] 3.6 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0566 [ 0.0563; 0.0568] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 6.1017 [ 6.1008; 6.1027] 7.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 11.6873 [11.6867; 11.6879] 66.1 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.3050 [ 0.3040; 0.3059] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0258 [ 0.0257; 0.0259] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 5.8486 [5.8484; 5.8489] 81200.80 0
## Random effects model 0.4135 [0.2713; 0.6301] -4.11 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 3.0022 [1.8266; 5.8085]; tau = 1.7327 [1.3515; 2.4101]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7411.30
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 3515352636.41 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 11.2341 [11.2335; 11.2347] 48859543.91 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 1.0035 [ 1.0031; 1.0038] 201395877.31 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 5.4451 [ 5.4443; 5.4459] 16583184.93 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.7371 [ 0.7369; 0.7373] 35675580.48 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.4668 [ 1.4665; 1.4672] 23217524.82 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.4629 [ 1.4627; 1.4632] 6481148.91 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.7326 [ 1.7317; 1.7335] 10039724.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1682 [ 0.1681; 0.1682] 98898236.56 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0263 [ 0.0262; 0.0265] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.5824 [ 0.5822; 0.5827] 10930833.68 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1054 [ 0.1053; 0.1054] 3622537.00 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.0610 [ 2.0606; 2.0614] 22109284.06 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1321 [ 0.1320; 0.1322] 1295162.86 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0662 [ 0.0661; 0.0663] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3036243997.51 13 0
## Within groups 479108638.90 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 7.5090 [3.1551; 17.8712] 0.3914 0.6257
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1064 [0.0171; 0.6640] 8.7267 2.9541
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.2266 [1.5437; 3.2116] 0.2794 0.5286
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.6224 [0.3121; 1.2412] 0.9925 0.9962
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.4892 [0.2767; 0.8649] 0.6760 0.8222
## Region = Western Europe 7 1.0141 [0.7999; 1.2857] 0.1026 0.3204
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.6718 [0.3038; 9.2011] 1.5142 1.2305
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1604 [0.0233; 1.1043] 3.8770 1.9690
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0263 [0.0262; 0.0265] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1452 [0.0065; 3.2249] 5.0047 2.2371
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0604 [0.0183; 0.1998] 0.7452 0.8633
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.5067 [0.2356; 1.0897] 0.9159 0.9570
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0858 [0.0479; 0.1535] 0.3529 0.5940
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0662 [0.0661; 0.0663] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 134259.14 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model NA -- --
## Random effects model NA -- --
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups NA 0 --
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model NA -- --
## Random effects model NA -- --
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups NA 0 --
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model NA -- --
## Random effects model NA -- --
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups NA 0 --
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039] 100.0 100.0 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 1
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039] -3694.30 0
## Random effects model 0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039] -3694.30 0
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039] 0.00 --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 0.00 0 --
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039] -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0094 [0.0094; 0.0095] 22.4 35.7 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0001 [0.0000; 0.0001] 0.0 28.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0133 [0.0133; 0.0134] 77.6 35.7 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 0.0124 [0.0123; 0.0124] -6174.23 0
## Random effects model 0.0024 [0.0018; 0.0032] -40.32 0
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 0.0626 [0.0659; 53.3307]; tau = 0.2503 [0.2567; 7.3028]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 146.72
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 43054.43 2 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0133 [0.0133; 0.0134] 0.00 --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 1 0.0001 [0.0000; 0.0001] 0.00 --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0094 [0.0094; 0.0095] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 43054.43 2 0
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0133 [0.0133; 0.0134] -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 1 0.0001 [0.0000; 0.0001] -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0094 [0.0094; 0.0095] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 43054.43 2 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0313 [0.0313; 0.0314] 50.9 33.5 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001] 0.0 33.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0122 [0.0122; 0.0123] 49.1 33.5 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 0.0198 [0.0197; 0.0198] -6663.61 0
## Random effects model 0.0037 [0.0017; 0.0078] -14.53 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 0.4448 [0.1404; >100.0000]; tau = 0.6669 [0.3747; >10.0000]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 566.14
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 641032.17 2 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0122 [0.0122; 0.0123] 0.00 --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 1 0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001] 0.00 --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0313 [0.0313; 0.0314] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 641032.17 2 0
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0122 [0.0122; 0.0123] -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 1 0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001] -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0313 [0.0313; 0.0314] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 641032.17 2 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0440 [0.0439; 0.0441] 44.0 50.0 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0225 [0.0225; 0.0226] 56.0 50.0 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 0.0302 [0.0302; 0.0303] -7570.26 0
## Random effects model 0.0315 [0.0163; 0.0607] -10.34 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 0.2239; tau = 0.4731; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 718.72
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 516556.17 1 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0225 [0.0225; 0.0226] 0.00 --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0440 [0.0439; 0.0441] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 516556.17 1 0
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0225 [0.0225; 0.0226] -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0440 [0.0439; 0.0441] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 516556.17 1 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0502 [0.0502; 0.0503] 36.2 35.1 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001] 0.0 29.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0353 [0.0353; 0.0353] 63.8 35.1 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 0.0401 [0.0401; 0.0401] -8191.00 0
## Random effects model 0.0063 [0.0047; 0.0085] -33.91 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 0.0634 [0.0549; 57.4238]; tau = 0.2518 [0.2343; 7.5778]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 308.20
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 189978.76 2 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0353 [0.0353; 0.0353] 0.00 --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 1 0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001] 0.00 --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0502 [0.0502; 0.0503] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 189978.76 2 0
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0353 [0.0353; 0.0353] -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 1 0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001] -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0502 [0.0502; 0.0503] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 189978.76 2 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543] 29.8 50.0 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0505 [0.0505; 0.0506] 70.2 50.0 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 0.0516 [0.0516; 0.0516] -8638.01 0
## Random effects model 0.0523 [0.0489; 0.0561] -83.96 0
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 0.0025; tau = 0.0497; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 93.66
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 8771.96 1 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0505 [0.0505; 0.0506] 0.00 --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 8771.96 1 0
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0505 [0.0505; 0.0506] -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 8771.96 1 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582] 29.7 50.0 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0540 [0.0539; 0.0540] 70.3 50.0 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 0.0552 [0.0551; 0.0552] -8747.31 0
## Random effects model 0.0560 [0.0521; 0.0602] -78.44 0
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 0.0027; tau = 0.0520; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 101.38
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 10276.94 1 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0540 [0.0539; 0.0540] 0.00 --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 10276.94 1 0
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0540 [0.0539; 0.0540] -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 10276.94 1 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018 2
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## JAPAN 0.0635 [0.0634; 0.0636] 34.4 50.0 Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES 0.0470 [0.0470; 0.0471] 65.6 50.0 Northern America
## ALGERIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern America
## CHILE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GERMANY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## GREECE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## JORDAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## ROMANIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Northern Europe
## URUGUAY 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 0.0521 [0.0521; 0.0522] -8645.90 0
## Random effects model 0.0546 [0.0407; 0.0733] -19.39 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 0.0450; tau = 0.2121; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 417.10
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 173973.45 1 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0470 [0.0470; 0.0471] 0.00 --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0635 [0.0634; 0.0636] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 173973.45 1 0
## Within groups 0.00 0 --
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 1 0.0470 [0.0470; 0.0471] -- --
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Europe 0 NA -- --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 0 NA -- --
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.0635 [0.0634; 0.0636] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Western Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = Northern Africa 0 NA -- --
## Region = Southern Africa 0 NA -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 173973.45 1 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711] 0.2 1.8 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1063 [0.1061; 0.1065] 0.3 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.5278 [0.5272; 0.5283] 0.7 1.8 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.7538 [0.7528; 0.7548] 0.4 1.8 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0007 [0.0007; 0.0008] 0.0 1.8 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 0.9523 [0.9513; 0.9533] 0.7 1.8 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0186 [0.0185; 0.0188] 0.0 1.8 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 1.6387 [1.6380; 1.6395] 3.5 1.8 Northern America
## CHILE 0.1689 [0.1685; 0.1692] 0.2 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0536 [0.0535; 0.0537] 0.2 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0233 [0.0231; 0.0236] 0.0 1.8 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.4263 [0.4256; 0.4269] 0.3 1.8 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.1220 [0.1217; 0.1223] 0.1 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0305 [0.0305; 0.0306] 0.2 1.8 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.1266 [0.1256; 0.1276] 0.0 1.8 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 3.3965 [3.3939; 3.3991] 1.1 1.8 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 2.1673 [2.1667; 2.1679] 8.6 1.8 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.5554 [1.5549; 1.5558] 8.0 1.8 Western Europe
## GREECE 1.4149 [1.4138; 1.4161] 1.0 1.8 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.4953 [0.4946; 0.4961] 0.3 1.8 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.0834 [0.0834; 0.0835] 6.4 1.8 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 1.9534 [1.9512; 1.9556] 0.5 1.8 Northern Europe
## ITALY 0.9209 [0.9205; 0.9213] 3.4 1.8 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0510 [0.0507; 0.0513] 0.0 1.8 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.0877 [0.0871; 0.0883] 0.0 1.8 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0843 [0.0837; 0.0849] 0.0 1.8 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.1605 [0.1599; 0.1611] 0.0 1.8 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.1282 [0.1276; 0.1289] 0.0 1.8 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 2.3963 [2.3891; 2.4035] 0.1 1.8 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2075 [0.2074; 0.2077] 1.5 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0162 [0.0161; 0.0163] 0.0 1.8 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0120 [0.0118; 0.0121] 0.0 1.8 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.3244 [2.3221; 2.3267] 0.7 1.8 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0431 [0.0430; 0.0431] 0.5 1.8 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0255 [0.0254; 0.0256] 0.0 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0270] 0.2 1.8 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0043 [0.0043; 0.0043] 0.0 1.8 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 1.8127 [1.8114; 1.8140] 1.2 1.8 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.2632 [1.2613; 1.2651] 0.3 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.2512 [0.2508; 0.2515] 0.3 1.8 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0137 [0.0137; 0.0138] 0.1 1.8 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.2557 [0.2553; 0.2560] 0.4 1.8 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 0.8130 [0.8117; 0.8143] 0.3 1.8 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 1.0760 [1.0736; 1.0784] 0.1 1.8 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645] 0.2 1.8 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055] 1.0 1.8 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 2.0490 [2.0484; 2.0497] 6.0 1.8 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 2.1903 [2.1887; 2.1919] 1.3 1.8 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 1.3323 [1.3310; 1.3337] 0.6 1.8 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.0578 [0.0575; 0.0580] 0.0 1.8 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.2052 [0.2050; 0.2053] 0.9 1.8 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.2101 [0.2095; 0.2106] 0.1 1.8 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 1.3586 [1.3581; 1.3591] 5.4 1.8 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.1871 [2.1868; 2.1873] 42.2 1.8 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.0582 [0.0578; 0.0586] 0.0 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.2297 [0.2294; 0.2300] 0.4 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 56
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 1.2863 [1.2862; 1.2864] 6034.53 0
## Random effects model 0.2112 [0.1564; 0.2852] -10.15 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.3158 [1.2226; 3.7999]; tau = 1.1471 [1.1057; 1.9493]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3303.27
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 600138502.72 55 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.1396 [2.1393; 2.1398] 1535997.93 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 9 0.2054 [0.2053; 0.2055] 9246969.51 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.7157 [1.7152; 1.7162] 7664667.23 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.3041 [0.3039; 0.3043] 10716904.43 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.5372 [1.5368; 1.5375] 9033186.47 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 1.7501 [1.7498; 1.7505] 6227429.60 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.5188 [0.5183; 0.5193] 266695.99 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0270] 0.00 --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0797 [0.0797; 0.0797] 1098267.67 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.2107 [0.2106; 0.2109] 425970.07 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0436 [0.0435; 0.0436] 526000.68 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 553396413.13 12 0
## Within groups 46742089.59 43 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 1.8932 [1.4267; 2.5121] 0.0417 0.2041
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 9 0.1298 [0.0729; 0.2312] 0.7796 0.8830
## Region = Northern Europe 8 0.7075 [0.5034; 0.9946] 0.2414 0.4914
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.0494 [0.0198; 0.1232] 1.7419 1.3198
## Region = Southern Europe 6 0.7039 [0.4885; 1.0143] 0.2085 0.4566
## Region = Western Europe 6 1.4060 [1.0912; 1.8116] 0.1003 0.3168
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.0794 [0.0019; 3.2509] 7.1735 2.6783
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0270] -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.0600 [0.0314; 0.1146] 0.2183 0.4672
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.1412 [0.1113; 0.1791] 0.0884 0.2973
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0377 [0.0208; 0.0684] 0.3684 0.6069
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 5993104.49 12 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756] 0.5 1.8 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.1721 [0.1719; 0.1723] 0.4 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.7022 [0.7016; 0.7028] 0.8 1.8 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 0.9630 [0.9619; 0.9641] 0.4 1.8 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0048 [0.0047; 0.0049] 0.0 1.8 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 1.2113 [1.2103; 1.2124] 0.7 1.8 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0149 [0.0149; 0.0149] 0.2 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.1057 [0.1053; 0.1061] 0.0 1.8 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 2.1523 [2.1515; 2.1531] 3.9 1.8 Northern America
## CHILE 0.1928 [0.1924; 0.1931] 0.2 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0553 [0.0552; 0.0554] 0.1 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.0632 [0.0628; 0.0636] 0.0 1.8 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.5902 [0.5894; 0.5909] 0.3 1.8 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.1724 [0.1721; 0.1728] 0.1 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.0666 [0.0665; 0.0667] 0.3 1.8 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.1453 [0.1442; 0.1463] 0.0 1.8 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 4.0030 [4.0002; 4.0058] 1.1 1.8 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 2.5553 [2.5547; 2.5560] 8.6 1.8 Western Europe
## GERMANY 1.8744 [1.8739; 1.8749] 8.1 1.8 Western Europe
## GREECE 1.8254 [1.8241; 1.8267] 1.1 1.8 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.5623 [0.5615; 0.5631] 0.3 1.8 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.1226 [0.1226; 0.1226] 8.0 1.8 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 2.6032 [2.6008; 2.6057] 0.6 1.8 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.1183 [1.1179; 1.1188] 3.5 1.8 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0665 [0.0662; 0.0669] 0.0 1.8 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.1249 [0.1242; 0.1256] 0.0 1.8 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.1286 [0.1278; 0.1294] 0.0 1.8 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.2201 [0.2194; 0.2208] 0.1 1.8 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.1815 [0.1807; 0.1823] 0.0 1.8 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 2.6071 [2.5997; 2.6145] 0.1 1.8 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2079 [0.2077; 0.2080] 1.3 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0335 [0.0334; 0.0336] 0.1 1.8 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0279 [0.0276; 0.0281] 0.0 1.8 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.1852 [2.1830; 2.1873] 0.6 1.8 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0910 [0.0909; 0.0911] 0.9 1.8 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0375 [0.0374; 0.0376] 0.1 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0372] 0.2 1.8 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0071 [0.0070; 0.0071] 0.0 1.8 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 2.2539 [2.2525; 2.2554] 1.3 1.8 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.2524 [1.2505; 1.2543] 0.2 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.4295 [0.4290; 0.4300] 0.5 1.8 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0284 [0.0284; 0.0285] 0.2 1.8 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.3084 [0.3081; 0.3088] 0.4 1.8 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.1281 [1.1266; 1.1296] 0.3 1.8 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 1.3641 [1.3615; 1.3668] 0.1 1.8 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132] 0.3 1.8 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701] 1.2 1.8 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 2.6137 [2.6129; 2.6145] 6.5 1.8 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 2.7350 [2.7332; 2.7368] 1.4 1.8 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 1.5463 [1.5449; 1.5478] 0.6 1.8 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.1176 [0.1172; 0.1179] 0.1 1.8 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.2955 [0.2953; 0.2957] 1.1 1.8 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.3381 [0.3374; 0.3387] 0.1 1.8 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 1.8136 [1.8130; 1.8141] 6.1 1.8 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.2201 [2.2199; 2.2204] 36.4 1.8 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.1756 [0.1748; 0.1763] 0.0 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.2484 [0.2480; 0.2487] 0.4 1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 57
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 1.3437 [1.3436; 1.3438] 7718.17 0
## Random effects model 0.3024 [0.2252; 0.4060] -7.96 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.2880 [1.1678; 3.4536]; tau = 1.1349 [1.0806; 1.8584]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3620.06
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 733870312.71 56 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.2135 [2.2132; 2.2138] 23087.78 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1878 [0.1877; 0.1879] 15387580.19 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.1468 [2.1462; 2.1473] 7515737.61 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.3774 [0.3772; 0.3777] 15799897.69 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.9427 [1.9423; 1.9432] 12801029.89 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 2.0833 [2.0829; 2.0836] 6629979.07 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.6847 [0.6841; 0.6853] 454510.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701] 0.00 --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0372] 0.00 --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1191 [0.1191; 0.1192] 468870.47 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.2904 [0.2902; 0.2906] 520895.36 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1467 [0.1466; 0.1468] 3512657.89 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 670756066.26 12 0
## Within groups 63114246.46 44 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 2.1860 [2.1205; 2.2535] 0.0005 0.0219
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1349 [0.0725; 0.2513] 1.0058 1.0029
## Region = Northern Europe 8 0.8870 [0.6538; 1.2033] 0.1937 0.4402
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.1064 [0.0432; 0.2619] 1.6912 1.3005
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.0061 [0.6824; 1.4833] 0.2354 0.4852
## Region = Western Europe 6 1.6805 [1.3241; 2.1330] 0.0888 0.2979
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.1399 [0.0059; 3.3051] 5.2073 2.2820
## Region = Eastern Asia 1 0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701] -- --
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0372] -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1056 [0.0788; 0.1415] 0.0445 0.2109
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.1958 [0.1568; 0.2446] 0.0773 0.2780
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0922 [0.0356; 0.2389] 0.9445 0.9719
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 9115765.81 12 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587] 0.6 1.7 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.2832 [0.2829; 0.2835] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 0.8531 [0.8524; 0.8537] 0.9 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 1.2971 [1.2959; 1.2984] 0.5 1.7 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0057 [0.0056; 0.0058] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 1.7617 [1.7604; 1.7630] 0.9 1.7 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0598 [0.0597; 0.0598] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.1647 [0.1642; 0.1652] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 2.5654 [2.5645; 2.5663] 4.1 1.7 Northern America
