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1 README

Title of Proposed Research: Multinational gabapentinoids consumption: a longitudinal study

This Statistical Analysis Plan describes definitions and outcomes in this study, which will evaluate the multinational trends and patterns of gabapentinoids consumption from 2008 to 2018.

Principal investigator(s): Kenneth Man
Nominated main analyst(s): Adrienne Chan, Andrew Yuen
Nominated second/third independent analyst(s): Andrew Yuen
Publicly available on any websites? TBC

Version 2: Gabapentinoids: Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Gabapentin enacarbil were included as drugs of interest.
Version 3: A sensitivity analysis was added to examine the effect of removing countries without complete data. Version 4: Update to per tenthousand inhabitants

2 Background

2.1 Rationale of study

Previous literature has identified growth in the use of gabapentinoid alone and with opioids in US and the UK. However, consumption of gabapentinoids on a multinational level remains unclear. This study aims to characterise the trends of gabapentinoids consumption to inform multinational prescribing given the safety concerns and the implications of widespread use.

Data used in this analysis: 1. IQVIA MIDAS dataset.
2. Geographical region classification: United Nations Statistics Division. Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49). 2021. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/.
3. Population estimates: United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects 2019. 2021. https://population.un.org/wpp/.
4. Country income classification: Worldbank uses GNI per capita: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xlsx

3 Crosschecking list

  1. Analytic dataset: Output_1_Analytic_dataset.csv (may skip as it is similar to 2.1)
  2. Consumption levels: Multinational, Regional, and National DDD/TID per year per drug with confidence interval
    2.1 National DDD/TID by Year by Drug: Output_2_Gaba_consumption_CI.csv
    2.2 Multinational & Regional DDD/TID by Year by Drug: Output_3_Pooled_Gaba_consumption_CI.csv
  3. Annual average percentage change: Multinational, Regional, National, by income level per drug
    3.1. National & Regional & Multinational AAPC by Drug: Output_4_lm_cty_region_multi.csv
    3.2. Income level AAPC by Drug: Output_5_Subgroup_AAPC_income.csv
    3.3. Sensitivity analysis: Output_6_Sensitivity_Pooled_Gaba_consumption_CI.csv; Output_7_lm_cty_region_multi.csv

4 Call/install R packages

5 Prepare dataframe

5.1 Reading data

Data inclusion criteria: variable name “MOL”= “PREGABALIN”,“GABAPENTIN”,“GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL”,“MIROGABALIN”

library(readxl)
library(dplyr)
# data <- read.csv("D:/MIDAS ADHD/midas_adhd/adhd/MIDAS 2019.csv")
# data
getwd()
## [1] "D:/R/midas gaba"
setwd("D:/R/midas gaba")
gaba<-subset(read.csv("D:/R/midas benzo/raw/gaba_extract.csv"),MOL=="PREGABALIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL"|
                       MOL=="MIROGABALIN")

5.2 Drug inspection

Inspect data for combination product with more than one active molecule (Gabapentinoids)
The remaining products that may contain more than one drug of interest are:

library(dplyr)
library(stringr)

data.1.nodup<-gaba
#Check for combination product i.e. other than drug name, all numbers are the same
exam2<-data.1.nodup[duplicated(data.1.nodup[,-(1:10)]) | duplicated(data.1.nodup[,-(1:10)], fromLast = TRUE),]
exam2
gaba$Class<-"Gabapentinoids"

We assume that the DDD units provided only refer to that specific drug ingredient in the data row

5.3 Keep SU and DDD data

master<-gaba

5.4 Separate data into with DDD units and without DDD units (INTWHODDDDESC NOT ASSIGNED)

  1. For products without DDD data, the conversion ratio is based on standard units sold, WHO-ATC defined daily dose, and product strength (539 observations)
  2. For products without drug strength AND DDD, we will impute the conversion ratio based on the most commonly used strength

Two pharmacists have assigned strength of products without DDD units for conversion SU units.
667 observations were read from the conversion file for gabapentinoids since a product may have more than one strength. Median imputation was conducted for products with more than one identified strength. 470/539 observations with strengths identified after median imputation.
- Liquid formulations were removed (15/539 unique metadata combination in missing DDD file)
- Strength information of 54/539 country-product combinations cannot be identified

library(dplyr)
#Identify products that need conversion from SU to INTDDD
missing_DDD<-subset(master,INTWHODDDDESC=="INTWHODDD DESC NOT ASSIGNED")
with_DDD<-subset(master,INTWHODDDDESC!="INTWHODDD DESC NOT ASSIGNED")