## CHILE 0.2310 [0.2307; 0.2314] 0.2 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0525 [0.0524; 0.0526] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.1874 [0.1868; 0.1881] 0.0 1.7 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 0.7723 [0.7714; 0.7731] 0.4 1.7 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.2196 [0.2193; 0.2200] 0.2 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1329 [0.1327; 0.1330] 0.5 1.7 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.1949 [0.1936; 0.1961] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 4.4528 [4.4499; 4.4558] 1.1 1.7 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 2.9223 [2.9216; 2.9230] 8.5 1.7 Western Europe
## GERMANY 2.1889 [2.1883; 2.1894] 8.2 1.7 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.0220 [2.0206; 2.0234] 1.0 1.7 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.6597 [0.6589; 0.6605] 0.3 1.7 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.1545 [0.1545; 0.1546] 8.9 1.7 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 3.0900 [3.0873; 3.0926] 0.7 1.7 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.3033 [1.3028; 1.3037] 3.6 1.7 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1340 [0.1339; 0.1341] 0.8 1.7 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0748 [0.0744; 0.0751] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.1322 [0.1315; 0.1329] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0932 [0.0925; 0.0939] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.2822 [0.2814; 0.2830] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.2761 [0.2751; 0.2770] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 2.8977 [2.8900; 2.9055] 0.1 1.7 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2123 [0.2122; 0.2124] 1.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0373] 0.1 1.7 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0433 [0.0429; 0.0436] 0.0 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.1474 [2.1452; 2.1495] 0.5 1.7 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.1127 [0.1127; 0.1128] 0.9 1.7 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0528 [0.0527; 0.0530] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0396 [0.0395; 0.0397] 0.2 1.7 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0090 [0.0089; 0.0090] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 2.6513 [2.6496; 2.6529] 1.3 1.7 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.2272 [1.2253; 1.2291] 0.2 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.3411 [0.3407; 0.3415] 0.3 1.7 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0725 [0.0724; 0.0725] 0.5 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.3637 [0.3633; 0.3641] 0.5 1.7 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.4980 [1.4963; 1.4997] 0.4 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 1.6411 [1.6382; 1.6440] 0.2 1.7 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371] 0.3 1.7 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.5801 [0.5797; 0.5804] 1.3 1.7 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 3.0765 [3.0757; 3.0773] 6.7 1.7 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.0492 [3.0473; 3.0510] 1.3 1.7 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 1.8991 [1.8975; 1.9007] 0.7 1.7 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0669 [0.0668; 0.0670] 0.2 1.7 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.1599 [0.1595; 0.1603] 0.1 1.7 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.3880 [0.3878; 0.3883] 1.3 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.6148 [0.6140; 0.6157] 0.2 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 2.3866 [2.3860; 2.3873] 7.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.1808 [2.1805; 2.1811] 31.3 1.7 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.3082 [0.3073; 0.3092] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.2893 [0.2890; 0.2896] 0.4 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 1.3708 [1.3707; 1.3709] 8842.94 0
## Random effects model 0.3166 [0.2367; 0.4235] -7.75 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.3219 [1.1966; 3.3619]; tau = 1.1498 [1.0939; 1.8336]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3905.31
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 899835081.38 59 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.2219 [2.2217; 2.2222] 746916.15 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1958 [0.1957; 0.1959] 15110283.34 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.6183 [2.6177; 2.6188] 6506270.94 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.3797 [0.3795; 0.3799] 20664536.04 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 2.2675 [2.2670; 2.2679] 15896797.72 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 2.4238 [2.4235; 2.4242] 5632704.75 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.8282 [0.8276; 0.8289] 607742.82 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 3 0.3322 [0.3320; 0.3323] 9759332.54 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0528 [0.0527; 0.0528] 204889.73 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1499 [0.1499; 0.1500] 663938.28 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.3881 [0.3879; 0.3883] 1178972.07 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.2047 [0.2045; 0.2048] 3543122.42 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 819319574.60 12 0
## Within groups 80515506.78 47 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 2.3653 [2.0172; 2.7734] 0.0132 0.1148
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.1881 [0.1118; 0.3164] 0.7042 0.8392
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.0095 [0.7752; 1.3145] 0.1452 0.3811
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.1414 [0.0577; 0.3464] 1.6734 1.2936
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.3700 [0.9183; 2.0439] 0.2500 0.5000
## Region = Western Europe 6 2.0777 [1.7002; 2.5390] 0.0628 0.2506
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.1921 [0.0103; 3.5687] 4.4450 2.1083
## Region = Eastern Asia 3 0.0133 [0.0038; 0.0469] 1.2367 1.1121
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0515 [0.0308; 0.0861] 0.1377 0.3711
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1320 [0.0969; 0.1798] 0.0497 0.2229
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.2496 [0.1878; 0.3318] 0.1264 0.3556
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1297 [0.0604; 0.2788] 0.6096 0.7808
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2330.57 12 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026] 0.7 1.6 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.4871 [0.4868; 0.4875] 0.8 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 1.0422 [1.0415; 1.0429] 0.9 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 1.6069 [1.6055; 1.6083] 0.5 1.6 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0049 [0.0049; 0.0050] 0.0 1.6 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.1459 [2.1444; 2.1473] 0.9 1.6 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0047 [0.0046; 0.0048] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0849 [0.0848; 0.0849] 0.7 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.2681 [0.2675; 0.2687] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 2.8489 [2.8480; 2.8498] 3.8 1.6 Northern America
## CHILE 0.2907 [0.2903; 0.2912] 0.2 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006] 0.0 1.6 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0601 [0.0600; 0.0602] 0.1 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.2490 [0.2483; 0.2498] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.0325 [1.0315; 1.0335] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.2650 [0.2645; 0.2654] 0.2 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.2101 [0.2100; 0.2103] 0.7 1.6 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.2309 [0.2295; 0.2322] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 4.7455 [4.7425; 4.7485] 1.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 3.1118 [3.1111; 3.1125] 7.7 1.6 Western Europe
## GERMANY 2.3903 [2.3897; 2.3909] 7.5 1.6 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.1845 [2.1831; 2.1860] 0.9 1.6 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.7808 [0.7799; 0.7817] 0.3 1.6 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.1927 [0.1926; 0.1927] 9.4 1.6 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 3.7947 [3.7917; 3.7976] 0.7 1.6 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.4936 [1.4931; 1.4942] 3.5 1.6 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.9483 [0.9481; 0.9486] 4.8 1.6 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.0969 [0.0965; 0.0972] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097] 0.0 1.6 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.1977 [0.1969; 0.1985] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0698 [0.0692; 0.0703] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.4274 [0.4265; 0.4283] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.4855 [0.4842; 0.4868] 0.1 1.6 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.0533 [3.0455; 3.0612] 0.1 1.6 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.1896 [0.1894; 0.1897] 0.9 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0429 [0.0428; 0.0430] 0.1 1.6 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 1.8776 [1.8765; 1.8787] 1.2 1.6 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0559 [0.0555; 0.0562] 0.0 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.4446 [2.4424; 2.4469] 0.5 1.6 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.1482 [0.1481; 0.1483] 1.1 1.6 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0621 [0.0619; 0.0622] 0.1 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0455 [0.0455; 0.0456] 0.2 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0169 [0.0169; 0.0170] 0.0 1.6 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 2.7607 [2.7590; 2.7623] 1.1 1.6 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.2731 [1.2712; 1.2750] 0.2 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3145] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.1415 [0.1414; 0.1416] 0.8 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.4245 [0.4241; 0.4249] 0.5 1.6 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0287 [0.0285; 0.0289] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 2.0042 [2.0022; 2.0062] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 1.8618 [1.8587; 1.8649] 0.1 1.6 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592] 0.3 1.6 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.6952 [0.6948; 0.6956] 1.4 1.6 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 3.5436 [3.5427; 3.5445] 6.5 1.6 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.2395 [3.2376; 3.2413] 1.2 1.6 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 2.1983 [2.1966; 2.2000] 0.7 1.6 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.1031 [0.1030; 0.1033] 0.3 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.1955 [0.1950; 0.1959] 0.1 1.6 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.5242 [0.5240; 0.5245] 1.5 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.6845 [0.6836; 0.6854] 0.2 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 2.9403 [2.9396; 2.9409] 7.3 1.6 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.1866 [2.1863; 2.1868] 26.6 1.6 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.3948 [0.3937; 0.3959] 0.1 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.3710 [0.3706; 0.3713] 0.4 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 1.4264 [1.4263; 1.4265] 10868.38 0
## Random effects model 0.3605 [0.2762; 0.4705] -7.51 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.1812 [1.1393; 3.0693]; tau = 1.0868 [1.0674; 1.7519]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3958.38
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 987134380.25 63 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.2608 [2.2606; 2.2611] 2198773.01 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.2390 [0.2390; 0.2391] 19435163.65 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 3.0866 [3.0860; 3.0872] 5817963.39 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.4525 [0.4523; 0.4527] 25771185.22 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 2.5580 [2.5576; 2.5585] 20575019.80 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 2.5736 [2.5732; 2.5740] 5678033.59 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.0110 [1.0103; 1.0117] 763923.00 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 3 0.8538 [0.8536; 0.8541] 16206503.66 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0753 [0.0752; 0.0754] 653532.18 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1876 [0.1876; 0.1877] 613472.78 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.4970 [0.4968; 0.4972] 1315843.83 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.2965 [0.2963; 0.2966] 4690223.83 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 883414742.32 13 0
## Within groups 103719637.93 50 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 2.4959 [1.9258; 3.2347] 0.0350 0.1871
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.2303 [0.1360; 0.3899] 0.7213 0.8493
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.1601 [0.9184; 1.4654] 0.1137 0.3372
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.1887 [0.0800; 0.4450] 1.5324 1.2379
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.4602 [0.3172; 0.6677] 0.2883 0.5370
## Region = Western Europe 7 2.2830 [1.9361; 2.6920] 0.0495 0.2225
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.2413 [0.0137; 4.2460] 4.2818 2.0692
## Region = Eastern Asia 3 0.0719 [0.0261; 0.1982] 0.8040 0.8967
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0685 [0.0308; 0.1527] 0.3340 0.5780
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1690 [0.1307; 0.2185] 0.0344 0.1854
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.3281 [0.2513; 0.4282] 0.1109 0.3330
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1725 [0.0830; 0.3585] 0.5577 0.7468
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 449063.62 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440] 0.7 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.6692 [0.6688; 0.6696] 1.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 1.1969 [1.1962; 1.1977] 0.9 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 1.9266 [1.9250; 1.9281] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0061 [0.0060; 0.0062] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.2474 [2.2459; 2.2489] 0.9 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0084 [0.0082; 0.0085] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1127 [0.1126; 0.1128] 0.8 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0647 [0.0644; 0.0650] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 3.1446 [3.1436; 3.1456] 3.8 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.3808 [0.3804; 0.3813] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0017 [0.0017; 0.0017] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0711 [0.0710; 0.0712] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.3248 [0.3239; 0.3257] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.1044 [1.1034; 1.1055] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.3125 [0.3120; 0.3129] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.3476 [0.3474; 0.3478] 1.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.2598 [0.2584; 0.2613] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 5.0579 [5.0548; 5.0610] 0.9 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 3.4227 [3.4219; 3.4234] 7.5 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 2.6294 [2.6288; 2.6300] 7.3 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.1222 [2.1208; 2.1237] 0.8 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.9178 [0.9168; 0.9188] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.2189 [0.2188; 0.2189] 9.5 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 4.8273 [4.8240; 4.8306] 0.8 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.6178 [1.6172; 1.6183] 3.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 1.6550 [1.6546; 1.6554] 7.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.1713 [0.1709; 0.1718] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.3129 [0.3119; 0.3139] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0739 [0.0733; 0.0745] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.4941 [0.4931; 0.4951] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.5840 [0.5826; 0.5855] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.3108 [3.3027; 3.3189] 0.1 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.1834 [0.1833; 0.1835] 0.7 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0481 [0.0479; 0.0482] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 2.1870 [2.1858; 2.1881] 1.3 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0606 [0.0602; 0.0610] 0.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.6430 [2.6406; 2.6454] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.1655 [0.1654; 0.1656] 1.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0764 [0.0762; 0.0766] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0513 [0.0512; 0.0513] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0124 [0.0124; 0.0125] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.1609 [3.1591; 3.1627] 1.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.2744 [1.2724; 1.2763] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.2308 [0.2305; 0.2312] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.2983 [0.2982; 0.2985] 1.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.6099 [0.6094; 0.6103] 0.6 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0514 [0.0512; 0.0517] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 2.1634 [2.1614; 2.1655] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.0907 [2.0875; 2.0940] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849] 0.3 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.0076 [1.0072; 1.0081] 1.7 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 3.9095 [3.9085; 3.9104] 6.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.2022 [3.2003; 3.2040] 1.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 2.4428 [2.4410; 2.4445] 0.7 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0082 [0.0082; 0.0083] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.1173 [0.1172; 0.1175] 0.3 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.2953 [0.2948; 0.2959] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 0.7695 [0.7692; 0.7699] 2.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.2766 [0.2760; 0.2772] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 3.4816 [3.4808; 3.4823] 7.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.0969 [2.0967; 2.0972] 22.6 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.6758 [0.6743; 0.6772] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.4633 [0.4629; 0.4637] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 1.5211 [1.5210; 1.5212] 13684.51 0
## Random effects model 0.4013 [0.3103; 0.5191] -6.95 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.1201 [1.1273; 3.0014]; tau = 1.0583 [1.0617; 1.7325]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4114.94
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1083692664.03 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.2220 [2.2217; 2.2222] 5644374.52 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.2948 [0.2948; 0.2949] 25414502.83 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 3.5544 [3.5538; 3.5551] 6403590.09 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.5198 [0.5196; 0.5200] 21741294.72 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 2.7975 [2.7970; 2.7980] 24509070.32 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 2.8386 [2.8382; 2.8390] 5721498.51 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.1625 [1.1618; 1.1632] 871567.40 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 1.4099 [1.4097; 1.4102] 45374333.24 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0853 [0.0852; 0.0854] 767198.47 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2128 [0.2128; 0.2129] 796178.07 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.6743 [0.6740; 0.6745] 2437697.91 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.3833 [0.3832; 0.3835] 3606048.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 940405309.54 13 0
## Within groups 143287354.48 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 2.5679 [1.7263; 3.8197] 0.0821 0.2865
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.2853 [0.1657; 0.4910] 0.7678 0.8763
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.2983 [1.0287; 1.6384] 0.1128 0.3358
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.1713 [0.0826; 0.3554] 1.1091 1.0531
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.5776 [0.3913; 0.8527] 0.3159 0.5621
## Region = Western Europe 7 2.5438 [2.1748; 2.9754] 0.0448 0.2116
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.2693 [0.0145; 5.0114] 4.4501 2.1095
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.0699 [0.0215; 0.2272] 1.4464 1.2027
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0776 [0.0345; 0.1746] 0.3427 0.5854
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1903 [0.1447; 0.2503] 0.0391 0.1977
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.3885 [0.2792; 0.5407] 0.1706 0.4131
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.2276 [0.1310; 0.3953] 0.3176 0.5636
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 588726.65 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128] 0.7 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.8307 [0.8302; 0.8311] 1.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 3.1224 [3.1212; 3.1236] 2.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.1375 [2.1358; 2.1391] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0123 [0.0122; 0.0124] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.0611 [2.0597; 2.0625] 0.7 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0126 [0.0124; 0.0128] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1486 [0.1485; 0.1487] 0.9 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.0809 [0.0806; 0.0813] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 3.7305 [3.7294; 3.7315] 3.9 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.4682 [0.4676; 0.4687] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0024 [0.0024; 0.0024] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0892 [0.0891; 0.0893] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.3720 [0.3710; 0.3730] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.3551 [1.3539; 1.3562] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.3316 [0.3311; 0.3320] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.4690 [0.4688; 0.4693] 1.2 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.3397 [0.3381; 0.3414] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 5.3754 [5.3721; 5.3786] 0.9 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 3.6856 [3.6849; 3.6864] 6.9 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 2.8213 [2.8207; 2.8219] 6.7 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.3245 [2.3230; 2.3260] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.0685 [1.0674; 1.0696] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.2404 [0.2404; 0.2405] 9.0 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 6.0138 [6.0100; 6.0175] 0.8 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.7605 [1.7600; 1.7611] 3.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 2.1922 [2.1917; 2.1926] 8.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.3112 [0.3106; 0.3118] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0286 [0.0284; 0.0287] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.6898 [0.6884; 0.6913] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0938 [0.0931; 0.0945] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.5122 [0.5112; 0.5131] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.7074 [0.7058; 0.7089] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.3751 [3.3670; 3.3832] 0.1 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.1822 [0.1821; 0.1823] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0512 [0.0510; 0.0513] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 2.4227 [2.4214; 2.4239] 1.2 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0756 [0.0752; 0.0760] 0.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.7219 [2.7196; 2.7243] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.1842 [0.1841; 0.1843] 1.0 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0920 [0.0918; 0.0922] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0583 [0.0583; 0.0584] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0159 [0.0159; 0.0160] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.1361 [3.1343; 3.1379] 1.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.2648 [1.2629; 1.2668] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.1968 [0.1965; 0.1972] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.6995 [0.6993; 0.6997] 3.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.9389 [0.9383; 0.9395] 0.8 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.1583 [0.1578; 0.1587] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 2.2623 [2.2602; 2.2644] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.2580 [2.2546; 2.2614] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959] 0.3 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.1367 [1.1362; 1.1372] 1.7 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 4.2439 [4.2429; 4.2448] 5.8 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.2839 [3.2820; 3.2858] 0.9 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 2.6708 [2.6689; 2.6726] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.0939 [0.0937; 0.0941] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.1231 [0.1230; 0.1233] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.3557 [0.3552; 0.3563] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 1.0282 [1.0279; 1.0286] 2.3 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.4835 [0.4828; 0.4843] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 4.2010 [4.2002; 4.2019] 8.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.2311 [2.2308; 2.2313] 20.7 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.7672 [0.7657; 0.7688] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.6107 [0.6102; 0.6111] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 1.7083 [1.7082; 1.7084] 18889.06 0