# #Export list for conversion factor identification
# miss_DDD<-unique(missing_DDD[c(1:8)])
# write.csv(miss_DDD,"D:/R/midas benzo/dosage_convert.csv")

#Daniel and Andrew has done the conversion
convert <- read.table(
  "D:/R/midas benzo/convert_20221114_removed.txt",
  sep="\t", header=TRUE)
convert2<-subset(convert, !is.na(convert$Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA) & (MOL=="PREGABALIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL"|
                       MOL=="MIROGABALIN"))
convert_missing<-subset(convert, is.na(convert$Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA))

convert_medianimpute_strength <- convert2[c(1:10)] %>% group_by (CTY,SEC, MNF, ATC3,INTPRD,NFC123,INTWHODDDDESC,MOL,INTWHODDDDESC_2) %>% mutate(median=median(Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA, na.rm = TRUE)) 
convert_medianimpute_strength2<-unique(convert_medianimpute_strength[c(1:8,10,11)])
#left join convert to data
missing_DDD_convert <- left_join(missing_DDD,convert_medianimpute_strength2,by = c("CTY","SEC","MNF","ATC3","INTPRD","NFC123",  
"INTWHODDDDESC","MOL") )
write.csv(missing_DDD,"D:/R/midas gaba/withoutddd_539.csv")
missing_DDD_remain<-subset(missing_DDD_convert, !is.na(median) & Class=="Gabapentinoids")


missing_DDD_agg<-missing_DDD %>% group_by (CTY, SEC,MNF,ATC3,INTPRD,NFC123,INTWHODDDDESC,MOL,X_TYPE_,X_FREQ_,Class) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1:857),sum)

5.5 Results of median imputed strengths:

library(DT)
datatable(subset(convert_medianimpute_strength2), options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

5.6 Aggregate separately for DDD and missing DDD dataframes

5.6.1 DDD

library(tidyr)
library(zoo)
library(dplyr)


ddd <-with_DDD

## Remove columns of other sales data e.g. LC, LCD, USD, CU, SU
ddd.2 <- ddd[-c(9:10)]%>%select(-contains(c("LC_MNF","LCD_MNF","USD_MNF","CU_MTH","SU_MTH")))
ddd.3 <- pivot_longer(ddd.2, cols=9:151, 
                        names_to = "Month", values_to = "DDD")
## Format date
ddd.3$Month<-str_remove(ddd.3$Month, "INTDDD_MTH_")
ddd.3<-ddd.3 %>% separate(Month, c("Month","Year"), 
                              sep = "([_])")
ddd.3$Year <- paste0("20", ddd.3$Year, sep = "")
ddd.3$Year<-as.numeric(ddd.3$Year)
ddd.3$Month<-as.numeric(ddd.3$Month)
ddd.3$Date <- as.yearmon(paste(ddd.3$Year, 
                               ddd.3$Month), "%Y %m")
ddd.4<-ddd.3[-c(10)]
ddd.4$DDD[is.na(ddd.4$DDD)]<-0

5.6.2 Without DDD

Check formula: DDD units = SU units *Strength/INTWHODDDDESC

library(tidyr)
library(zoo)
library(dplyr)

noddd <-missing_DDD_remain

## Remove columns of other sales data e.g. LC, LCD, USD, CU, SU
noddd.2 <- noddd[-c(9:10)]%>%select(-contains(c("LC_MNF","LCD_MNF","USD_MNF","CU_MTH","INTDDD_MTH")))
noddd.3 <- pivot_longer(noddd.2, cols=9:151, 
                        names_to = "Month", values_to = "SU")
## Calculate DDD
noddd.3$DDD<-noddd.3$SU*noddd.3$median/noddd.3$INTWHODDDDESC_2

## Format date
noddd.3$Month<-str_remove(noddd.3$Month, "SU_MTH_")
noddd.3<-noddd.3 %>% separate(Month, c("Month","Year"), 
                              sep = "([_])")
noddd.3$Year <- paste0("20", noddd.3$Year, sep = "")
noddd.3$Year<-as.numeric(noddd.3$Year)
noddd.3$Month<-as.numeric(noddd.3$Month)
noddd.3$Date <- as.yearmon(paste(noddd.3$Year, 
                               noddd.3$Month), "%Y %m")
noddd.4<-noddd.3
noddd.4$DDD[is.na(noddd.4$DDD)]<-0

5.7 Aggregate the consumption data by country, drug name, date

ddd.5<-ddd.4
noddd.5<-noddd.4[-c(10,11,12,14)]

bind<-rbind(ddd.5,noddd.5)

aggregate<-bind[-c(2:7)]
#Step 1. Clean city names
aggregate$CTY = sub(pattern = "(RETAIL)|(COMBINED)|(COMBINE)|(COMBIN)|(COMBI)|(RET)|(R.MUTUALES)|(HOSPITAL)|(TOTAL SALES)", 
                replacement = "", x = aggregate$CTY, perl = TRUE)
aggregate.2<-aggregate %>% group_by (CTY, MOL,Class,Year, Date) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)

5.8 Merge rx data with UN population data

We excluded data where Country==“FRENCH WEST AFRICA” or Country==“CENTRAL AMERICA” as national level data was not available. The included countries/regions were divided into the following areas: Northern America, Central and South America, Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, Oceania, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, South-eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Africa, based on their geographical regions according to United Nations (UN)’ “Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use”.

library(readxl)
library(dplyr)
#population size from UN====
pop <- read_excel(path = "D:/R/midas adhd/ref data/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx",
                  sheet = "ESTIMATES",
                  range = "B17:DE18122")
pop.2<-subset(pop, Type=="Country/Area")
pop.4<-pop.2[-c(1,3:63,77:108)]
names(pop.4)[names(pop.4) == 'Region, subregion, country or area *'] <- 'Country'

pop.5 <- pivot_longer(pop.4, cols=2:14,
                      names_to = "Year", values_to = "Population")

pop.5$Country <- toupper(pop.5$Country)
names(aggregate.2)[names(aggregate.2) == 'CTY'] <- 'Country'
aggregate.2$Country <-trimws(aggregate.2$Country)
'%ni%' <- Negate('%in%')

ddd.set.2<- subset(aggregate.2, !Country=="C. AMERICA"&
                     !Country=="FR. W. AFRICA"&
                     !Country=="FRENCH WEST AFRICA"&
                     !Country=="CENTRAL AMERICA")
pop.7<-pop.5
rename <- pop.7 %>%filter(Country %ni% ddd.set.2$Country) 
rename<-unique(rename$Country)

ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "CZECH", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "NETHERLNDS", "Country"] <- "NETHERLANDS"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "RUSSIAN FED.", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "UAE", "Country"] <- "UNITED ARAB EMIRATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "UK", "Country"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "USA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "US", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "S. AFRICA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH AFRICA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "BOSNIA", "Country"] <- "BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
pop.7<-pop.5
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "CZECHIA", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "REPUBLIC OF KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "CHINA, TAIWAN PROVINCE OF CHINA", "Country"] <- "TAIWAN"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)", "Country"] <- "VENEZUELA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"

pop.8<-as.data.frame(pop.7)
ddd.set.2$Year<-as.numeric(ddd.set.2$Year)
pop.8$Year<-as.numeric(pop.8$Year)
ddd.set.3.1<-ddd.set.2
ddd.set.3 <- left_join(ddd.set.3.1,pop.8,by = c("Country","Year") )

## Merge data with Region categorisation====
Region <- read_excel(path = "D:/R/midas adhd/ref data/UNSD — Methodology.xlsx")
Region.2<-Region[c(6,9,16)]
names(Region.2)[names(Region.2) == 'Country or Area'] <- 'Country'
Region.2$Country <- toupper(Region.2$Country)
rename <- ddd.set.3%>%filter(Country %ni% Region.2$Country) 
rename<-unique(rename$Country)
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "CZECHIA", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "REPUBLIC OF KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "CHINA, TAIWAN PROVINCE OF CHINA", "Country"] <- "TAIWAN"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)", "Country"] <- "VENEZUELA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND", "Country"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"

Region.3<-Region.2%>%filter(Country %in% ddd.set.3$Country) 
ddd.set.4 <- left_join(ddd.set.3,Region.3,by = c("Country") )
names(ddd.set.4)[names(ddd.set.4) == 'Sub-region Name'] <- 'Region'
ddd.set.4[ddd.set.4$Country == "TAIWAN", "Region"] <- "Eastern Asia"

ddd.set.5<-ddd.set.4[-c(9)]

## 1.9 Dave comment: change Latin America 
ddd.set.5[ddd.set.5$Region == "Latin America and the Caribbean", "Region"] <- "Central and South America and the Caribbean"
ddd.set.5[ddd.set.5$Region == "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Region"] <- "Southern Africa"

population<-pop.8
population$Population<-as.numeric(population$Population)

options(scipen=999)