## Random effects model 0.5137 [0.3997; 0.6602] -5.20 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.0655 [1.0709; 2.8146]; tau = 1.0323 [1.0349; 1.6777]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4358.34
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1215688307.80 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.4188 [2.4186; 2.4191] 10711405.87 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.3532 [0.3531; 0.3533] 31126765.26 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 4.1760 [4.1753; 4.1767] 8114577.22 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.8002 [0.7999; 0.8004] 15403456.19 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 2.9893 [2.9888; 2.9898] 27978586.73 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.0454 [3.0449; 3.0458] 6660558.83 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 3.0685 [3.0673; 3.0696] 1719042.83 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 1.8043 [1.8040; 1.8046] 68292960.79 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0286 [0.0284; 0.0287] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0908 [0.0908; 0.0909] 696449.66 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2339 [0.2339; 0.2340] 818872.74 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.9282 [0.9279; 0.9284] 2616731.73 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.4780 [0.4778; 0.4781] 3799056.18 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1037749843.75 13 0
## Within groups 177938464.05 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 2.8849 [1.7432; 4.7745] 0.1321 0.3635
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.3334 [0.1927; 0.5769] 0.7825 0.8846
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.5123 [1.1803; 1.9378] 0.1279 0.3577
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.2275 [0.1323; 0.3912] 0.6122 0.7824
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.7412 [0.4963; 1.1069] 0.3350 0.5788
## Region = Western Europe 7 2.6828 [2.2788; 3.1586] 0.0486 0.2204
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.4858 [0.0127; 18.6292] 6.9238 2.6313
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1533 [0.0413; 0.5690] 1.7904 1.3381
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0286 [0.0284; 0.0287] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.0848 [0.0408; 0.1762] 0.2789 0.5281
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2104 [0.1621; 0.2732] 0.0355 0.1883
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.6096 [0.4629; 0.8028] 0.1184 0.3441
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.2689 [0.1611; 0.4489] 0.2735 0.5230
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 630304.31 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.8746 [0.8741; 0.8750] 0.9 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.9517 [0.9512; 0.9522] 1.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 5.4618 [5.4602; 5.4633] 3.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.3277 [2.3261; 2.3294] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0146 [0.0145; 0.0147] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.0963 [2.0949; 2.0978] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0180 [0.0177; 0.0182] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1909 [0.1908; 0.1910] 1.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.1039 [0.1035; 0.1043] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 4.2330 [4.2318; 4.2341] 3.8 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.5657 [0.5651; 0.5663] 0.3 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0026 [0.0026; 0.0026] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1081 [0.1080; 0.1083] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.4368 [0.4358; 0.4379] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.5417 [1.5405; 1.5430] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.3778 [0.3774; 0.3783] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.6020 [0.6018; 0.6023] 1.4 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.4430 [0.4412; 0.4449] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 4.9036 [4.9005; 4.9067] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.0148 [4.0140; 4.0156] 6.6 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 3.0256 [3.0250; 3.0263] 6.3 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.3194 [2.3179; 2.3209] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.1791 [1.1780; 1.1803] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.2673 [0.2672; 0.2673] 8.8 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 6.5956 [6.5917; 6.5995] 0.8 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.9060 [1.9054; 1.9065] 2.9 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 2.7970 [2.7965; 2.7974] 9.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.4901 [0.4893; 0.4909] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0399 [0.0398; 0.0401] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.5753 [0.5740; 0.5766] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.1005 [0.0998; 0.1013] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.5807 [0.5797; 0.5817] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.8691 [0.8674; 0.8709] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.5380 [3.5298; 3.5462] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2060 [0.2059; 0.2062] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0550] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 2.6728 [2.6715; 2.6741] 1.2 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.0869 [0.0864; 0.0873] 0.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 2.8620 [2.8596; 2.8645] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.2062 [0.2061; 0.2063] 1.0 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0678 [0.0678; 0.0679] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0388 [0.0387; 0.0389] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.6144 [3.6125; 3.6163] 1.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.2472 [1.2452; 1.2491] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.1747 [0.1744; 0.1750] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.9011 [0.9009; 0.9014] 3.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.2680 [1.2673; 1.2687] 1.0 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.3061 [0.3055; 0.3067] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 2.3157 [2.3136; 2.3179] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.6181 [2.6145; 2.6218] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147] 0.3 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.2171 [1.2166; 1.2176] 1.6 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 4.4807 [4.4797; 4.4817] 5.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.2563 [3.2544; 3.2582] 0.8 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 2.9188 [2.9169; 2.9207] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.1689 [0.1687; 0.1692] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.1475 [0.1474; 0.1477] 0.3 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.3975 [0.3969; 0.3982] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 1.5192 [1.5187; 1.5196] 3.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.7207 [0.7198; 0.7216] 0.2 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 5.0509 [5.0500; 5.0518] 8.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.3340 [2.3338; 2.3343] 19.0 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.9316 [0.9299; 0.9333] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.7561 [0.7556; 0.7566] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 1.9313 [1.9312; 1.9314] 24919.17 0
## Random effects model 0.6103 [0.4755; 0.7832] -3.88 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.0531 [1.0412; 2.7206]; tau = 1.0262 [1.0204; 1.6494]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4665.04
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1392808286.69 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.5807 [2.5804; 2.5809] 16243650.56 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4113 [0.4112; 0.4114] 34727583.30 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 4.8073 [4.8065; 4.8080] 9689188.04 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.9599 [0.9596; 0.9601] 16775840.94 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 3.1679 [3.1674; 3.1684] 29961138.78 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.2955 [3.2950; 3.2959] 7825704.39 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 5.3928 [5.3912; 5.3943] 2477763.94 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.2796 [2.2793; 2.2800] 84529640.98 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0399 [0.0398; 0.0401] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1079 [0.1078; 0.1080] 897197.16 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2601 [0.2601; 0.2602] 887508.04 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.3339 [1.3335; 1.3342] 4748278.61 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.6441 [0.6439; 0.6443] 5783925.88 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1178260866.08 13 0
## Within groups 214547420.61 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 3.1432 [1.7539; 5.6329] 0.1772 0.4209
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.3891 [0.2292; 0.6606] 0.7295 0.8541
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.6646 [1.2769; 2.1701] 0.1464 0.3826
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.2811 [0.1648; 0.4796] 0.5944 0.7710
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.9052 [0.6077; 1.3483] 0.3306 0.5750
## Region = Western Europe 7 2.8782 [2.4286; 3.4110] 0.0526 0.2293
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.6889 [0.0119; 39.8600] 8.5739 2.9281
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1959 [0.0497; 0.7720] 1.9583 1.3994
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0399 [0.0398; 0.0401] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1000 [0.0467; 0.2142] 0.3017 0.5493
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2347 [0.1820; 0.3027] 0.0337 0.1835
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.7812 [0.5708; 1.0692] 0.1538 0.3922
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.3273 [0.1896; 0.5651] 0.3105 0.5572
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 675005.23 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 1.0163 [1.0158; 1.0168] 0.9 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.1057 [1.1052; 1.1062] 1.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 6.8676 [6.8659; 6.8693] 3.8 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.4571 [2.4554; 2.4588] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0133 [0.0132; 0.0134] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.3686 [2.3671; 2.3700] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0204 [0.0202; 0.0207] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.2552 [0.2551; 0.2553] 1.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.1449 [0.1444; 0.1453] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 4.8298 [4.8286; 4.8310] 4.0 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.6778 [0.6772; 0.6785] 0.3 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0034 [0.0034; 0.0034] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1500 [0.1498; 0.1502] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.5667 [0.5655; 0.5679] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 2.0048 [2.0034; 2.0062] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.4372 [0.4367; 0.4377] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.8155 [0.8152; 0.8158] 1.7 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.6044 [0.6022; 0.6066] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 4.7511 [4.7480; 4.7541] 0.6 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.2238 [4.2230; 4.2247] 6.3 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 3.2835 [3.2828; 3.2841] 6.2 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.3751 [2.3736; 2.3766] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.1061 [1.1050; 1.1072] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.3002 [0.3002; 0.3003] 9.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 8.2475 [8.2432; 8.2519] 0.9 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.9980 [1.9974; 1.9986] 2.8 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 3.0553 [3.0548; 3.0558] 9.0 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.5068 [0.5060; 0.5075] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0641 [0.0639; 0.0643] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.6329 [0.6316; 0.6342] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.0874 [0.0867; 0.0881] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.6932 [0.6922; 0.6943] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.9057 [0.9039; 0.9075] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.4906 [3.4825; 3.4986] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2250 [0.2249; 0.2252] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0612 [0.0611; 0.0613] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 2.8345 [2.8332; 2.8359] 1.1 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1006] 0.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 3.0177 [3.0153; 3.0202] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.2419 [0.2418; 0.2420] 1.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.1435 [0.1433; 0.1437] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0782] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.0669 [0.0667; 0.0670] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.7551 [3.7532; 3.7571] 0.9 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.1861 [1.1842; 1.1881] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.1684 [0.1681; 0.1687] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.7960 [0.7958; 0.7963] 2.7 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.0275 [1.0269; 1.0281] 0.8 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.6683 [0.6674; 0.6692] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 2.5507 [2.5485; 2.5529] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.9286 [2.9248; 2.9325] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360] 0.3 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.3430 [1.3425; 1.3435] 1.6 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 4.4954 [4.4944; 4.4964] 4.8 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.2796 [3.2777; 3.2815] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 3.2163 [3.2143; 3.2183] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2086 [0.2083; 0.2089] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.1601 [0.1599; 0.1602] 0.3 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.4702 [0.4696; 0.4709] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.0758 [2.0753; 2.0764] 3.8 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.9940 [0.9929; 0.9951] 0.2 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 5.8870 [5.8860; 5.8879] 8.9 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.4324 [2.4321; 2.4326] 18.0 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.1259 [1.1241; 1.1278] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.7361 [0.7356; 0.7366] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 2.0947 [2.0946; 2.0948] 29431.77 0
## Random effects model 0.6982 [0.5421; 0.8993] -2.78 0.0054
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.0833 [1.0286; 2.6697]; tau = 1.0408 [1.0142; 1.6339]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4981.73
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1588329792.44 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.7564 [2.7561; 2.7566] 24452429.19 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4609 [0.4607; 0.4610] 35451580.52 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 5.5532 [5.5524; 5.5540] 13999343.22 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.9263 [0.9261; 0.9266] 23034030.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 3.1895 [3.1890; 3.1900] 28456519.38 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.5193 [3.5188; 3.5197] 7219721.84 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 6.7867 [6.7850; 6.7884] 3008527.49 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.4581 [2.4577; 2.4585] 102850269.35 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0641 [0.0639; 0.0643] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1184 [0.1183; 0.1185] 868951.56 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2932 [0.2932; 0.2933] 732713.55 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.6927 [1.6923; 1.6931] 11069361.49 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.8188 [0.8186; 0.8191] 6492242.32 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1330694101.94 13 0
## Within groups 257635690.51 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 3.4275 [1.7500; 6.7130] 0.2353 0.4850
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4571 [0.2791; 0.7486] 0.6334 0.7958
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.7980 [1.3256; 2.4388] 0.1935 0.4399
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.3154 [0.1734; 0.5735] 0.7446 0.8629
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.0774 [0.7377; 1.5734] 0.2987 0.5465
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.0697 [2.6234; 3.5919] 0.0450 0.2121
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.8293 [0.0132; 52.2592] 8.9383 2.9897
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.2326 [0.0559; 0.9683] 2.1177 1.4552
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0641 [0.0639; 0.0643] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1118 [0.0554; 0.2259] 0.2573 0.5072
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2695 [0.2181; 0.3331] 0.0233 0.1528
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.8822 [0.5519; 1.4102] 0.3437 0.5863
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.3930 [0.2340; 0.6600] 0.2800 0.5291
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 644108.45 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 1.3989 [1.3983; 1.3995] 1.2 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.1449 [1.1443; 1.1454] 1.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 8.0026 [8.0007; 8.0044] 4.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 3.4469 [3.4449; 3.4489] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0210 [0.0209; 0.0212] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 3.6912 [3.6894; 3.6931] 0.9 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0389 [0.0386; 0.0393] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.3278 [0.3277; 0.3280] 1.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.4235 [0.4227; 0.4243] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 5.4479 [5.4466; 5.4491] 4.2 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.7712 [0.7705; 0.7719] 0.3 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0048 [0.0048; 0.0048] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1520 [0.1518; 0.1521] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.9388 [0.9372; 0.9403] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 2.9635 [2.9618; 2.9652] 0.7 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.4496 [0.4491; 0.4501] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 1.1842 [1.1839; 1.1846] 2.4 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.8538 [0.8512; 0.8564] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 4.9233 [4.9203; 4.9264] 0.6 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.3282 [4.3274; 4.3290] 5.9 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 3.5834 [3.5827; 3.5840] 6.2 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.9066 [2.9049; 2.9083] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.1861 [1.1849; 1.1872] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.3294 [0.3293; 0.3294] 9.2 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 8.8947 [8.8902; 8.8992] 0.9 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.0556 [2.0550; 2.0562] 2.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 3.3683 [3.3678; 3.3688] 9.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.8144 [0.8134; 0.8153] 0.2 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0473 [0.0471; 0.0474] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.8609 [0.8594; 0.8624] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.1269 [0.1260; 0.1277] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.8859 [0.8847; 0.8870] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 1.2196 [1.2174; 1.2217] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.6592 [3.6511; 3.6674] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2381 [0.2379; 0.2382] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0617 [0.0615; 0.0618] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 3.0032 [3.0018; 3.0045] 1.1 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.1140 [0.1135; 0.1145] 0.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 3.1358 [3.1333; 3.1384] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.2771 [0.2770; 0.2773] 1.2 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.1565 [0.1563; 0.1567] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0931 [0.0930; 0.0932] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.3348 [0.3345; 0.3352] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.5745 [3.5725; 3.5764] 0.8 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.1569 [1.1550; 1.1589] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.1887 [0.1883; 0.1890] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.1847 [0.1846; 0.1849] 0.6 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.8962 [0.8957; 0.8968] 0.6 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 1.0159 [1.0148; 1.0170] 0.2 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 3.5712 [3.5686; 3.5739] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 3.3094 [3.3053; 3.3135] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599] 0.3 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.5523 [1.5517; 1.5529] 1.7 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 4.7605 [4.7595; 4.7615] 4.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.2710 [3.2692; 3.2729] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 3.4599 [3.4578; 3.4619] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2559 [0.2555; 0.2562] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.1710 [0.1709; 0.1712] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.5303 [0.5296; 0.5310] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.5282 [2.5276; 2.5288] 4.3 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.7037 [0.7028; 0.7046] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 6.7927 [6.7917; 6.7938] 9.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.4771 [2.4768; 2.4773] 16.9 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.1942 [1.1923; 1.1961] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.5555 [0.5550; 0.5559] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 2.3081 [2.3080; 2.3082] 34751.09 0
## Random effects model 0.8178 [0.6314; 1.0592] -1.52 0.1275
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.1323 [1.0552; 2.7138]; tau = 1.0641 [1.0272; 1.6473]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5322.52
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1813068895.36 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 2.8966 [2.8963; 2.8969] 36042624.04 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4771 [0.4770; 0.4772] 31972062.34 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 6.3006 [6.2998; 6.3015] 17829890.73 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.9297 [0.9295; 0.9300] 64190322.55 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 3.3399 [3.3394; 3.3404] 29127522.72 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.8010 [3.8005; 3.8014] 3345905.84 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 7.9103 [7.9085; 7.9121] 3496443.04 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.6703 [2.6699; 2.6707] 128046083.35 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0473 [0.0471; 0.0474] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1301 [0.1300; 0.1302] 716809.15 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3229 [0.3229; 0.3230] 544010.22 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.0187 [2.0183; 2.0191] 18127816.24 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 1.1724 [1.1721; 1.1727] 8891027.38 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1470738377.77 13 0
## Within groups 342330517.60 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 3.6735 [1.6968; 7.9528] 0.3106 0.5573
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4734 [0.3006; 0.7454] 0.5366 0.7325
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.1168 [1.5180; 2.9519] 0.2303 0.4799
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.4359 [0.1627; 1.1677] 2.0222 1.4220
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.3711 [0.9469; 1.9852] 0.2853 0.5342
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.5777 [3.2343; 3.9576] 0.0186 0.1362
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 0.9551 [0.0148; 61.5841] 9.0376 3.0063
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.2829 [0.0650; 1.2319] 2.2534 1.5011
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0473 [0.0471; 0.0474] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1262 [0.0696; 0.2290] 0.1848 0.4299
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3021 [0.2551; 0.3578] 0.0149 0.1221
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.9984 [0.5524; 1.8042] 0.5470 0.7396
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.4825 [0.2877; 0.8089] 0.2782 0.5274
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 847727.58 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 2.9210 [2.9202; 2.9219] 2.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.2095 [1.2090; 1.2101] 1.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 8.6417 [8.6397; 8.6436] 4.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 3.6534 [3.6513; 3.6555] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0391 [0.0389; 0.0393] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 4.3393 [4.3373; 4.3413] 0.9 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0747 [0.0742; 0.0752] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.4008 [0.4007; 0.4010] 1.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.6955 [0.6945; 0.6965] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 6.0241 [6.0228; 6.0254] 4.2 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.8596 [0.8589; 0.8603] 0.3 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0065 [0.0065; 0.0066] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1610 [0.1608; 0.1612] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 1.1064 [1.1047; 1.1081] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 3.5544 [3.5525; 3.5563] 0.7 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.4751 [0.4746; 0.4757] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 1.9074 [1.9069; 1.9078] 3.5 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 1.1673 [1.1643; 1.1704] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 5.0831 [5.0800; 5.0862] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.4210 [4.4201; 4.4218] 5.4 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 3.7208 [3.7201; 3.7215] 5.8 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 3.2721 [3.2703; 3.2740] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.2721 [1.2710; 1.2733] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.3586 [0.3586; 0.3587] 9.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 8.9694 [8.9649; 8.9739] 0.8 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.2635 [2.2629; 2.2641] 2.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 3.7304 [3.7298; 3.7310] 9.0 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 1.0108 [1.0097; 1.0118] 0.2 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0662 [0.0660; 0.0664] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 1.7104 [1.7083; 1.7125] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.1982 [0.1971; 0.1992] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.9871 [0.9858; 0.9883] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 1.1829 [1.1808; 1.1850] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.8108 [3.8026; 3.8190] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2819 [0.2817; 0.2820] 0.7 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.1094 [0.1092; 0.1095] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 3.0973 [3.0959; 3.0987] 1.0 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.1255 [0.1250; 0.1260] 0.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 3.3743 [3.3717; 3.3769] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.3093 [0.3092; 0.3094] 1.2 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.1504 [0.1501; 0.1506] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1065] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.7340 [0.7336; 0.7345] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.5756 [3.5737; 3.5776] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.1721 [1.1701; 1.1741] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.2316 [0.2312; 0.2319] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.2277 [0.2276; 0.2278] 0.6 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.3068 [1.3061; 1.3074] 0.8 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 1.3730 [1.3717; 1.3743] 0.2 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 3.1730 [3.1705; 3.1755] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 3.4915 [3.4873; 3.4957] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697] 0.3 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.8268 [1.8262; 1.8274] 1.8 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 4.9381 [4.9371; 4.9392] 4.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.2632 [3.2613; 3.2650] 0.6 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 3.5588 [3.5567; 3.5609] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.3043 [0.3040; 0.3047] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.1857 [0.1856; 0.1859] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.7481 [0.7473; 0.7489] 0.2 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 3.2735 [3.2728; 3.2741] 5.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.6187 [0.6179; 0.6196] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 7.4479 [7.4468; 7.4490] 9.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.4957 [2.4955; 2.4960] 15.3 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.3737 [1.3716; 1.3757] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.3986 [0.3983; 0.3990] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 2.4919 [2.4918; 2.4920] 40118.40 0
## Random effects model 0.9697 [0.7523; 1.2500] -0.24 0.8124
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.0907 [1.0071; 2.5640]; tau = 1.0444 [1.0035; 1.6012]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5540.91
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1964908255.31 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 3.0144 [3.0141; 3.0147] 49308163.85 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.5161 [0.5160; 0.5162] 31632135.56 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 6.8291 [6.8282; 6.8300] 20401798.44 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.0264 [1.0261; 1.0267] 63551486.05 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 3.5018 [3.5013; 3.5023] 27034164.31 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.9500 [3.9496; 3.9505] 3221040.26 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 8.5409 [8.5390; 8.5428] 3849634.22 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.9184 [2.9180; 2.9188] 157821770.32 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0662 [0.0660; 0.0664] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1433 [0.1432; 0.1434] 678844.43 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3524 [0.3524; 0.3525] 453598.80 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.6325 [2.6321; 2.6330] 22998472.08 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 2.1124 [2.1120; 2.1128] 21165823.45 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1562791323.53 13 0
## Within groups 402116931.78 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 3.8774 [1.6350; 9.1955] 0.3882 0.6231
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4941 [0.3205; 0.7618] 0.4879 0.6985
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.3782 [1.6777; 3.3711] 0.2535 0.5035
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.5921 [0.2485; 1.4107] 1.5695 1.2528
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.6380 [1.1624; 2.3083] 0.2450 0.4950
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.7764 [3.4289; 4.1591] 0.0170 0.1303
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.0414 [0.0165; 65.8828] 8.9549 2.9925
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.3413 [0.0760; 1.5326] 2.3487 1.5325
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0662 [0.0660; 0.0664] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1406 [0.0814; 0.2427] 0.1554 0.3942
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3330 [0.2881; 0.3850] 0.0109 0.1046
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.2857 [0.7262; 2.2762] 0.5096 0.7139
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.8217 [0.4591; 1.4705] 0.3527 0.5939
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 802945.78 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018 3
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 2.8536 [2.8528; 2.8544] 2.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.2643 [1.2638; 1.2649] 1.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 8.7381 [8.7362; 8.7400] 3.7 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 3.9874 [3.9852; 3.9895] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0664 [0.0661; 0.0666] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 4.7493 [4.7472; 4.7514] 0.9 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1682 [0.1675; 0.1690] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.5116 [0.5115; 0.5118] 1.8 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.9454 [0.9442; 0.9466] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 6.0709 [6.0696; 6.0722] 3.9 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.9066 [0.9059; 0.9073] 0.3 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0108 [0.0108; 0.0108] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1810 [0.1808; 0.1812] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 1.2599 [1.2581; 1.2616] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 3.9558 [3.9538; 3.9577] 0.7 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.4963 [0.4958; 0.4969] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 3.7897 [3.7891; 3.7904] 6.4 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 1.7170 [1.7133; 1.7207] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 5.1854 [5.1823; 5.1886] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.6663 [4.6654; 4.6671] 5.2 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 3.9886 [3.9879; 3.9893] 5.7 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 3.6452 [3.6433; 3.6471] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.3400 [1.3388; 1.3412] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.4017 [0.4017; 0.4018] 9.3 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 7.2996 [7.2956; 7.3036] 0.6 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.3084 [2.3077; 2.3090] 2.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 3.9854 [3.9848; 3.9859] 8.7 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.3184 [0.3178; 0.3190] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0783 [0.0781; 0.0785] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 2.3085 [2.3061; 2.3110] 0.2 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.2861 [0.2849; 0.2874] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 1.0700 [1.0688; 1.0713] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 1.4162 [1.4139; 1.4185] 0.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.7805 [3.7724; 3.7886] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.3123 [0.3121; 0.3124] 0.7 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.1609 [0.1607; 0.1611] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 3.2409 [3.2395; 3.2423] 1.0 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.0352 [1.0336; 1.0367] 0.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 3.4372 [3.4346; 3.4398] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.3665 [0.3664; 0.3667] 1.3 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.1859 [0.1856; 0.1861] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.1276 [0.1275; 0.1277] 0.2 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 1.1714 [1.1709; 1.1720] 0.8 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.6716 [3.6697; 3.6735] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 1.1985 [1.1965; 1.2006] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.2448 [0.2444; 0.2451] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.2948 [0.2947; 0.2950] 0.7 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.3547 [0.3544; 0.3550] 0.2 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 1.8492 [1.8478; 1.8507] 0.3 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 3.4508 [3.4482; 3.4534] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 3.6286 [3.6243; 3.6329] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079] 0.3 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 2.1687 [2.1681; 2.1694] 1.9 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 5.1063 [5.1052; 5.1073] 4.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.2313 [3.2294; 3.2331] 0.6 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 3.7111 [3.7090; 3.7132] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.3825 [0.3821; 0.3829] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.2323 [0.2321; 0.2325] 0.3 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 1.9419 [1.9406; 1.9433] 0.4 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 3.5808 [3.5801; 3.5815] 5.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.6074 [0.6066; 0.6082] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 7.7862 [7.7851; 7.7873] 9.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 2.5196 [2.5193; 2.5199] 14.2 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.2352 [1.2333; 1.2372] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.3925 [0.3921; 0.3928] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 2.6286 [2.6285; 2.6287] 44545.79 0
## Random effects model 1.1191 [0.8710; 1.4379] 0.88 0.3788
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.0630 [0.9666; 2.4512]; tau = 1.0310 [0.9831; 1.5656]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5745.66
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 2112804127.48 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 3.0427 [3.0424; 3.0430] 49938160.12 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.5719 [0.5718; 0.5721] 29354395.61 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 6.9921 [6.9912; 6.9930] 20948539.78 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.1949 [1.1946; 1.1952] 67049415.72 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 3.6326 [3.6321; 3.6332] 27391320.40 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.2061 [4.2056; 4.2065] 3429166.60 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 8.3363 [8.3345; 8.3381] 7980102.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 3.0115 [3.0111; 3.0119] 211671394.36 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0783 [0.0781; 0.0785] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1766 [0.1765; 0.1767] 968366.25 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3971 [0.3971; 0.3972] 209018.00 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 3.0011 [3.0006; 3.0017] 37647379.11 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 3.3297 [3.3293; 3.3302] 25151466.27 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1631065402.74 13 0
## Within groups 481738724.73 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 3.9110 [1.6520; 9.2590] 0.3867 0.6218
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.5308 [0.3577; 0.7877] 0.4056 0.6368
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.6283 [1.8363; 3.7619] 0.2678 0.5175
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.7471 [0.3357; 1.6624] 1.3323 1.1542
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.9673 [1.4062; 2.7523] 0.2348 0.4846
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.9874 [3.6214; 4.3904] 0.0169 0.1300
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 3.0075 [0.3718; 24.3265] 2.2751 1.5084
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.4348 [0.0895; 2.1125] 2.6019 1.6130
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0783 [0.0781; 0.0785] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1722 [0.0957; 0.3098] 0.1796 0.4238
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3837 [0.3507; 0.4198] 0.0042 0.0648
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.9201 [0.3495; 2.4223] 1.4635 1.2098
## Region = Northern Africa 4 1.3558 [0.7896; 2.3280] 0.3044 0.5517
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 910859.46 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711] 0.1 1.7 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.2110 [0.2108; 0.2113] 0.2 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 1.2865 [1.2857; 1.2873] 0.7 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.1978 [2.1961; 2.1995] 0.5 1.7 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0056 [0.0055; 0.0057] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 1.3012 [1.3001; 1.3024] 0.4 1.7 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523] 0.3 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.1053 [0.1049; 0.1057] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 4.1266 [4.1254; 4.1277] 3.6 1.7 Northern America
## CHILE 0.2113 [0.2110; 0.2117] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0876 [0.0874; 0.0877] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.3160 [0.3151; 0.3168] 0.0 1.7 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.1416 [1.1405; 1.1427] 0.3 1.7 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.1948 [0.1944; 0.1951] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1066] 0.2 1.7 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.2020 [0.2007; 0.2032] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 4.3558 [4.3528; 4.3587] 0.6 1.7 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 3.5466 [3.5458; 3.5473] 5.8 1.7 Western Europe
## GERMANY 2.7848 [2.7842; 2.7854] 6.0 1.7 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.2484 [2.2470; 2.2499] 0.7 1.7 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.7213 [0.7204; 0.7221] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.1154 [0.1154; 0.1154] 3.7 1.7 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 2.8727 [2.8700; 2.8753] 0.3 1.7 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.4918 [1.4913; 1.4923] 2.3 1.7 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017] 0.3 1.7 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.1265 [0.1261; 0.1270] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.1175 [0.1168; 0.1182] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.4164 [0.4150; 0.4178] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.4021 [0.4012; 0.4031] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.3469 [0.3459; 0.3480] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.2514 [3.2430; 3.2598] 0.0 1.7 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2788 [0.2786; 0.2789] 0.8 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0236 [0.0235; 0.0237] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 0.9869 [0.9853; 0.9885] 0.1 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 3.4299 [3.4272; 3.4327] 0.4 1.7 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.0973 [0.0972; 0.0974] 0.4 1.7 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0497 [0.0495; 0.0498] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531] 0.1 1.7 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.1513 [0.1511; 0.1515] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.1225 [3.1207; 3.1243] 0.9 1.7 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 5.0091 [5.0053; 5.0129] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.3109 [0.3105; 0.3113] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0289 [0.0289; 0.0290] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.3616 [0.3612; 0.3620] 0.2 1.7 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.4112 [1.4096; 1.4129] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 1.5309 [1.5280; 1.5337] 0.1 1.7 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161] 0.2 1.7 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 0.9479 [0.9475; 0.9484] 1.2 1.7 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 3.8350 [3.8340; 3.8359] 4.7 1.7 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.3977 [3.3958; 3.3997] 0.8 1.7 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 1.9623 [1.9607; 1.9640] 0.4 1.7 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.1223 [0.1220; 0.1227] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 1.3869 [1.3864; 1.3873] 2.6 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.3101 [0.3094; 0.3108] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 3.0456 [3.0449; 3.0463] 5.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 6.6631 [6.6626; 6.6636] 53.4 1.7 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.2539 [0.2530; 0.2548] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.6793 [0.6788; 0.6798] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 3.4362 [3.4360; 3.4364] 45911.48 0
## Random effects model 0.4167 [0.2989; 0.5810] -5.16 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.7246 [1.4813; 4.5594]; tau = 1.3132 [1.2171; 2.1353]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5315.64
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1667108391.00 59 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 6.4628 [6.4623; 6.4632] 10800513.39 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4213 [0.4211; 0.4214] 68560818.30 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 3.1351 [3.1345; 3.1357] 5193026.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.4678 [0.4676; 0.4681] 23190551.74 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 2.7450 [2.7445; 2.7455] 22449216.66 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 2.9787 [2.9783; 2.9792] 7916037.00 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.2418 [1.2411; 1.2425] 93922.42 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.4761 [0.4759; 0.4763] 38921435.09 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531] 0.00 --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1133 [0.1133; 0.1133] 158092.70 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.1502 [1.1499; 1.1506] 10049205.60 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0916 [0.0915; 0.0917] 667802.23 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1479107769.50 12 0
## Within groups 188000621.51 47 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 5.2436 [3.2788; 8.3859] 0.1148 0.3388
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.2332 [0.0903; 0.6024] 2.3447 1.5312
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.3775 [1.1026; 1.7208] 0.1031 0.3211
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.1763 [0.0704; 0.4416] 1.7561 1.3252
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.6396 [1.0552; 2.5477] 0.3034 0.5508
## Region = Western Europe 6 2.3766 [1.9115; 2.9549] 0.0741 0.2722
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.1268 [0.8690; 1.4610] 0.0351 0.1874
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.0630 [0.0095; 0.4177] 3.7229 1.9295
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531] -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1060 [0.0897; 0.1252] 0.0145 0.1205
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.3124 [0.1382; 0.7063] 1.0395 1.0196
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.0683 [0.0411; 0.1137] 0.2698 0.5194
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 589755.92 12 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756] 0.2 1.7 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.2916 [0.2913; 0.2918] 0.3 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 1.4792 [1.4784; 1.4801] 0.7 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 2.5392 [2.5375; 2.5410] 0.5 1.7 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0141 [0.0139; 0.0142] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 1.5782 [1.5770; 1.5795] 0.4 1.7 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.0739 [0.0739; 0.0740] 0.3 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.2261 [0.2255; 0.2267] 0.0 1.7 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 4.7887 [4.7875; 4.7899] 3.7 1.7 Northern America
## CHILE 0.2263 [0.2259; 0.2266] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0840 [0.0839; 0.0841] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.3611 [0.3602; 0.3621] 0.0 1.7 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.4811 [1.4799; 1.4823] 0.4 1.7 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.2420 [0.2416; 0.2424] 0.1 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.1499 [0.1497; 0.1500] 0.3 1.7 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.2543 [0.2529; 0.2557] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 4.9666 [4.9635; 4.9698] 0.6 1.7 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 3.8551 [3.8543; 3.8559] 5.5 1.7 Western Europe
## GERMANY 3.2166 [3.2159; 3.2172] 5.9 1.7 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.6236 [2.6221; 2.6252] 0.7 1.7 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 0.8353 [0.8344; 0.8363] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.1569 [0.1569; 0.1569] 4.4 1.7 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 3.5075 [3.5046; 3.5103] 0.4 1.7 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.6554 [1.6548; 1.6559] 2.2 1.7 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479] 0.4 1.7 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.1551 [0.1546; 0.1556] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.1514 [0.1507; 0.1522] 0.0 1.7 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.5005 [0.4989; 0.5021] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.5855 [0.5844; 0.5867] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.4040 [0.4028; 0.4051] 0.0 1.7 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.3859 [3.3774; 3.3943] 0.0 1.7 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2783 [0.2782; 0.2785] 0.7 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0386 [0.0385; 0.0387] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.1928 [1.1911; 1.1945] 0.1 1.7 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 3.6102 [3.6074; 3.6130] 0.4 1.7 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.1376 [0.1375; 0.1377] 0.6 1.7 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0549] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638] 0.1 1.7 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.1745 [0.1743; 0.1747] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.3821 [3.3803; 3.3840] 0.8 1.7 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 5.9562 [5.9520; 5.9603] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.5838 [0.5832; 0.5843] 0.3 1.7 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0451] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.4092 [0.4088; 0.4096] 0.2 1.7 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 1.8496 [1.8477; 1.8515] 0.2 1.7 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 1.7773 [1.7743; 1.7803] 0.1 1.7 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588] 0.2 1.7 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.1294 [1.1289; 1.1299] 1.3 1.7 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 4.4325 [4.4315; 4.4335] 4.7 1.7 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 3.9503 [3.9482; 3.9524] 0.8 1.7 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 2.1416 [2.1399; 2.1433] 0.4 1.7 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781] 0.1 1.7 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.0000 0.0 0.0 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.2006 [0.2002; 0.2011] 0.0 1.7 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 1.7331 [1.7326; 1.7337] 2.8 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.4496 [0.4488; 0.4503] 0.1 1.7 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 3.8182 [3.8174; 3.8190] 5.5 1.7 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 7.4008 [7.4003; 7.4013] 51.6 1.7 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.4441 [0.4430; 0.4453] 0.0 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.7331 [0.7326; 0.7337] 0.5 1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 3.7177 [3.7175; 3.7178] 52578.79 0
## Random effects model 0.5392 [0.3863; 0.7527] -3.63 0.0003
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.7372 [1.4181; 4.2743]; tau = 1.3180 [1.1909; 2.0674]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5815.15
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 1995142807.78 59 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 7.1895 [7.1890; 7.1900] 10441148.67 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4695 [0.4693; 0.4696] 82028126.09 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 3.8175 [3.8168; 3.8182] 5634592.31 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.6058 [0.6056; 0.6061] 30395566.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 3.1450 [3.1444; 3.1455] 27126580.72 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 3.3328 [3.3323; 3.3332] 7239094.92 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.4359 [1.4351; 1.4367] 75178.21 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.5196 [0.5194; 0.5198] 55464598.05 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638] 0.00 --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1546 [0.1546; 0.1546] 135366.59 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.4316 [1.4312; 1.4320] 13175229.32 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1817 [0.1816; 0.1818] 1865787.36 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1761561538.94 12 0