5.9 Final analytic dataset

  • Data from 2007 and 2019 were removed due to missing months
  • DDD data were aggregated by Drug, Country, Year
  • DDD data were combined with population data
  • zeros were added to countries were there were no record in that year
  • Outcome metric = DDD per thousand population per day (DDD/(population in thousand*365.25))
  • Final cleaned analytic dataset is cleaned as below with variables specification:
library(dplyr)
cty.all<-ddd.set.5

names(cty.all)[names(cty.all) == 'MOL'] <- 'Drug'
## create one df of monthly data just in case
cty.all.3<-cty.all[-c(7)] %>% group_by (Year,Date,Class,Drug, Country, Region) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)

## numerator
cty.ddd.2<-cty.all[-c(5,7)] %>% group_by (Year,Class,Drug, Country, Region) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)
##denominator
cty.pop<-population

#Aggregate benzos and gaba
#gaba
new_gaba<-subset(cty.ddd.2)
new_gaba<-new_gaba[-c(3)]
new_gaba<-new_gaba %>% group_by (Year,Country, Region,Class) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)
new_gaba$Drug<-"Gabapentinoids"
new_gaba$DDD[is.na(new_gaba$DDD)]<-0
cty.ddd.2<-rbind(cty.ddd.2,new_gaba)

#Add zeros
Drug<-sort(rep(c("Gabapentinoids","MIROGABALIN","PREGABALIN","GABAPENTIN","GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL"),715))
Country<-(rep(unique(cty.ddd.2$Country),11))
Year<-sort(rep(c(2008:2018),65))

merge_zero <- data.frame(Country, Year)
merge_zero2<-do.call("rbind", replicate(5, merge_zero, simplify = FALSE))
merge_zero2$Drug<-Drug
cty.ddd.3 <- right_join(x=cty.ddd.2,y=merge_zero2, 
        by=c("Year","Country","Drug"))

cty.ddd.4 <- left_join(x=cty.ddd.3,y=cty.pop, 
        by=c("Year","Country"))

cty.ddd.5 <- distinct(left_join(x=cty.ddd.4[-c(2,5)],y=ddd.set.5[c(1,3,8)], 
        by=c("Country")))

cty.ddd.5$DDD[is.na(cty.ddd.5$DDD)]<-0

#Divide
cty.ddd.5$DDDPTPD <-(cty.ddd.5$DDD/cty.ddd.5$Population)/365.25
cty.ddd.5$Drug<-str_to_title(cty.ddd.5$Drug)
analy<-subset(cty.ddd.5,Year!=2007 & Year!=2019 & Drug!="Vigbatrin"&Drug!="Mirogabalin")

library(DT)
datatable(analy, options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))
str(analy,give.attr=FALSE)
## grouped_df [2,860 x 8] (S3: grouped_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ Year      : num [1:2860] 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 ...
##  $ Drug      : chr [1:2860] "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" ...
##  $ Country   : chr [1:2860] "ALGERIA" "ARGENTINA" "AUSTRALIA" "AUSTRIA" ...
##  $ DDD       : num [1:2860] 0 1532866 5911624 4399525 16780 ...
##  $ Population: num [1:2860] 34731 40080 21332 8342 9453 ...
##  $ Class     : chr [1:2860] "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" ...
##  $ Region    : chr [1:2860] "Northern Africa" "Central and South America and the Caribbean" "Australia and New Zealand" "Western Europe" ...
##  $ DDDPTPD   : num [1:2860] 0 0.10471 0.75872 1.44401 0.00486 ...
write.csv(analy,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_1_Analytic_dataset.csv")

7 Subgroup: country income level

7.1 Gabapentinoids

library(readxl)

GDP <- read_excel("D:/R/midas gaba/Income.xlsx")