## Within groups 233581268.84 47 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 5.9532 [3.8858; 9.1206] 0.0948 0.3078
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.2797 [0.1072; 0.7298] 2.3939 1.5472
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.6257 [1.3124; 2.0137] 0.0954 0.3089
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.2757 [0.1130; 0.6724] 1.6557 1.2867
## Region = Southern Europe 6 1.8629 [1.1810; 2.9385] 0.3245 0.5696
## Region = Western Europe 6 2.6676 [2.1929; 3.2450] 0.0600 0.2449
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.3283 [1.0758; 1.6402] 0.0232 0.1522
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.0875 [0.0126; 0.6096] 3.9228 1.9806
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 1 0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638] -- --
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1469 [0.1292; 0.1671] 0.0086 0.0930
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.4046 [0.1776; 0.9215] 1.0585 1.0288
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1337 [0.0760; 0.2351] 0.3321 0.5763
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1033334.06 12 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587] 0.3 1.6 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.4124 [0.4120; 0.4127] 0.3 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 1.6897 [1.6888; 1.6906] 0.7 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 3.0211 [3.0192; 3.0231] 0.5 1.6 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0180 [0.0178; 0.0181] 0.0 1.6 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.2085 [2.2071; 2.2100] 0.5 1.6 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1212 [0.1211; 0.1213] 0.5 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.3263 [0.3256; 0.3270] 0.0 1.6 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 5.3477 [5.3464; 5.3490] 3.5 1.6 Northern America
## CHILE 0.2580 [0.2576; 0.2584] 0.1 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0760 [0.0759; 0.0762] 0.1 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.4543 [0.4532; 0.4553] 0.0 1.6 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 1.8185 [1.8172; 1.8199] 0.4 1.6 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.2917 [0.2912; 0.2921] 0.1 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.2397 [0.2396; 0.2399] 0.4 1.6 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.4373 [0.4355; 0.4392] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 5.4352 [5.4319; 5.4384] 0.6 1.6 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.1757 [4.1748; 4.1765] 5.1 1.6 Western Europe
## GERMANY 3.5994 [3.5987; 3.6001] 5.7 1.6 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.8252 [2.8236; 2.8269] 0.6 1.6 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.0156 [1.0146; 1.0167] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.1918 [0.1918; 0.1919] 4.6 1.6 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 3.9361 [3.9331; 3.9391] 0.3 1.6 Northern Europe
## ITALY 1.8485 [1.8479; 1.8491] 2.1 1.6 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 0.3150 [0.3149; 0.3152] 0.8 1.6 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.1833 [0.1828; 0.1838] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.1562 [0.1555; 0.1569] 0.0 1.6 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.5646 [0.5630; 0.5663] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.6460 [0.6448; 0.6471] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.5072 [0.5059; 0.5085] 0.0 1.6 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.6404 [3.6317; 3.6491] 0.0 1.6 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2904 [0.2902; 0.2906] 0.6 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0432 [0.0431; 0.0433] 0.0 1.6 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.4364 [1.4345; 1.4383] 0.1 1.6 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 3.9539 [3.9510; 3.9568] 0.4 1.6 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.1573 [0.1572; 0.1574] 0.5 1.6 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0700 [0.0698; 0.0702] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0686 [0.0685; 0.0687] 0.1 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.2009 [0.2007; 0.2012] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.8120 [3.8101; 3.8140] 0.8 1.6 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 6.7601 [6.7556; 6.7645] 0.5 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.5874 [0.5868; 0.5879] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.0884 [0.0883; 0.0885] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.4869 [0.4865; 0.4873] 0.3 1.6 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0000 0.0 0.0 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 2.3771 [2.3750; 2.3793] 0.2 1.6 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.0489 [2.0457; 2.0522] 0.1 1.6 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827] 0.2 1.6 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.2561 [1.2556; 1.2566] 1.2 1.6 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 4.8978 [4.8967; 4.8988] 4.5 1.6 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 4.3114 [4.3092; 4.3136] 0.8 1.6 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 2.4739 [2.4721; 2.4758] 0.4 1.6 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973] 0.1 1.6 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.2391 [0.2389; 0.2393] 0.3 1.6 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.2414 [0.2409; 0.2418] 0.0 1.6 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.1626 [2.1620; 2.1632] 3.0 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.7453 [0.7443; 0.7462] 0.1 1.6 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 4.7452 [4.7443; 4.7461] 5.9 1.6 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 8.5063 [8.5057; 8.5068] 51.1 1.6 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.5483 [0.5470; 0.5496] 0.0 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.7677 [0.7672; 0.7682] 0.4 1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 61
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 4.1189 [4.1187; 4.1191] 61374.22 0
## Random effects model 0.6453 [0.4606; 0.9041] -2.55 0.0109
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.8051 [1.3849; 4.0849]; tau = 1.3435 [1.1768; 2.0211]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6391.62
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 2451167882.77 60 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 8.2536 [8.2531; 8.2541] 13435200.90 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.5072 [0.5071; 0.5073] 91099629.98 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 4.5834 [4.5827; 4.5841] 6697879.29 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.6761 [0.6758; 0.6763] 39565190.94 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 6 3.4819 [3.4813; 3.4824] 29854484.84 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 6 3.6900 [3.6896; 3.6905] 5356053.78 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.6508 [1.6499; 1.6516] 51792.47 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.5602 [0.5601; 0.5604] 63566747.42 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1672 [0.1671; 0.1673] 2618838.90 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1878 [0.1878; 0.1879] 363094.93 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.7819 [1.7815; 1.7823] 16848115.86 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.2588 [0.2586; 0.2589] 2181537.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2179529315.68 12 0
## Within groups 271638567.10 48 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 6.7446 [4.2797; 10.6290] 0.1077 0.3282
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.3325 [0.1326; 0.8342] 2.2018 1.4838
## Region = Northern Europe 8 1.9588 [1.5732; 2.4390] 0.1001 0.3164
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.3578 [0.1453; 0.8809] 1.6910 1.3004
## Region = Southern Europe 6 2.1199 [1.3476; 3.3347] 0.3206 0.5662
## Region = Western Europe 6 3.1091 [2.6544; 3.6416] 0.0390 0.1976
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.5579 [1.3287; 1.8267] 0.0132 0.1148
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.1249 [0.0241; 0.6467] 2.8160 1.6781
## Region = Central Asia 0 NA -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1281 [0.0377; 0.4353] 0.7793 0.8828
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.1737 [0.1430; 0.2110] 0.0197 0.1404
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.4939 [0.2193; 1.1124] 1.0298 1.0148
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.1730 [0.1029; 0.2911] 0.2816 0.5307
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2747.39 12 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026] 0.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.6236 [0.6232; 0.6240] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 1.9091 [1.9081; 1.9100] 0.7 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 3.4460 [3.4440; 3.4481] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0188 [0.0187; 0.0190] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.6343 [2.6327; 2.6359] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0490 [0.0486; 0.0494] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.1618 [0.1617; 0.1619] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.4892 [0.4884; 0.4901] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 5.8395 [5.8381; 5.8408] 3.5 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3146] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0053 [0.0053; 0.0053] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0820 [0.0819; 0.0821] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.4773 [0.4762; 0.4783] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 2.2432 [2.2417; 2.2447] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.3322 [0.3317; 0.3327] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.3250 [0.3248; 0.3252] 0.5 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.5211 [0.5191; 0.5231] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 5.7890 [5.7856; 5.7923] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.3160 [4.3151; 4.3168] 4.7 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 3.8865 [3.8858; 3.8872] 5.4 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 3.0761 [3.0744; 3.0778] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.2037 [1.2026; 1.2048] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.2357 [0.2356; 0.2357] 5.1 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 4.6899 [4.6866; 4.6932] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.0384 [2.0378; 2.0390] 2.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 1.0988 [1.0985; 1.0991] 2.4 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.2052 [0.2047; 0.2057] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.2263 [0.2254; 0.2271] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.6788 [0.6770; 0.6807] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.7612 [0.7600; 0.7625] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.7232 [0.7217; 0.7248] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 3.7951 [3.7863; 3.8039] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2666 [0.2664; 0.2668] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0533 [0.0531; 0.0534] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 2.5304 [2.5291; 2.5317] 0.7 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.6623 [1.6603; 1.6643] 0.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 4.4844 [4.4813; 4.4874] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.1948 [0.1947; 0.1949] 0.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0813 [0.0811; 0.0815] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0735 [0.0734; 0.0736] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.2380 [0.2377; 0.2383] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 3.8753 [3.8734; 3.8773] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 8.4500 [8.4450; 8.4550] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.7133 [0.7126; 0.7139] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.1598 [0.1597; 0.1599] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.5929 [0.5924; 0.5933] 0.3 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.0947 [0.0944; 0.0950] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 2.9752 [2.9728; 2.9776] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.2320 [2.2286; 2.2354] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095] 0.2 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.3683 [1.3677; 1.3688] 1.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 5.4072 [5.4061; 5.4083] 4.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 4.6491 [4.6469; 4.6514] 0.8 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 2.7352 [2.7333; 2.7371] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.3580 [0.3578; 0.3583] 0.4 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.2845 [0.2840; 0.2851] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 2.7223 [2.7216; 2.7229] 3.5 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.8151 [0.8141; 0.8160] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 5.6548 [5.6539; 5.6558] 6.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 8.7504 [8.7498; 8.7509] 47.2 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 0.6987 [0.6973; 0.7002] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.8805 [0.8799; 0.8810] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 4.1030 [4.1028; 4.1031] 64828.80 0
## Random effects model 0.7013 [0.5117; 0.9613] -2.21 0.0274
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.6824 [1.3038; 3.6877]; tau = 1.2971 [1.1418; 1.9203]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6486.87
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 2693089052.56 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 8.5100 [8.5095; 8.5105] 11220938.21 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.6189 [0.6188; 0.6191] 116032057.68 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 5.3564 [5.3556; 5.3572] 8027178.92 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.7868 [0.7866; 0.7871] 48010225.50 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 3.7776 [3.7770; 3.7782] 38499842.30 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.8214 [3.8210; 3.8219] 6601696.05 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.8709 [1.8701; 1.8718] 43916.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.9503 [0.9501; 0.9505] 80189240.15 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.2507 [0.2505; 0.2508] 4984882.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2309 [0.2308; 0.2309] 423047.99 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.2367 [2.2362; 2.2372] 22656268.47 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.3548 [0.3546; 0.3550] 3237663.07 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2353162095.54 13 0
## Within groups 339926957.02 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 7.1483 [4.8091; 10.6252] 0.0818 0.2860
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.3970 [0.1544; 1.0207] 2.3212 1.5235
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.3129 [1.8457; 2.8984] 0.1060 0.3256
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.4601 [0.1938; 1.0920] 1.5560 1.2474
## Region = Southern Europe 8 0.9475 [0.6185; 1.4517] 0.3790 0.6156
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.2702 [2.8245; 3.7862] 0.0391 0.1978
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 1.7814 [1.5554; 2.0402] 0.0096 0.0979
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.2040 [0.0512; 0.8124] 1.9877 1.4099
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1622 [0.0344; 0.7657] 1.2541 1.1199
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2143 [0.1777; 0.2583] 0.0182 0.1348
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.5996 [0.2565; 1.4017] 1.1262 1.0612
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.2230 [0.1296; 0.3839] 0.3071 0.5542
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 657578.49 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440] 0.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.8075 [0.8071; 0.8080] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 2.1429 [2.1419; 2.1439] 0.8 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 3.8892 [3.8870; 3.8914] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0209 [0.0208; 0.0211] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.8197 [2.8180; 2.8213] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1042 [0.1036; 0.1047] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.2003 [0.2002; 0.2004] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.3512 [0.3505; 0.3520] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 6.4490 [6.4476; 6.4504] 3.6 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.4029 [0.4024; 0.4033] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0100 [0.0100; 0.0101] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.0904 [0.0902; 0.0905] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.5290 [0.5279; 0.5302] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 2.4462 [2.4447; 2.4478] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.3715 [0.3710; 0.3720] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.4519 [0.4517; 0.4522] 0.6 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.6499 [0.6477; 0.6522] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 6.2340 [6.2305; 6.2375] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.6399 [4.6391; 4.6408] 4.8 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 4.1898 [4.1890; 4.1905] 5.5 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 2.9461 [2.9444; 2.9478] 0.5 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.3818 [1.3806; 1.3831] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.2661 [0.2661; 0.2662] 5.4 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 5.7487 [5.7451; 5.7523] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.1488 [2.1482; 2.1494] 2.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 1.7888 [1.7885; 1.7892] 3.7 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.2711 [0.2705; 0.2717] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.3421 [0.3411; 0.3431] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 0.8875 [0.8853; 0.8896] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.7933 [0.7921; 0.7945] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 0.8457 [0.8440; 0.8474] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 4.0584 [4.0494; 4.0674] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2671 [0.2669; 0.2672] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0653 [0.0651; 0.0654] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 2.8475 [2.8461; 2.8488] 0.8 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 1.9467 [1.9446; 1.9489] 0.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 4.8179 [4.8147; 4.8211] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.2124 [0.2123; 0.2125] 0.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.0954 [0.0952; 0.0955] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0780 [0.0779; 0.0781] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.2180 [0.2177; 0.2182] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 4.3551 [4.3530; 4.3572] 0.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 9.4847 [9.4794; 9.4900] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.7460 [0.7453; 0.7466] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.3209 [0.3208; 0.3211] 0.7 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 0.7378 [0.7373; 0.7383] 0.3 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.1341 [0.1337; 0.1345] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 3.2284 [3.2259; 3.2309] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.4452 [2.4416; 2.4487] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381] 0.2 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.7305 [1.7299; 1.7311] 1.4 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 5.7247 [5.7236; 5.7258] 4.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 4.7299 [4.7276; 4.7322] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 2.9603 [2.9584; 2.9623] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2224 [0.2221; 0.2227] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.4123 [0.4121; 0.4126] 0.5 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.4017 [0.4011; 0.4024] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 3.1476 [3.1470; 3.1483] 3.8 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.3576 [0.3569; 0.3582] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 6.6897 [6.6887; 6.6908] 7.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 8.4694 [8.4688; 8.4699] 43.0 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.0938 [1.0920; 1.0957] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 1.0497 [1.0491; 1.0503] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 4.0158 [4.0156; 4.0160] 66064.07 0
## Random effects model 0.8148 [0.6018; 1.1031] -1.33 0.1851
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.5528 [1.2465; 3.4623]; tau = 1.2461 [1.1165; 1.8607]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6597.00
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 2785305996.51 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 8.2911 [8.2906; 8.2916] 5632589.64 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.7169 [0.7168; 0.7171] 131087456.32 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 6.2225 [6.2216; 6.2233] 10598553.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.8240 [0.8238; 0.8243] 46532134.40 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 3.9860 [3.9854; 3.9866] 42713840.25 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.1278 [4.1273; 4.1283] 6567298.08 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 2.1122 [2.1113; 2.1131] 24887.10 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 1.3853 [1.3851; 1.3856] 136650254.52 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.2891 [0.2889; 0.2892] 6039855.91 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2599 [0.2598; 0.2599] 659768.68 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.5887 [2.5882; 2.5892] 28374774.43 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.4454 [0.4452; 0.4456] 3237163.16 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2367187420.63 13 0
## Within groups 418118575.88 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 7.3905 [5.6583; 9.6529] 0.0371 0.1927
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.4768 [0.1896; 1.1990] 2.2140 1.4880
## Region = Northern Europe 8 2.6805 [2.0952; 3.4292] 0.1264 0.3555
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.5044 [0.2321; 1.0959] 1.2542 1.1199
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.1400 [0.7364; 1.7647] 0.3976 0.6306
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.5632 [3.0980; 4.0983] 0.0357 0.1889
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 2.0425 [1.8590; 2.2440] 0.0046 0.0679
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.2884 [0.0629; 1.3212] 2.4122 1.5531
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.1794 [0.0351; 0.9167] 1.3854 1.1770
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2378 [0.1907; 0.2965] 0.0254 0.1593
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.6276 [0.2510; 1.5694] 1.3121 1.1455
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.2833 [0.1744; 0.4603] 0.2453 0.4953
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 730154.52 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128] 0.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 0.9655 [0.9650; 0.9660] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 3.9071 [3.9058; 3.9084] 1.3 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 4.2035 [4.2012; 4.2058] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0344 [0.0342; 0.0346] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 2.8712 [2.8696; 2.8729] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1485 [0.1479; 0.1492] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.2464 [0.2463; 0.2465] 0.7 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.4812 [0.4804; 0.4820] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 7.3987 [7.3972; 7.4002] 3.7 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.4888 [0.4882; 0.4893] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0143 [0.0143; 0.0143] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1060 [0.1058; 0.1062] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.5611 [0.5599; 0.5622] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 2.8554 [2.8537; 2.8570] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.3806 [0.3801; 0.3811] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.5793 [0.5791; 0.5796] 0.7 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 0.8479 [0.8453; 0.8505] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 6.7770 [6.7733; 6.7806] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 4.9101 [4.9092; 4.9110] 4.4 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 4.4645 [4.4637; 4.4653] 5.1 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 3.2543 [3.2525; 3.2561] 0.5 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.6067 [1.6054; 1.6080] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.2922 [0.2921; 0.2922] 5.2 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 6.9816 [6.9776; 6.9855] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.2892 [2.2886; 2.2899] 1.9 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 2.3349 [2.3344; 2.3353] 4.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.4185 [0.4177; 0.4192] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0488 [0.0487; 0.0490] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.7306 [0.7291; 0.7321] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 1.1425 [1.1401; 1.1449] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.8309 [0.8297; 0.8321] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 1.0202 [1.0183; 1.0221] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 4.0818 [4.0729; 4.0907] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2726 [0.2724; 0.2727] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0783] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 3.0818 [3.0804; 3.0832] 0.7 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 2.2133 [2.2110; 2.2155] 0.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 4.9931 [4.9899; 4.9963] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.2292 [0.2291; 0.2293] 0.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.1101 [0.1099; 0.1103] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0914 [0.0913; 0.0915] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.2820 [0.2817; 0.2822] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 4.3602 [4.3581; 4.3623] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 9.6518 [9.6464; 9.6572] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 0.8871 [0.8865; 0.8878] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.7291 [0.7288; 0.7293] 1.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.0581 [1.0575; 1.0587] 0.4 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.2477 [0.2471; 0.2482] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 3.4486 [3.4460; 3.4511] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.6081 [2.6045; 2.6118] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532] 0.2 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 1.8725 [1.8719; 1.8731] 1.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 6.0784 [6.0772; 6.0795] 4.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 5.1810 [5.1786; 5.1834] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 3.1810 [3.1789; 3.1830] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.2939 [0.2935; 0.2942] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.5597 [0.5594; 0.5600] 0.5 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.4665 [0.4658; 0.4671] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 3.5727 [3.5720; 3.5734] 3.8 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.5663 [0.5655; 0.5671] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 8.0419 [8.0408; 8.0431] 7.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 9.5958 [9.5952; 9.5963] 42.5 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.1789 [1.1770; 1.1809] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 1.2948 [1.2941; 1.2954] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 4.4758 [4.4756; 4.4760] 76511.88 0