'%ni%' <- Negate('%in%')
GDP$country <- toupper(GDP$country)
rename <- lm.cty_gaba%>%filter(Country %ni% GDP$country) 
rename<-unique(rename$Country)
names(GDP)[names(GDP) == 'country'] <- "Country"
GDP[GDP$Country == "KOREA, REP.", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
GDP[GDP$Country == "EGYPT, ARAB REP.", "Country"] <- "EGYPT"
GDP[GDP$Country == "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
GDP[GDP$Country == "SLOVAK REPUBLIC", "Country"] <- "SLOVAKIA"
GDP[GDP$Country == "VENEZUEL", "Country"] <- "VENEZUELA"
GDP[GDP$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
lm.cty_gaba$Year<-as.numeric(lm.cty_gaba$Year)

lm.cty_gaba_3<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
gdp.2 <- left_join(lm.cty_gaba_3,GDP,by = c("Country") )


library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)
library(DT)
my_update_function <- function(x){
  incomemlm<-gdp.2[gdp.2$income==x,]
  income_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = incomemlm,
                     control =list(opt = "optim",msMaxIter = 1000, msMaxEval = 1000, tolerance = 1e-200))
  mixed_est<-intervals(income_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(income_lme)
  mixed_results_income<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_income$Model<-x
  mixed_results_income$AAPC<-(exp(mixed_results_income$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_income$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_income$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income <- mixed_results_income[2,]
  return(mixed_results_income)
}
lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),my_update_function)
## [[1]]
##          lower      est.
## Year 0.1654085 0.1986732
##          upper numDF denDF
## Year 0.2319379     1   198
##       F-value p-value Model
## Year 138.7183       0  UMIC
##          AAPC explower
## Year 21.97833  17.9875
##      expupper
## Year 26.10414
## 
## [[2]]
##          lower      est.
## Year 0.1149576 0.1296578
##         upper numDF denDF
## Year 0.144358     1   376
##       F-value p-value Model
## Year 300.7794       0   HIC
##          AAPC explower
## Year 13.84387 12.18259
##      expupper
## Year 15.52976
## 
## [[3]]
##          lower      est.
## Year 0.1701379 0.2093103
##          upper numDF denDF
## Year 0.2484826     1    59
##       F-value
## Year 114.3178
##                      p-value
## Year 0.000000000000001998401
##      Model     AAPC explower
## Year  LMIC 23.28275 18.54684
##      expupper
## Year 28.20786
gabapentinoids.mlm_income<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),
                             my_update_function))
gabapentinoids.mlm_income$Drug<-"Gabapentinoids"

datatable(as.data.frame(gabapentinoids.mlm_income[,c(8:11,7)]),caption = "Average annual percentage change by income level", options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

7.2 Gabapentin

lm.cty_gaba_3<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentin")
gdp.2 <- left_join(lm.cty_gaba_3,GDP,by = c("Country") )

library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)
library(DT)
my_update_function <- function(x){
  incomemlm<-gdp.2[gdp.2$income==x,]
  income_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = incomemlm,
                     control =list(opt = "optim",msMaxIter = 1000, msMaxEval = 1000, tolerance = 1e-200))
  mixed_est<-intervals(income_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(income_lme)
  mixed_results_income<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_income$Model<-x
  mixed_results_income$AAPC<-(exp(mixed_results_income$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_income$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_income$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income <- mixed_results_income[2,]
  return(mixed_results_income)
}
lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),my_update_function)
gabapentin.mlm_income<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),
                             my_update_function))
gabapentin.mlm_income<-as.data.frame(gabapentin.mlm_income)
gabapentin.mlm_income$Drug<-"Gabapentin"

7.3 Gabapentin enacarbil

lm.cty_gaba_3<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentin Enacarbil")
gdp.2 <- left_join(lm.cty_gaba_3,GDP,by = c("Country") )

library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)
library(DT)
my_update_function <- function(x){
  incomemlm<-gdp.2[gdp.2$income==x,]
  income_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = incomemlm,
                     control =list(opt = "optim",msMaxIter = 1000, msMaxEval = 1000, tolerance = 1e-200))
  mixed_est<-intervals(income_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(income_lme)
  mixed_results_income<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_income$Model<-x
  mixed_results_income$AAPC<-(exp(mixed_results_income$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_income$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_income$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income <- mixed_results_income[2,]
  return(mixed_results_income)
}
lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),my_update_function)
enacarbil.mlm_income<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),
                             my_update_function))
enacarbil.mlm_income<-as.data.frame(enacarbil.mlm_income)
enacarbil.mlm_income$Drug<-"Gabapentin Enacarbil"

7.4 Pregabalin

lm.cty_gaba_3<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Pregabalin")
gdp.2 <- left_join(lm.cty_gaba_3,GDP,by = c("Country") )

library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)
library(DT)
my_update_function <- function(x){
  incomemlm<-gdp.2[gdp.2$income==x,]
  income_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = incomemlm,
                     control =list(opt = "optim",msMaxIter = 1000, msMaxEval = 1000, tolerance = 1e-200))
  mixed_est<-intervals(income_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(income_lme)
  mixed_results_income<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_income$Model<-x
  mixed_results_income$AAPC<-(exp(mixed_results_income$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_income$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_income$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income <- mixed_results_income[2,]
  return(mixed_results_income)
}
lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),my_update_function)
pregabalin.mlm_income<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),
                             my_update_function))
pregabalin.mlm_income$Drug<-"Pregabalin"
pregabalin.mlm_income<-as.data.frame(pregabalin.mlm_income)

7.5 Individual drugs income AAPC

drug_income_mlm<-rbind(gabapentinoids.mlm_income,gabapentin.mlm_income, enacarbil.mlm_income, pregabalin.mlm_income)
datatable(as.data.frame(drug_income_mlm[,c(12,8:11,7)]),caption = "Average annual percentage change by income level", options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))
write.csv(drug_income_mlm,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_5_Subgroup_AAPC_income.csv")

7.6 Meta-analysis of DDD/TID by Year

When DDD=0 or extremely small, Country data wont be counted as number of studies in the meta analysis

options(width=800)
library(Rcpp)
library(meta)
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
set_subzero<- left_join(analy,GDP,by = c("Country") )
set_subzero$DDD_dum=set_subzero$DDD
set_subzero$DDD_dum[set_subzero$DDD==0]<-0.00001
CIs<-pois.approx(set_subzero$DDD_dum, set_subzero$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
meta.gaba<-cbind(set_subzero,CIs)
meta.gaba$income <- factor(meta.gaba$income, levels =
                             c("HIC","UMIC","LMIC"))
meta <- function(rho, iseed){
meta.gaba_1<-  subset(meta.gaba,  Year==rho & Drug==iseed)

m1_var<-metagen(log(meta.gaba_1$rate),
            lower = log(meta.gaba_1$lower), 
            upper = log(meta.gaba_1$upper),
            studlab = meta.gaba_1$Country, 
            sm = "IRLN", method.tau = "DL", 
            comb.fixed = TRUE, 
            byvar = meta.gaba_1$income)

print(c(rho, iseed))
print(summary(m1_var), digits=4)

  est.by.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
  est.by.random$Year<-rho
  est.by.random$Drug<-iseed
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$TE)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$lower)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$upper)))))
  est.by.random$income<-(t(data.frame(as.list(((summary(m1_var))$byvar)))))
  return(c(est.by.random))
}