## Random effects model 0.9846 [0.7279; 1.3317] -0.10 0.9195
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.5434 [1.1932; 3.2855]; tau = 1.2423 [1.0923; 1.8126]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7085.04
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 3212654700.07 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 9.4002 [9.3996; 9.4007] 5937916.26 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.7774 [0.7773; 0.7776] 133383413.51 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 7.3753 [7.3743; 7.3762] 14507032.36 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.0490 [1.0488; 1.0493] 36007055.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 4.1939 [4.1933; 4.1945] 46228063.10 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.3859 [4.3854; 4.3864] 6962819.11 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 3.6930 [3.6918; 3.6942] 1062843.73 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 1.6880 [1.6878; 1.6883] 185013231.84 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0488 [0.0487; 0.0490] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.3956 [0.3954; 0.3958] 8764573.50 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2848 [0.2848; 0.2849] 845662.66 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 2.8948 [2.8943; 2.8954] 30665365.81 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.5446 [0.5444; 0.5448] 3860815.37 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2739415907.42 13 0
## Within groups 473238792.65 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 8.4259 [6.5306; 10.8713] 0.0338 0.1839
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.5391 [0.2262; 1.2850] 1.9638 1.4014
## Region = Northern Europe 8 3.1514 [2.4032; 4.1325] 0.1530 0.3911
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.6837 [0.3806; 1.2280] 0.7143 0.8452
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.3437 [0.8645; 2.0886] 0.4051 0.6365
## Region = Western Europe 7 3.7581 [3.2691; 4.3202] 0.0354 0.1882
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 2.9407 [1.6849; 5.1325] 0.1615 0.4019
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.3681 [0.0728; 1.8624] 2.7368 1.6543
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0488 [0.0487; 0.0490] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.2261 [0.0383; 1.3361] 1.6429 1.2817
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2588 [0.2039; 0.3283] 0.0295 0.1718
## Region = Western Asia 6 0.9035 [0.4088; 1.9965] 0.9819 0.9909
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.3372 [0.2079; 0.5469] 0.2434 0.4934
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 776891.62 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 0.8777 [ 0.8772; 0.8782] 0.4 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.0803 [ 1.0798; 1.0808] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 6.1076 [ 6.1060; 6.1093] 1.8 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 4.5047 [ 4.5024; 4.5071] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0451 [ 0.0449; 0.0453] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 3.1127 [ 3.1110; 3.1144] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1600 [ 0.1593; 0.1607] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.2972 [ 0.2971; 0.2973] 0.8 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.5914 [ 0.5905; 0.5924] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 8.1048 [ 8.1032; 8.1063] 3.6 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.5859 [ 0.5853; 0.5865] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0183 [ 0.0183; 0.0184] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1232 [ 0.1230; 0.1233] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.6205 [ 0.6193; 0.6218] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 3.2558 [ 3.2540; 3.2576] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.4213 [ 0.4207; 0.4218] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.7263 [ 0.7261; 0.7266] 0.8 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 1.0802 [ 1.0772; 1.0831] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 6.5386 [ 6.5351; 6.5422] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 5.2787 [ 5.2778; 5.2797] 4.2 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 4.7110 [ 4.7102; 4.7117] 4.8 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 3.2833 [ 3.2815; 3.2851] 0.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.7894 [ 1.7880; 1.7908] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.3310 [ 0.3309; 0.3310] 5.4 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 7.5993 [ 7.5952; 7.6035] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.4579 [ 2.4572; 2.4585] 1.9 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 2.9447 [ 2.9442; 2.9452] 4.7 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.5784 [ 0.5776; 0.5793] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0671 [ 0.0669; 0.0673] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.6781 [ 0.6767; 0.6794] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 1.3962 [ 1.3935; 1.3989] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 0.9179 [ 0.9167; 0.9192] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 1.2046 [ 1.2026; 1.2067] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 4.2040 [ 4.1951; 4.2129] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.2951 [ 0.2949; 0.2953] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.0859 [ 0.0858; 0.0861] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 3.3712 [ 3.3698; 3.3727] 0.7 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 2.5248 [ 2.5224; 2.5272] 0.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 5.0716 [ 5.0683; 5.0748] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.2485 [ 0.2483; 0.2486] 0.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.1205 [ 0.1203; 0.1207] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.0950 [ 0.0949; 0.0951] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.3720 [ 0.3717; 0.3723] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 4.8798 [ 4.8776; 4.8821] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 11.3900 [11.3841; 11.3959] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 1.0166 [ 1.0159; 1.0174] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.9373 [ 0.9370; 0.9376] 1.7 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.3930 [ 1.3923; 1.3936] 0.5 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.3969 [ 0.3962; 0.3976] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 3.7363 [ 3.7336; 3.7390] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 2.9582 [ 2.9543; 2.9621] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2727 [ 0.2724; 0.2729] 0.2 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 2.0337 [ 2.0331; 2.0344] 1.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 6.3670 [ 6.3658; 6.3682] 3.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 5.6087 [ 5.6063; 5.6112] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 3.4305 [ 3.4284; 3.4326] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.3606 [ 0.3602; 0.3610] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.6334 [ 0.6331; 0.6337] 0.5 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.5206 [ 0.5199; 0.5213] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 4.0914 [ 4.0907; 4.0922] 4.0 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.8103 [ 0.8094; 0.8113] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 9.5420 [ 9.5407; 9.5432] 7.8 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 10.2777 [10.2771; 10.2783] 41.0 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.3733 [ 1.3712; 1.3753] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 1.5927 [ 1.5919; 1.5934] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 4.8238 [4.8237; 4.8240] 85000.72 0
## Random effects model 1.1390 [0.8457; 1.5340] 0.86 0.3915
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.4996 [1.1600; 3.1687]; tau = 1.2246 [1.0770; 1.7801]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7444.25
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 3546674633.79 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 10.0816 [10.0810; 10.0821] 5473234.57 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.9097 [ 0.9096; 0.9099] 158083122.85 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 8.5849 [ 8.5839; 8.5859] 20615913.66 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.2323 [ 1.2320; 1.2325] 35846862.79 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 4.4051 [ 4.4045; 4.4057] 48295863.53 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.6796 [ 4.6791; 4.6801] 7181921.65 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 5.7207 [ 5.7192; 5.7222] 3043431.34 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.0502 [ 2.0499; 2.0505] 236020621.17 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0671 [ 0.0669; 0.0673] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.4497 [ 0.4495; 0.4499] 10286375.38 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3215 [ 0.3214; 0.3215] 1309818.65 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 3.3000 [ 3.2994; 3.3005] 33851780.93 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.7149 [ 0.7147; 0.7151] 5559722.82 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2727 [ 0.2724; 0.2729] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2981105964.46 13 0
## Within groups 565568669.34 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 9.1268 [7.2315; 11.5188] 0.0282 0.1680
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.6218 [0.2595; 1.4902] 1.9883 1.4101
## Region = Northern Europe 8 3.5371 [2.5886; 4.8332] 0.2030 0.4505
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.8207 [0.4790; 1.4064] 0.6040 0.7772
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.5249 [0.9866; 2.3570] 0.3949 0.6284
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.0196 [3.5069; 4.6072] 0.0339 0.1842
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 3.9269 [1.6523; 9.3329] 0.3902 0.6246
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.4462 [0.0818; 2.4338] 2.9970 1.7312
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0671 [0.0669; 0.0673] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.2453 [0.0382; 1.5742] 1.7990 1.3413
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.2868 [0.2165; 0.3798] 0.0411 0.2028
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.0884 [0.5255; 2.2544] 0.8281 0.9100
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.4110 [0.2484; 0.6800] 0.2640 0.5138
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2727 [0.2724; 0.2729] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 776190.39 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 1.0435 [ 1.0430; 1.0440] 0.5 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.2359 [ 1.2353; 1.2364] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 7.5188 [ 7.5170; 7.5207] 2.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 4.6332 [ 4.6308; 4.6355] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0609 [ 0.0607; 0.0612] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 3.4623 [ 3.4605; 3.4641] 0.4 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.2186 [ 0.2178; 0.2194] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.3671 [ 0.3669; 0.3672] 0.8 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.6868 [ 0.6858; 0.6878] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 8.9837 [ 8.9821; 8.9854] 3.6 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.6971 [ 0.6964; 0.6977] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0236 [ 0.0236; 0.0236] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1650 [ 0.1648; 0.1652] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 0.7200 [ 0.7187; 0.7214] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 3.8896 [ 3.8876; 3.8915] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.4820 [ 0.4815; 0.4826] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 0.9495 [ 0.9492; 0.9498] 1.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 1.3609 [ 1.3576; 1.3642] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 6.6345 [ 6.6310; 6.6381] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 5.5188 [ 5.5179; 5.5198] 4.0 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 4.9624 [ 4.9616; 4.9632] 4.5 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 3.3903 [ 3.3884; 3.3921] 0.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.7720 [ 1.7706; 1.7734] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.3751 [ 0.3750; 0.3751] 5.5 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 9.3143 [ 9.3098; 9.3189] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.5593 [ 2.5587; 2.5600] 1.7 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 3.2023 [ 3.2018; 3.2029] 4.6 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.5796 [ 0.5788; 0.5804] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0902 [ 0.0899; 0.0904] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 0.7833 [ 0.7818; 0.7847] 0.0 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 1.6802 [ 1.6772; 1.6832] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 1.0485 [ 1.0472; 1.0498] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 1.2834 [ 1.2812; 1.2855] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 4.1852 [ 4.1764; 4.1940] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.3186 [ 0.3184; 0.3187] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.1033 [ 0.1032; 0.1035] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 3.5567 [ 3.5552; 3.5582] 0.7 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 2.9494 [ 2.9468; 2.9520] 0.2 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 5.6805 [ 5.6771; 5.6839] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.2817 [ 0.2816; 0.2818] 0.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.1993 [ 0.1991; 0.1996] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.1056 [ 0.1055; 0.1057] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.4692 [ 0.4688; 0.4696] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 5.0680 [ 5.0657; 5.0703] 0.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 12.9825 [12.9762; 12.9889] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 1.1237 [ 1.1229; 1.1244] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.8413 [ 0.8411; 0.8416] 1.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.2320 [ 1.2313; 1.2326] 0.4 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 0.7818 [ 0.7808; 0.7827] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 4.1169 [ 4.1141; 4.1198] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 3.2621 [ 3.2581; 3.2662] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.2909 [ 0.2907; 0.2912] 0.2 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 2.1810 [ 2.1803; 2.1817] 1.2 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 6.4617 [ 6.4605; 6.4629] 3.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 6.0197 [ 6.0172; 6.0223] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 3.7244 [ 3.7222; 3.7265] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.4099 [ 0.4094; 0.4103] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.6688 [ 0.6685; 0.6691] 0.5 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.5660 [ 0.5653; 0.5668] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 4.6908 [ 4.6900; 4.6916] 4.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 1.0947 [ 1.0936; 1.0958] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 11.0046 [11.0033; 11.0059] 8.1 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 11.6703 [11.6696; 11.6709] 41.8 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.4897 [ 1.4876; 1.4919] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 1.0882 [ 1.0875; 1.0888] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 5.3991 [5.3989; 5.3993] 96410.91 0
## Random effects model 1.2931 [0.9533; 1.7539] 1.65 0.0984
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.5725 [1.1645; 3.1814]; tau = 1.2540 [1.0791; 1.7836]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8034.92
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 4131832821.55 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 11.4299 [11.4293; 11.4305] 7447937.33 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.9149 [ 0.9148; 0.9151] 169090037.93 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 9.8630 [ 9.8619; 9.8641] 25954476.21 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.2840 [ 1.2837; 1.2842] 47624760.96 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 4.4639 [ 4.4633; 4.4645] 48035137.06 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.9182 [ 4.9177; 4.9187] 6754573.35 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 7.0400 [ 7.0384; 7.0416] 4047256.53 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.1464 [ 2.1461; 2.1467] 280350118.38 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0902 [ 0.0899; 0.0904] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.4709 [ 0.4707; 0.4711] 10868778.15 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3642 [ 0.3642; 0.3643] 1509620.90 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 3.7762 [ 3.7756; 3.7768] 43627316.73 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.9010 [ 0.9007; 0.9012] 7049513.42 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2909 [ 0.2907; 0.2912] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3479473294.60 13 0
## Within groups 652359526.95 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 10.2393 [7.9236; 13.2318] 0.0342 0.1850
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.7123 [0.2990; 1.6967] 1.9613 1.4004
## Region = Northern Europe 8 4.0203 [2.8863; 5.5997] 0.2287 0.4782
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.9230 [0.5078; 1.6775] 0.7434 0.8622
## Region = Southern Europe 8 1.8078 [1.1829; 2.7627] 0.3746 0.6120
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.2331 [3.7225; 4.8136] 0.0301 0.1735
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 4.7091 [1.8822; 11.7821] 0.4379 0.6617
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.5098 [0.0889; 2.9247] 3.1774 1.7825
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0902 [0.0899; 0.0904] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.2657 [0.0435; 1.6221] 1.7037 1.3053
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3250 [0.2455; 0.4303] 0.0410 0.2025
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.2017 [0.5323; 2.7130] 1.0357 1.0177
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.4907 [0.2944; 0.8177] 0.2717 0.5212
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.2909 [0.2907; 0.2912] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 726003.07 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 1.4666 [ 1.4659; 1.4672] 0.6 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.2701 [ 1.2696; 1.2707] 0.6 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 8.6392 [ 8.6372; 8.6411] 2.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 5.5558 [ 5.5533; 5.5584] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.0745 [ 0.0742; 0.0748] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 4.6625 [ 4.6604; 4.6645] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.3015 [ 0.3006; 0.3025] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.4401 [ 0.4399; 0.4402] 0.9 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 0.9792 [ 0.9780; 0.9804] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 9.9954 [ 9.9937; 9.9971] 3.7 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.7907 [ 0.7900; 0.7914] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0286 [ 0.0286; 0.0286] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1667 [ 0.1665; 0.1669] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 1.0827 [ 1.0810; 1.0843] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 4.9366 [ 4.9344; 4.9388] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.4980 [ 0.4975; 0.4986] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 1.3411 [ 1.3407; 1.3414] 1.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 1.7473 [ 1.7435; 1.7510] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 7.1434 [ 7.1397; 7.1470] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 5.6502 [ 5.6492; 5.6511] 3.7 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 5.2710 [ 5.2702; 5.2718] 4.4 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 3.9338 [ 3.9318; 3.9358] 0.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 1.9009 [ 1.8995; 1.9024] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.4165 [ 0.4165; 0.4166] 5.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 10.0262 [10.0215; 10.0310] 0.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.6128 [ 2.6122; 2.6135] 1.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 3.5135 [ 3.5129; 3.5140] 4.6 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.8999 [ 0.8989; 0.9009] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0727 [ 0.0725; 0.0729] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 1.3133 [ 1.3114; 1.3152] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 1.8527 [ 1.8495; 1.8558] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 1.3224 [ 1.3210; 1.3239] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 1.6490 [ 1.6465; 1.6514] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 4.3268 [ 4.3179; 4.3357] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.3396 [ 0.3394; 0.3397] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.1130 [ 0.1129; 0.1132] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 3.7671 [ 3.7656; 3.7687] 0.7 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 3.4626 [ 3.4598; 3.4654] 0.2 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 5.8838 [ 5.8804; 5.8872] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.3136 [ 0.3135; 0.3137] 0.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.2131 [ 0.2128; 0.2134] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.1206 [ 0.1205; 0.1207] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 0.7797 [ 0.7792; 0.7801] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 4.9211 [ 4.9189; 4.9233] 0.5 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 14.3848 [14.3780; 14.3916] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 1.3004 [ 1.2996; 1.3013] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.2778 [ 0.2776; 0.2779] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.3045 [ 1.3039; 1.3052] 0.4 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 1.1215 [ 1.1203; 1.1226] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 5.0693 [ 5.0662; 5.0724] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 3.6342 [ 3.6299; 3.6385] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.3238 [ 0.3236; 0.3241] 0.2 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 2.4374 [ 2.4367; 2.4381] 1.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 6.8250 [ 6.8237; 6.8262] 3.2 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 6.6761 [ 6.6734; 6.6787] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 3.9619 [ 3.9597; 3.9641] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.4897 [ 0.4893; 0.4902] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.7037 [ 0.7034; 0.7040] 0.5 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.6241 [ 0.6234; 0.6249] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 5.0237 [ 5.0229; 5.0246] 4.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.7763 [ 0.7753; 0.7772] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 12.5535 [12.5521; 12.5549] 8.5 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 12.8246 [12.8239; 12.8252] 42.1 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.5550 [ 1.5528; 1.5572] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.6046 [ 0.6041; 0.6051] 0.2 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 5.9755 [5.9753; 5.9756] 107168.22 0
## Random effects model 1.4404 [1.0592; 1.9588] 2.33 0.0200
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.5987 [1.1852; 3.2346]; tau = 1.2644 [1.0887; 1.7985]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8481.40
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 4603783703.11 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 12.5692 [12.5686; 12.5698] 7585213.74 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.9315 [ 0.9313; 0.9317] 182365035.33 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 11.1807 [11.1796; 11.1818] 31775941.84 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.5317 [ 1.5313; 1.5320] 91982088.94 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 4.6598 [ 4.6592; 4.6604] 50668219.57 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 5.2185 [ 5.2179; 5.2190] 4608048.38 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 8.0927 [ 8.0910; 8.0945] 4573784.08 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.3076 [ 2.3073; 2.3079] 324031018.01 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0727 [ 0.0725; 0.0729] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.4903 [ 0.4901; 0.4905] 11296697.38 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.4044 [ 0.4044; 0.4045] 1684835.49 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 4.0306 [ 4.0300; 4.0312] 47454229.10 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 1.2754 [ 1.2751; 1.2757] 10372798.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.3238 [ 0.3236; 0.3241] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3835385792.85 13 0
## Within groups 768397910.26 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 11.3220 [8.8684; 14.4543] 0.0311 0.1762
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.7170 [0.2941; 1.7478] 2.0669 1.4377
## Region = Northern Europe 8 4.5648 [3.2182; 6.4748] 0.2545 0.5044
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 0.9971 [0.4257; 2.3353] 1.5083 1.2281