datin <- expand.grid(rho = unique(meta.gaba$Year), iseed = unique(meta.gaba$Drug))
i <- 1:nrow(datin)
datout <- with(datin,
                lapply(i, function(j){meta(rho[j],  iseed[j])}))
## [1] 2008    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.7587 [0.7581; 0.7593]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.4440 [1.4427; 1.4454]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0049 [0.0048; 0.0049]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.3490 [0.3484; 0.3495]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0867 [0.0863; 0.0870]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.4878 [2.4870; 2.4887]        3.7        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0425 [0.0423; 0.0426]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0340 [0.0339; 0.0341]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2926 [0.2918; 0.2935]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7153 [0.7145; 0.7162]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0727 [0.0725; 0.0730]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0759 [0.0758; 0.0760]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0754 [0.0746; 0.0761]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                0.9593 [0.9579; 0.9607]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.3793 [1.3788; 1.3798]        3.9        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                1.2294 [1.2290; 1.2298]        4.5        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 0.8335 [0.8326; 0.8344]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.2259 [0.2254; 0.2264]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0320 [0.0319; 0.0320]        1.7        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.9193 [0.9178; 0.9207]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5709 [0.5706; 0.5712]        1.5        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0755 [0.0751; 0.0758]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0298 [0.0294; 0.0301]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.3321 [0.3308; 0.3334]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.2416 [0.2409; 0.2424]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2187 [0.2179; 0.2195]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.8551 [0.8508; 0.8595]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0713 [0.0712; 0.0713]        0.4        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0074 [0.0073; 0.0074]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.9749 [0.9734; 0.9765]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 1.1055 [1.1040; 1.1071]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543]        0.4        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0242 [0.0241; 0.0243]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0260 [0.0260; 0.0261]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1470 [0.1468; 0.1472]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.3098 [1.3087; 1.3109]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            3.7459 [3.7426; 3.7492]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0597 [0.0595; 0.0599]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0152 [0.0152; 0.0152]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1059 [0.1057; 0.1061]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.5982 [0.5971; 0.5993]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.4548 [0.4533; 0.4564]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6427 [0.6424; 0.6431]        1.4        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.7859 [1.7853; 1.7866]        3.7        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.2074 [1.2063; 1.2086]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.6300 [0.6291; 0.6309]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0646 [0.0643; 0.0648]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.1817 [1.1813; 1.1821]        3.8        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1005]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.6870 [1.6864; 1.6875]        4.7        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          4.4760 [4.4756; 4.4764]       61.3        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.1957 [0.1949; 0.1964]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.4496 [0.4492; 0.4500]        0.6        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 59
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.3447 [2.3446; 2.3449] 24236.81        0
## Random effects model 0.2084 [0.1451; 0.2996]    -8.48 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.0195 [1.5801; 5.1102]; tau = 1.4211 [1.2570; 2.2606]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4154.05
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1000855860.37   58       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 2.9227 [2.9225; 2.9229] 383220712.12 100.0%
## income = UMIC  16 0.4642 [0.4641; 0.4644] 100212177.30 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0380 [0.0379; 0.0380]   2327882.65 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 515095088.30    2       0
## Within groups  485760772.07   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 0.5040 [0.3676; 0.6909] 0.9588 0.9792
## income = UMIC  16 0.0532 [0.0208; 0.1360] 3.6641 1.9142
## income = LMIC   6 0.0343 [0.0236; 0.0500] 0.2205 0.4696
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   120.51    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1194 [0.1193; 0.1196]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.7770 [0.7764; 0.7776]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.5762 [1.5748; 1.5776]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0093 [0.0092; 0.0094]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.3669 [0.3663; 0.3675]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0590 [0.0590; 0.0591]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1204 [0.1200; 0.1208]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.6364 [2.6355; 2.6373]        3.5        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0335 [0.0333; 0.0336]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0287 [0.0286; 0.0288]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2979 [0.2971; 0.2988]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.8909 [0.8900; 0.8918]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0696 [0.0693; 0.0698]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0833 [0.0832; 0.0834]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.1091 [0.1081; 0.1100]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                0.9637 [0.9623; 0.9650]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2998 [1.2993; 1.3003]        3.2        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                1.3422 [1.3418; 1.3426]        4.3        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 0.7983 [0.7974; 0.7991]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.2731 [0.2725; 0.2736]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0343 [0.0343; 0.0343]        1.7        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.9042 [0.9028; 0.9057]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5370 [0.5367; 0.5373]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0886 [0.0882; 0.0889]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0266 [0.0263; 0.0269]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.3719 [0.3705; 0.3732]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.3655 [0.3646; 0.3664]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2225 [0.2216; 0.2234]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7788 [0.7747; 0.7829]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0705 [0.0704; 0.0706]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0051 [0.0050; 0.0051]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.1650 [1.1633; 1.1667]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 1.4251 [1.4233; 1.4268]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0466 [0.0465; 0.0466]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0173 [0.0173; 0.0174]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0266 [0.0265; 0.0266]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1674 [0.1672; 0.1676]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.1282 [1.1271; 1.1292]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            4.7038 [4.7000; 4.7075]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1543 [0.1540; 0.1546]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0166 [0.0166; 0.0166]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1008 [0.1006; 0.1010]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.7215 [0.7203; 0.7227]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.4132 [0.4117; 0.4146]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6597 [0.6593; 0.6601]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8188 [1.8181; 1.8194]        3.4        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.2153 [1.2141; 1.2165]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5953 [0.5944; 0.5962]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0831 [0.0828; 0.0834]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.4377 [1.4372; 1.4381]        4.1        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1115 [0.1111; 0.1119]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.0046 [2.0040; 2.0052]        5.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          5.1806 [5.1802; 5.1811]       62.9        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.2686 [0.2677; 0.2695]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.4848 [0.4844; 0.4852]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 59