## Region = Southern Europe 8 2.1516 [1.4088; 3.2862] 0.3735 0.6112
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.6888 [4.2350; 5.1912] 0.0189 0.1374
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 5.4694 [2.2326; 13.3986] 0.4180 0.6465
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.5885 [0.1013; 3.4177] 3.2222 1.7951
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0727 [0.0725; 0.0729] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.2913 [0.0517; 1.6408] 1.5556 1.2472
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3614 [0.2736; 0.4773] 0.0403 0.2007
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.4128 [0.6333; 3.1515] 1.0055 1.0027
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.6103 [0.3597; 1.0357] 0.2912 0.5397
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.3238 [0.3236; 0.3241] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 990584.34 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 3.0485 [ 3.0476; 3.0494] 1.2 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.3337 [ 1.3331; 1.3342] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 9.3000 [ 9.2980; 9.3020] 2.1 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 5.7414 [ 5.7388; 5.7440] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.1234 [ 0.1230; 0.1238] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 5.2455 [ 5.2433; 5.2477] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.3756 [ 0.3746; 0.3767] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.5157 [ 0.5155; 0.5158] 1.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 1.2179 [ 1.2166; 1.2192] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 10.7934 [10.7916; 10.7951] 3.6 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.8795 [ 0.8788; 0.8802] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0358 [ 0.0358; 0.0358] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1728 [ 0.1727; 0.1730] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 1.2346 [ 1.2328; 1.2364] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 5.6135 [ 5.6112; 5.6159] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.5272 [ 0.5266; 0.5277] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 2.0563 [ 2.0558; 2.0568] 1.8 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 2.2727 [ 2.2684; 2.2769] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 7.7485 [ 7.7446; 7.7523] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 5.7629 [ 5.7619; 5.7639] 3.4 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 5.3977 [ 5.3969; 5.3985] 4.1 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 4.2748 [ 4.2727; 4.2768] 0.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 2.0198 [ 2.0184; 2.0213] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.4575 [ 0.4575; 0.4576] 5.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 10.1613 [10.1566; 10.1661] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.8330 [ 2.8323; 2.8337] 1.6 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 3.8741 [ 3.8736; 3.8747] 4.5 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 1.1300 [ 1.1289; 1.1311] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.0892 [ 0.0890; 0.0894] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 2.6181 [ 2.6155; 2.6207] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 2.1990 [ 2.1955; 2.2024] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 1.4841 [ 1.4826; 1.4856] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 1.7040 [ 1.7015; 1.7065] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 4.4402 [ 4.4314; 4.4491] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.3813 [ 0.3811; 0.3815] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.1463 [ 0.1461; 0.1465] 0.0 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 3.8860 [ 3.8844; 3.8875] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 3.8784 [ 3.8754; 3.8813] 0.2 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 6.3251 [ 6.3215; 6.3286] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.3403 [ 0.3402; 0.3405] 0.6 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.2237 [ 0.2234; 0.2239] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.1306 [ 0.1305; 0.1307] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 1.2022 [ 1.2016; 1.2028] 0.4 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 4.9841 [ 4.9818; 4.9863] 0.5 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 16.0002 [15.9929; 16.0075] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 1.5396 [ 1.5387; 1.5405] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.3809 [ 0.3807; 0.3810] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.8736 [ 1.8729; 1.8744] 0.6 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 1.4789 [ 1.4775; 1.4802] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 4.7357 [ 4.7327; 4.7387] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 3.8317 [ 3.8273; 3.8361] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.3350 [ 0.3347; 0.3352] 0.2 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 2.7612 [ 2.7604; 2.7619] 1.3 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 7.1036 [ 7.1024; 7.1049] 3.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 7.1681 [ 7.1654; 7.1709] 0.6 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 4.0655 [ 4.0633; 4.0678] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.5447 [ 0.5442; 0.5452] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.8093 [ 0.8090; 0.8097] 0.5 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 0.8396 [ 0.8388; 0.8405] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 5.8508 [ 5.8499; 5.8517] 4.3 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.6780 [ 0.6771; 0.6789] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 13.5562 [13.5548; 13.5577] 8.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 14.0011 [14.0005; 14.0018] 41.7 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.7113 [ 1.7090; 1.7135] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.4621 [ 0.4617; 0.4625] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 6.4047 [6.4045; 6.4049] 117306.87 0
## Random effects model 1.6515 [1.2170; 2.2411] 3.22 0.0013
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.5771 [1.1376; 3.0811]; tau = 1.2558 [1.0666; 1.7553]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8899.55
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 5068932381.55 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 13.7122 [13.7116; 13.7129] 9018836.47 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.9997 [ 0.9995; 0.9999] 197505322.21 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 12.0413 [12.0401; 12.0425] 34575163.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.6558 [ 1.6554; 1.6561] 91869084.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 4.8660 [ 4.8654; 4.8666] 49479430.20 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 5.3659 [ 5.3653; 5.3664] 4314171.43 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 8.7182 [ 8.7164; 8.7200] 4718592.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.4807 [ 2.4804; 2.4810] 381220077.69 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0892 [ 0.0890; 0.0894] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.5651 [ 0.5649; 0.5653] 13404327.01 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.4437 [ 0.4437; 0.4438] 2028274.03 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 4.7066 [ 4.7060; 4.7073] 50727290.26 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 2.2288 [ 2.2284; 2.2292] 22435650.11 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.3350 [ 0.3347; 0.3352] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 4207636162.23 13 0
## Within groups 861296219.31 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 12.2931 [9.5261; 15.8637] 0.0339 0.1840
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.7541 [0.3090; 1.8403] 2.0721 1.4395
## Region = Northern Europe 8 5.0336 [3.5406; 7.1561] 0.2578 0.5077
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.2427 [0.5742; 2.6896] 1.2414 1.1142
## Region = Southern Europe 8 2.4070 [1.6058; 3.6079] 0.3411 0.5841
## Region = Western Europe 7 4.8780 [4.4288; 5.3727] 0.0170 0.1304
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 6.0057 [2.5488; 14.1512] 0.3825 0.6184
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.6760 [0.1143; 3.9979] 3.2894 1.8137
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.0892 [0.0890; 0.0894] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.3252 [0.0544; 1.9423] 1.6632 1.2896
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.3946 [0.2953; 0.5273] 0.0438 0.2092
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.7876 [0.8776; 3.6413] 0.7906 0.8892
## Region = Northern Africa 4 0.9368 [0.5251; 1.6710] 0.3488 0.5906
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.3350 [0.3347; 0.3352] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 955666.66 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018 4
## rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) Region
## ALGERIA 2.9435 [ 2.9427; 2.9444] 1.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA 1.3902 [ 1.3896; 1.3907] 0.5 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA 9.4384 [ 9.4364; 9.4404] 2.0 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA 6.0504 [ 6.0478; 6.0531] 0.5 1.5 Western Europe
## BELARUS 0.1868 [ 0.1863; 0.1872] 0.0 1.5 Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM 5.6263 [ 5.6240; 5.6286] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.5333 [ 0.5320; 0.5346] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## BRAZIL 0.6318 [ 0.6316; 0.6320] 1.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA 1.3771 [ 1.3757; 1.3785] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Europe
## CANADA 10.8953 [10.8936; 10.8971] 3.5 1.5 Northern America
## CHILE 0.9280 [ 0.9273; 0.9288] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA 0.0438 [ 0.0438; 0.0438] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA 0.1955 [ 0.1953; 0.1957] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA 1.3816 [ 1.3797; 1.3834] 0.0 1.5 Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC 6.0546 [ 6.0522; 6.0571] 0.6 1.5 Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR 0.5475 [ 0.5469; 0.5481] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT 3.9544 [ 3.9538; 3.9551] 3.3 1.5 Northern Africa
## ESTONIA 3.0000 [ 2.9952; 3.0049] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## FINLAND 8.2826 [ 8.2786; 8.2865] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## FRANCE 6.0179 [ 6.0169; 6.0188] 3.4 1.5 Western Europe
## GERMANY 5.6636 [ 5.6628; 5.6645] 4.0 1.5 Western Europe
## GREECE 4.6340 [ 4.6318; 4.6361] 0.4 1.5 Southern Europe
## HUNGARY 2.1507 [ 2.1492; 2.1522] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## INDIA 0.5129 [ 0.5129; 0.5130] 6.0 1.5 Southern Asia
## IRELAND 8.5541 [ 8.5498; 8.5584] 0.4 1.5 Northern Europe
## ITALY 2.8818 [ 2.8811; 2.8825] 1.5 1.5 Southern Europe
## JAPAN 4.1321 [ 4.1315; 4.1327] 4.5 1.5 Eastern Asia
## JORDAN 0.6513 [ 0.6504; 0.6521] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN 0.1047 [ 0.1044; 0.1049] 0.0 1.5 Central Asia
## KUWAIT 3.2250 [ 3.2222; 3.2279] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LATVIA 2.6394 [ 2.6357; 2.6432] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LEBANON 1.5687 [ 1.5672; 1.5703] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## LITHUANIA 2.0118 [ 2.0091; 2.0146] 0.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG 4.4238 [ 4.4151; 4.4326] 0.0 1.5 Western Europe
## MEXICO 0.4126 [ 0.4124; 0.4128] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO 0.2011 [ 0.2009; 0.2014] 0.1 1.5 Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS 4.0538 [ 4.0522; 4.0554] 0.6 1.5 Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND 5.0261 [ 5.0228; 5.0295] 0.2 1.5 Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY 6.6320 [ 6.6284; 6.6356] 0.3 1.5 Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN 0.3993 [ 0.3992; 0.3995] 0.7 1.5 Southern Asia
## PERU 0.2562 [ 0.2559; 0.2565] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES 0.1574 [ 0.1573; 0.1576] 0.1 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## POLAND 1.6797 [ 1.6790; 1.6803] 0.5 1.5 Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL 5.1522 [ 5.1499; 5.1545] 0.5 1.5 Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO 15.1233 [15.1160; 15.1305] 0.4 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA 1.6365 [ 1.6356; 1.6375] 0.3 1.5 Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA 0.5050 [ 0.5048; 0.5052] 0.6 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA 1.1357 [ 1.1351; 1.1363] 0.3 1.5 Western Asia
## SERBIA 1.9559 [ 1.9543; 1.9574] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA 5.1626 [ 5.1594; 5.1657] 0.2 1.5 Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA 3.9999 [ 3.9954; 4.0044] 0.1 1.5 Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA 0.3738 [ 0.3736; 0.3741] 0.2 1.5 Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA 3.0995 [ 3.0987; 3.1003] 1.4 1.5 Eastern Asia
## SPAIN 7.3282 [ 7.3269; 7.3295] 2.9 1.5 Southern Europe
## SWEDEN 7.6667 [ 7.6638; 7.6695] 0.7 1.5 Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND 4.2259 [ 4.2237; 4.2282] 0.3 1.5 Western Europe
## TAIWAN 0.6414 [ 0.6408; 0.6419] 0.1 1.5 Eastern Asia
## THAILAND 0.9387 [ 0.9383; 0.9390] 0.6 1.5 South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA 2.0328 [ 2.0314; 2.0342] 0.2 1.5 Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE 6.0983 [ 6.0974; 6.0992] 4.3 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.6640 [ 0.6631; 0.6648] 0.1 1.5 Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM 13.8879 [13.8864; 13.8894] 8.0 1.5 Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES 14.2539 [14.2532; 14.2546] 40.1 1.5 Northern America
## URUGUAY 1.5402 [ 1.5380; 1.5424] 0.0 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA 0.4182 [ 0.4178; 0.4186] 0.1 1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
##
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
##
## rate 95%-CI z p-value
## Common effect model 6.4210 [6.4208; 6.4212] 121182.01 0
## Random effects model 1.8260 [1.3537; 2.4631] 3.94 < 0.0001
##
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
## tau^2 = 1.5159 [1.0781; 2.8964]; tau = 1.2312 [1.0383; 1.7019]
## I^2 = 100.0%; H = 9069.14
##
## Test of heterogeneity:
## Q d.f. p-value
## 5263957332.51 64 0
##
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
## k rate 95%-CI Q I^2
## Region = Northern America 2 13.9518 [13.9512; 13.9524] 9802714.94 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.9891 [ 0.9890; 0.9893] 171390798.83 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe 8 12.2841 [12.2829; 12.2853] 34829258.32 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.8254 [ 1.8251; 1.8258] 93547022.86 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe 8 5.0234 [ 5.0228; 5.0241] 50160342.70 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe 7 5.6248 [ 5.6243; 5.6254] 4606414.77 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 8.9062 [ 8.9045; 8.9080] 3139085.02 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 2.5824 [ 2.5821; 2.5827] 434629834.21 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.1047 [ 0.1044; 0.1049] 0.00 --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.6511 [ 0.6509; 0.6513] 15544990.16 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.4992 [ 0.4991; 0.4992] 1729151.68 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia 6 4.9872 [ 4.9865; 4.9878] 63531077.31 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa 4 3.4522 [ 3.4517; 3.4527] 27574420.39 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.3738 [ 0.3736; 0.3741] 0.00 --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 4353472221.33 13 0
## Within groups 910485111.19 51 0
##
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
## k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America 2 12.4620 [9.5770; 16.2160] 0.0361 0.1900
## Region = Central and South America and t ... 10 0.7859 [0.3514; 1.7577] 1.6867 1.2987
## Region = Northern Europe 8 5.4662 [3.8589; 7.7429] 0.2525 0.5025
## Region = Eastern Europe 8 1.4878 [0.7272; 3.0440] 1.0673 1.0331
## Region = Southern Europe 8 2.7097 [1.8201; 4.0340] 0.3298 0.5743
## Region = Western Europe 7 5.0852 [4.6139; 5.6046] 0.0172 0.1313
## Region = Australia and New Zealand 2 6.8876 [3.7143; 12.7719] 0.1985 0.4456
## Region = Eastern Asia 4 0.7744 [0.1307; 4.5895] 3.2972 1.8158
## Region = Central Asia 1 0.1047 [0.1044; 0.1049] -- --
## Region = South-eastern Asia 2 0.3844 [0.0668; 2.2115] 1.5939 1.2625
## Region = Southern Asia 2 0.4526 [0.3541; 0.5784] 0.0313 0.1770
## Region = Western Asia 6 1.5730 [0.6396; 3.8685] 1.2648 1.1246
## Region = Northern Africa 4 1.4770 [0.8489; 2.5696] 0.3193 0.5651
## Region = Southern Africa 1 0.3738 [0.3736; 0.3741] -- --
##
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
## Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1046730.16 13 0
##
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation#Multinational
gaba_global2<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(5:9)]
gaba_global2$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$Year)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID`)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - lower`)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - upper`)
gaba_global2$Area<-"Multinational"
gaba_global2$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentin"), 11),
rep(("Gabapentin Enacarbil"), 11),
rep(("Pregabalin"), 11),
rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 11))
gaba_global3<-subset(gaba_global2,Drug!="MIROGABALIN")
a<-ggplot(gaba_global3, aes(x = Year, y = `DDD/TID`*10, group=Drug, colour=Drug, fill=Drug))+
geom_line() +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = `DDD/TID - lower`*10, ymax = `DDD/TID - upper`*10), alpha = 0.1, colour = NA) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(2008:2018))+
ggtitle("Pooled multinational gabapentinoids consumption over time")+
ylab("Defined daily dose per 10000 inhabitants per day")+
theme(axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"),
panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.border = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank())
a
ggsave(filename="Figure_2_pooled_by year drug.png", plot=a, height =7, width=11,device="png",
path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
dpi=500)
##Regional
gaba_regional<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(14:18)]
gaba_regional$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_regional$Year)
out <- unlist(gaba_regional)
Year<-out[1:44]
Drug<-out[45:88]
DDDTID<-out[89:704]
lower<-out[705:1320]
upper<-out[1321:1936]
out2<-data.frame(Year,Drug)
out3<-do.call("rbind", replicate(14, out2, simplify = FALSE))
newdata <- out3%>% arrange(Drug, Year)
newdata$DDDTID<-DDDTID
newdata$lower<-lower
newdata$upper<-upper
region_name<-(rep(c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
"Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
"Australia and New Zealand" ,
"Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
"South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
"Western Asia",
"Northern Africa","Southern Africa"),44))
newdata$Area<-region_name
newdata$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentin"), 154),
rep(("Gabapentin Enacarbil"), 154),
rep(("Pregabalin"), 154),
rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 154))
gaba_regional2<-newdata
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID`<-gaba_regional2$DDDTID
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-gaba_regional2$lower
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-gaba_regional2$upper
gaba_regional3<-gaba_regional2[c(1,2,6:9)]
pool_Global_region<-rbind(gaba_global3,gaba_regional3)
pool_Global_region$Drug<- factor(pool_Global_region$Drug, levels = c("Gabapentinoids","Gabapentin","Gabapentin Enacarbil","Pregabalin"))
pool_Global_region$Area<-factor(pool_Global_region$Area,levels=c("Multinational","Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
"Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
"Australia and New Zealand" ,
"Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
"South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
"Western Asia",
"Northern Africa","Southern Africa"))
pool_Global_region$Year<-as.numeric(pool_Global_region$Year)
pool_Global_region[is.na(pool_Global_region)]<-0
library(ggbreak)
a<-ggplot(pool_Global_region, aes(x = Year, y = `DDD/TID`, group=Drug, colour=Drug, fill=Drug))+
geom_line() +
facet_wrap(.~Area,nrow=1)+
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = `DDD/TID - lower`, ymax = `DDD/TID - upper`), alpha = 0.1, colour = NA) +
scale_y_break(c(20,62),scales = 0.1)+
theme_classic()+
scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(2008:2018))+
theme(panel.border=element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background=element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
axis.line=element_line(),axis.ticks.x = element_blank())+
ggtitle("Pooled multinational gabapentinoids consumption over time")
a
ggsave(filename="Reference_1_pooled_by Region year drug.png", plot=a, height =7, width=40,device="png",
path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
dpi=500)
write.csv(pool_Global_region,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_3_Pooled_Gaba_consumption_CI.csv")
library(DT)
datatable(pool_Global_region[c(6,1:5)], options = list(
autoWidth = TRUE,
columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))6.4 Visualisation: Geographical distribution of gabapentinoids use for 2008 and 2018
6.4.1 2008
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(maps)
library(viridis)
theme_set(
theme_grey()
)
library(mapproj)
map.1<-subset(pool.new_set.2, Year==2008 & Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
world_map <- map_data("world")
# ggplot(world_map, aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group)) +
# geom_polygon(fill="lightgray", colour = "white")
world_map.2 <-world_map
setDF(world_map.2)
world_map.2$region <- toupper(world_map.2$region)
# map.1$Country %in% world_map.2$region
# sort(unique(world_map.2$region))
world_map.2$region[world_map.2$region == "UK"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"
world_map.2$region[world_map.2$region == "USA"] <- "UNITED STATES"
world_map.2$region[world_map.2$region == "TURKEY"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
names(map.1)[names(map.1) == "Country"] <- "region"
map.2 <- right_join(map.1, world_map.2)
#change to categorical
map.2015 <- map.2 %>% mutate(category=cut(DDDPTPD*10,
breaks=c(-Inf,
0.01,
0.1,
1,
10,50,
100,
200,
Inf),
labels=c("0-0.01",
">0.01-0.1",
">0.1-1",
">1-10",
">10-50",
">50-100",
">100-200",
">200")))
y<-ggplot(map.2015, group = group)+
geom_map(map = map.2015, color = "black",
aes(map_id = region, fill = category, group = group))+
expand_limits(x = map.2015$long, y = map.2015$lat)+
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
axis.title.x=element_blank(),
axis.text.x=element_blank(),
axis.ticks.x=element_blank(),
axis.title.y=element_blank(),
axis.text.y=element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y=element_blank(),
legend.position = "right",
panel.background = element_rect(fill = 'white'))+
guides(fill=guide_legend(title="DDD/TID"))+
scale_fill_viridis(
option="turbo",drop=FALSE,
name = "Defined Daily Dose per capita per day",
discrete = T,
direction = +1,
guide = guide_legend(
keyheight = unit(5, units = "mm"),
title.position = 'top',
reverse = FALSE
))+
ggtitle("2008")
y
ggsave(filename="Figure S4_map 2008_gaba.png", plot=y, height =7, width=11,device="png",
path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
dpi=500)6.4.2 2018
map.1<-map.1<-subset(pool.new_set.2, Year==2018 & Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
world_map <- map_data("world")
# ggplot(world_map, aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group)) +
# geom_polygon(fill="lightgray", colour = "white")
world_map.2 <-world_map
setDF(world_map.2)
world_map.2$region <- toupper(world_map.2$region)
# map.1$Country %in% world_map.2$region
# sort(unique(world_map.2$region))
world_map.2$region[world_map.2$region == "UK"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"
world_map.2$region[world_map.2$region == "USA"] <- "UNITED STATES"
world_map.2$region[world_map.2$region == "TURKEY"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
names(map.1)[names(map.1) == "Country"] <- "region"
map.2 <- right_join(map.1, world_map.2)
#change to categorical
map.2019 <- map.2 %>% mutate(category=cut(DDDPTPD*10,
breaks=c(-Inf,
0.01,
0.1,
1,
10,50,
100,
200,
Inf),
labels=c("0-0.01",
">0.01-0.1",
">0.1-1",
">1-10",
">10-50",
">50-100",
">100-200",
">200")))
y<-ggplot(map.2019, group = group)+
geom_map(map = map.2019, color = "black",
aes(map_id = region, fill = category, group = group))+
expand_limits(x = map.2019$long, y = map.2019$lat)+
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
axis.title.x=element_blank(),
axis.text.x=element_blank(),
axis.ticks.x=element_blank(),
axis.title.y=element_blank(),
axis.text.y=element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y=element_blank(),
legend.position = "right",
panel.background = element_rect(fill = 'white'))+
scale_fill_viridis(
option="turbo", drop=FALSE,
name = "Defined Daily Dose per capita per day",
discrete = T,
direction = +1,
guide = guide_legend(title="DDD/TID",
keyheight = unit(5, units = "mm"),
title.position = 'top',
reverse = FALSE
))+
ggtitle("2018")
y
ggsave(filename="Figure_S5map 2018_gaba.png", plot=y, height =7, width=11,device="png",
path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
dpi=500)6.5 Calculate percentage of regions
##National
library(dplyr)
region_percent_gaba<-pool.new_set.2 %>% filter(Year==2018 & Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
region_percent_gaba$percent<-region_percent_gaba$DDDPTPD/sum(region_percent_gaba$DDDPTPD)
library(DT)
datatable(region_percent_gaba[,c(6,3,15)], caption="Gabapentinoids", options = list(
autoWidth = TRUE,
columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))region_percent_gaba<-pool.new_set.2 %>% filter(Year==2018 & Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
region_percent_gaba$percent<-region_percent_gaba$DDDPTPD/sum(region_percent_gaba$DDDPTPD)
##Regional
region_percent_gaba[c(7,8)] %>%
dplyr::group_by(Region) %>% dplyr::mutate(sumDDDPTPD = sum(region_percent_gaba$DDDPTPD))library(data.table)
setDT(region_percent_gaba) # set the data frame as data table
as<-region_percent_gaba[, list(sumDDDPTPD = sum(DDDPTPD, na.rm=F)),
by=list(Region)]
region_2018<-as %>%mutate(percent = prop.table(sumDDDPTPD))
datatable(region_2018, caption="Gabapentinoids", options = list(
autoWidth = TRUE,
columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))6.6 Average annual percentage change
Data entries with DDD=0 were removed as they do not contribute to average annual percentage change where mesaures changes between study years.
6.6.1 Data view - showing which zeros were removed
6.6.2 National level
options(width = 30)
library(plyr)
library(Hmisc)
library(DT)
library(tibble)
lm.cty_gaba_2<-subset(lm.cty_gaba, DDD>0)
write.csv(lm.cty_gaba_2,"D:/R/midas gaba/lm_cty_gaba.csv")
models <- dlply(lm.cty_gaba_2, .(Country,Drug), function(df)
lm(log(DDDPTPD) ~ Year, data = df))
coef<-sapply(models, function(df) summary(df)$coefficients[2])
lm.results<-data.frame(coef)
ad_extract_ci <- function(x){
temp_lw <- confint.lm(x)[2,1]
temp_up <- confint.lm(x)[2,2]
return(c(temp_lw,temp_up))
}
lower<-unlist(lapply(lapply(models,ad_extract_ci),"[",1))
lm.results<-cbind(lm.results, lower)
upper<-unlist(lapply(lapply(models,ad_extract_ci),"[",2))
lm.results<-cbind(lm.results, upper)
pvalue<-sapply(models, function(df) summary(df)$coefficients[8])
lm.results<-cbind(lm.results, pvalue)
lm.results<-rownames_to_column(lm.results)
colnames(lm.results)[which(names(lm.results) == "rowname")] <- "Country"
lm.results$expcoef<-(exp(lm.results$coef)-1)*100
lm.results$explower<-(exp(lm.results$lower)-1)*100
lm.results$expupper<-(exp(lm.results$upper)-1)*100
lm.results2<-(lm.results) %>% separate(Country, c("Country", "Drug"), sep="[.]")
cty.lm.results<-distinct(left_join(lm.results2,pool.new_set.2[c(2,3,7)]))6.6.3 Global
Global_model_1 is a two level (individual countries) random intercepts model with AR1.
Examples:
#random intercept fitRandomIntercept <- lme(value “~” time,random= “~” 1|subject,data=repeatdatax)
#random intercept and slope fitRandomInterceptSlope <- lme(value“"time,random="”1+time|subject,data=repeatdatax)
Note to self: 1. The lme function of nlme is used instead of lme4 as handling autocorrelation is more straightforward with nlme; specfically, “in nlme, it is possible to specify the variance-covariance matrix for the random effects (e.g. an AR(1)); it is not possible in lme4.”. Read: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/5344/how-to-choose-nlme-or-lme4-r-library-for-mixed-effects-models
Intercept 1+ is included implicitly.
The results of Global_model_1 can be reproduced by the follwo SAS codes:
proc sort data=ana.globe; by Country year;run;
proc glimmix data=ana.globe
plots=residualpanel(conditional marginal);;
class Country yearn ;
model lnDDDPTPD = year /solution cl ;
random intercept /subject=Country;
random yearn/subject=Country type=AR(1) residual;
*random residual /subject=Country type=ar(1) ;
ods output ParameterEstimates = _es_globe;
run;
quit;
data ana.global_est_gaba;set _es_globe;
if effect=‘Year’;
DDDPTPD_change=(exp (Estimate)-1)100;
change_lcl=(exp (Lower)-1)100;
change_ucl=(exp (Upper)-1)*100;
run;
library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)
# lm.cty_gaba_x<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
mixed_results_Global<-data.frame()
lm.cty_gaba_x<-split(lm.cty_gaba_2, list(lm.cty_gaba_2$Drug))
for (i in 1:4){
Global_model_1 <- lme(log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
correlation = corAR1(form = ~ Year|Country), data = as.data.frame(lm.cty_gaba_x[i], col.names = c("")))
summary(Global_model_1)
mixed_est<-intervals(Global_model_1, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
mixed_pval<-anova(Global_model_1)
mixed_pval<-as.data.frame(mixed_pval)
mixed_results_1<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
mixed_results_1$Model<-"Global_country_int_wAR1"
mixed_results_1$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_1$est.)-1)*100
mixed_results_1$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_1$lower)-1)*100
mixed_results_1$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_1$upper)-1)*100
mixglo<-rbind(mixed_results_1)
mixglo$Drug<-c(unique(lm.cty_gaba$Drug)[i])
mixed_results_Global<-rbind(mixed_results_Global,mixglo)
}
datatable(mixed_results_Global[c(8:12,7,1:6)], options = list(
autoWidth = TRUE,
columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))6.6.3.1 Global model diagnostics (ACF, PACF of with and without AR)
ACF R Documentation Autocorrelation Function Description This function is generic; method functions can be written to handle specific classes of objects. Classes which already have methods for this function include: gls and lme. (https://rdrr.io/cran/nlme/man/ACF.html)
6.6.4 Regional
6.6.4.1 Gabapentinoids
library(DT)
library(data.table)
regionalmlm<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
my_update_function <- function(x){
regionalmlm2<-regionalmlm[regionalmlm$Region==x,]
regional_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
correlation = corAR1(), data = regionalmlm2)
mixed_est<-intervals(regional_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
mixed_pval<-anova(regional_lme)
mixed_results_regional<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
mixed_results_regional$Model<-x
mixed_results_regional$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$est.)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$lower)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$upper)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional <- mixed_results_regional[2,]
return(mixed_results_regional)
}
lapply(unique(lm.cty_gaba_2$Region),my_update_function)
gabapentinoids.mlm_region<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(lm.cty_gaba_2$Region),
my_update_function))
gabapentinoids.mlm_region<-as.data.frame(gabapentinoids.mlm_region)
gabapentinoids.mlm_region$Drug<-"Gabapentinoids"6.6.4.2 Gabapentin
library(DT)
library(data.table)
regionalmlm<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentin")
my_update_function <- function(x){
regionalmlm2<-regionalmlm[regionalmlm$Region==x,]
regional_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
correlation = corAR1(), data = regionalmlm2)
mixed_est<-intervals(regional_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
mixed_pval<-anova(regional_lme)
mixed_results_regional<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
mixed_results_regional$Model<-x
mixed_results_regional$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$est.)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$lower)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$upper)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional <- mixed_results_regional[2,]
return(mixed_results_regional)
}
lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),my_update_function)
gabapentin.mlm_region<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),
my_update_function))
gabapentin.mlm_region<-as.data.frame(gabapentin.mlm_region)
gabapentin.mlm_region$Drug<-"Gabapentin"6.6.4.3 Gabapentin enacarbil
library(DT)
library(data.table)
regionalmlm<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentin Enacarbil")
my_update_function <- function(x){
regionalmlm2<-regionalmlm[regionalmlm$Region==x,]
regional_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
correlation = corAR1(), data = regionalmlm2)
mixed_est<-intervals(regional_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
mixed_pval<-anova(regional_lme)
mixed_results_regional<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
mixed_results_regional$Model<-x
mixed_results_regional$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$est.)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$lower)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$upper)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional <- mixed_results_regional[2,]
return(mixed_results_regional)
}
lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),my_update_function)
enacarbil.mlm_region<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),
my_update_function))
enacarbil.mlm_region<-as.data.frame(enacarbil.mlm_region)
enacarbil.mlm_region$Drug<-"Gabapentin Enacarbil"6.6.4.4 Pregabalin
library(DT)
library(data.table)
regionalmlm<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Pregabalin")
my_update_function <- function(x){
regionalmlm2<-regionalmlm[regionalmlm$Region==x,]
regional_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
correlation = corAR1(), data = regionalmlm2)
mixed_est<-intervals(regional_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
mixed_pval<-anova(regional_lme)
mixed_results_regional<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
mixed_results_regional$Model<-x
mixed_results_regional$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$est.)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$lower)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$upper)-1)*100
mixed_results_regional <- mixed_results_regional[2,]
return(mixed_results_regional)
}
lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),my_update_function)
pregabalin.mlm_region<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),
my_update_function))
pregabalin.mlm_region<-as.data.frame(pregabalin.mlm_region)
pregabalin.mlm_region$Drug<-"Pregabalin"
region_reg_mlm<-rbind(gabapentinoids.mlm_region,gabapentin.mlm_region, enacarbil.mlm_region, pregabalin.mlm_region)6.6.5 Result table
bind_cty_lm<-cty.lm.results[c(2,10,1,7:9,6)]
names(bind_cty_lm)[7]<-"p-value"
bind_reg_lm<-region_reg_mlm
bind_reg_lm$Country<-bind_reg_lm$Model
bind_reg_lm$Region<-bind_reg_lm$Model
bind_reg_lm<-bind_reg_lm[c(12,14,13,9:11,7)]
bind_glo_lm<-mixed_results_Global[c(2,4,6,8),]
bind_glo_lm<-bind_glo_lm[c(12,9:11,7)]
bind_glo_lm$Country<-"Multinational"
bind_glo_lm$Region<-"Multinational"
bind_glo_lm<-bind_glo_lm[c(7,6,1:5)]
bind_lm<-rbind(bind_cty_lm,bind_reg_lm,bind_glo_lm)
write.csv(bind_lm,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_4_lm_cty_region_multi.csv")
datatable(bind_lm, options = list(
autoWidth = TRUE,
columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))6.6.6 Visualisation: Average annual percentage chnage of gabapantinoids - Multinational, Regional, National
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
bind_lm$Country<- factor(bind_lm$Country, levels = c("Multinational",
"Northern America",
"CANADA",
"UNITED STATES",
"Central and South America and the Caribbean",
"ARGENTINA",
"BRAZIL",
"CHILE",
"COLOMBIA",
"ECUADOR",
"MEXICO",
"PERU",
"PUERTO RICO",
"URUGUAY",
"VENEZUELA",
"Northern Europe",
"ESTONIA",
"FINLAND",
"IRELAND",
"LATVIA",
"LITHUANIA",
"NORWAY",
"SWEDEN",
"UNITED KINGDOM",
"Eastern Europe",
"BELARUS",
"BULGARIA",
"CZECH REPUBLIC",
"HUNGARY",
"POLAND",
"ROMANIA",
"RUSSIA",
"SLOVAKIA",
"Southern Europe",
"BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA",
"CROATIA",
"GREECE",
"ITALY",
"PORTUGAL",
"SERBIA",
"SLOVENIA",
"SPAIN",
"Western Europe",
"AUSTRIA",
"BELGIUM",
"FRANCE",
"GERMANY",
"LUXEMBOURG",
"NETHERLANDS",
"SWITZERLAND",
"Australia and New Zealand",
"AUSTRALIA",
"NEW ZEALAND",
"Eastern Asia",
"CHINA",
"JAPAN",
"SOUTH KOREA",
"TAIWAN",
"Central Asia",
"KAZAKHSTAN",
"South-eastern Asia",
"PHILIPPINES",
"THAILAND",
"INDIA",
"PAKISTAN",
"Southern Asia",
"JORDAN",
"KUWAIT",
"LEBANON",
"SAUDI ARABIA",
"TÜRKİYE",
"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES",
"Western Asia",
"ALGERIA",
"EGYPT",
"MOROCCO",
"Northern Africa",
"TUNISIA",
"Southern Africa",
"SOUTH AFRICA"
))
bind_lm$Region<-factor(bind_lm$Region,levels=c("Multinational","Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
"Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
"Australia and New Zealand" ,
"Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
"South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
"Western Asia",
"Northern Africa","Southern Africa"))
bind_lm$Drug<-factor(bind_lm$Drug,levels=c("Gabapentinoids","Gabapentin","Gabapentin Enacarbil","Pregabalin"))
a<-ggplot(data = bind_lm, aes(x = reorder(Country, desc(Country)),y = expcoef,fill=Region)) + #don't bother plotting the NA
geom_bar(stat="identity")+
geom_errorbar(
aes(x=`Country`,
ymin = explower,
ymax = expupper),
color = "red"
)+
scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-100, 3500,10), limits = c(-100, 3480))+
facet_wrap(~Drug,nrow = 1)+coord_flip()+
facet_grid(rows = vars(Drug),
scales = "free_y", switch = "y",
space = "free_y",
labeller = label_wrap_gen(width=20)) +
theme(axis.text.x.top= element_blank(),axis.ticks.x.top= element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, size = 8, vjust = 0.5, hjust=0),
legend.position = "right")+
xlab("Geographical location")+
ylab("Average annual percentage change, %")
pg <- a +
scale_y_break(c(140, 420), scales=0.1)+
scale_y_break(c(440,3460), scales=0.1)
pg
ggsave(filename="Reference 2_AAPC.png", plot=pg, height =30, width=12,device="png",
path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
dpi=500)
bind_lm_gaba<-subset(bind_lm,Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
a<-ggplot(data = bind_lm_gaba, aes(x = reorder(Country, desc(Country)),y = expcoef,fill=Region)) + #don't bother plotting the NA
geom_bar(stat="identity")+
geom_errorbar(
aes(x=`Country`,
ymin = explower,
ymax = expupper),
color = "red"
)+
scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-100, 140,10))+
coord_flip()+
# facet_grid(rows = vars(Region), cols = vars(Drug),
# scales = "free_y", switch = "y",
# space = "free_y",
# labeller = label_wrap_gen(width=20)) +
theme(axis.text.x.top= element_blank(),axis.ticks.x.top= element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, size = 8, vjust = 0.5, hjust=0),
legend.position = "right")+
xlab("Geographical location")+
ylab("Average annual percentage change, %")
a
# pg <- a +
# scale_y_break(c(420, 3400), scales=1)
# pg
# geom_errorbar(
# aes(x=`Country`,
# ymin = explower,
# ymax = expupper),
# color = "red"
# )
ggsave(filename="Figure 4_AAPC_gabapentinoid.png", plot=a, height =12, width=10,device="png",
path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
dpi=500)