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.7150 [2.7149; 2.7152] 30310.89        0
## Random effects model 0.2289 [0.1574; 0.3328]    -7.72 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.1545 [1.6226; 5.2873]; tau = 1.4678 [1.2738; 2.2994]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4506.10
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1177686897.84   58       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 3.3765 [3.3762; 3.3767] 468190078.46 100.0%
## income = UMIC  16 0.5611 [0.5610; 0.5613] 130673937.40 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0394 [0.0394; 0.0394]   2325753.04 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 576497128.94    2       0
## Within groups  601189768.89   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 0.5381 [0.3850; 0.7520] 1.0788 1.0386
## income = UMIC  16 0.0649 [0.0241; 0.1751] 4.0969 2.0241
## income = LMIC   6 0.0338 [0.0233; 0.0491] 0.2179 0.4668
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   119.84    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1292 [0.1290; 0.1294]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.8366 [0.8360; 0.8373]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.7240 [1.7225; 1.7255]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0122 [0.0121; 0.0124]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.4468 [0.4461; 0.4475]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0614 [0.0614; 0.0615]        0.4        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1616 [0.1611; 0.1621]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.7823 [2.7814; 2.7832]        3.2        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0269 [0.0268; 0.0271]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0235 [0.0234; 0.0236]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2668 [0.2660; 0.2676]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.0463 [1.0452; 1.0473]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0720 [0.0718; 0.0723]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1069 [0.1067; 0.1070]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2425 [0.2411; 0.2439]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                0.9824 [0.9810; 0.9837]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2534 [1.2529; 1.2538]        2.6        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                1.4106 [1.4101; 1.4110]        3.8        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 0.8032 [0.8023; 0.8041]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.3559 [0.3553; 0.3565]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0373 [0.0373; 0.0373]        1.5        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.8461 [0.8447; 0.8475]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5452 [0.5449; 0.5455]        1.1        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1810 [0.1809; 0.1811]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1086 [0.1082; 0.1090]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0240 [0.0237; 0.0243]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.4715 [0.4699; 0.4730]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.3637 [0.3629; 0.3646]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2311 [0.2302; 0.2320]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7427 [0.7388; 0.7466]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0782]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0060 [0.0060; 0.0061]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.3931 [1.3913; 1.3950]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 1.8065 [1.8046; 1.8085]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0446 [0.0445; 0.0446]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0290 [0.0289; 0.0291]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1920 [0.1917; 0.1922]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.1608 [1.1597; 1.1618]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            5.5328 [5.5288; 5.5368]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2463 [0.2459; 0.2466]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0159 [0.0159; 0.0160]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1232 [0.1230; 0.1234]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.8791 [0.8778; 0.8805]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.4079 [0.4064; 0.4093]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6761 [0.6757; 0.6765]        1.1        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8213 [1.8206; 1.8219]        2.9        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.2623 [1.2611; 1.2635]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5748 [0.5739; 0.5757]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1721 [0.1720; 0.1723]        0.4        1.7   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0815 [0.0812; 0.0818]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.7746 [1.7740; 1.7751]        4.3        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1305 [0.1301; 0.1309]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.3586 [2.3580; 2.3592]        5.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          6.3255 [6.3250; 6.3260]       65.3        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.2401 [0.2392; 0.2409]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.4784 [0.4780; 0.4788]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.2965 [3.2963; 3.2967] 39447.96        0
## Random effects model 0.2505 [0.1693; 0.3707]    -6.92 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.3975 [1.6822; 5.4854]; tau = 1.5484 [1.2970; 2.3421]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5009.64
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1480692150.09   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 4.1294 [4.1291; 4.1296] 602945599.95 100.0%
## income = UMIC  17 0.6470 [0.6469; 0.6472] 173981199.85 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0436 [0.0436; 0.0436]   3571962.37 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 700193387.92    2       0
## Within groups  780498762.17   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 0.5882 [0.4093; 0.8453] 1.2663 1.1253
## income = UMIC  17 0.0769 [0.0292; 0.2024] 4.1520 2.0377
## income = LMIC   6 0.0369 [0.0238; 0.0572] 0.2998 0.5476
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   94.14    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1364 [0.1363; 0.1366]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.8668 [0.8662; 0.8675]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.8391 [1.8376; 1.8406]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0139 [0.0138; 0.0140]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.4884 [0.4878; 0.4891]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0443 [0.0439; 0.0447]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0770 [0.0769; 0.0770]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.2211 [0.2206; 0.2217]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.9905 [2.9896; 2.9915]        3.2        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0234 [0.0233; 0.0235]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0047 [0.0047; 0.0047]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2282 [0.2275; 0.2290]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.2108 [1.2097; 1.2119]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0672 [0.0670; 0.0675]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1148 [0.1147; 0.1149]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2902 [0.2887; 0.2917]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                1.0435 [1.0420; 1.0449]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2042 [1.2038; 1.2047]        2.4        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                1.4962 [1.4957; 1.4966]        3.8        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 0.8916 [0.8906; 0.8925]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.4230 [0.4223; 0.4236]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0430 [0.0430; 0.0430]        1.7        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.8952 [0.8938; 0.8967]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5448 [0.5445; 0.5451]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1505 [0.1504; 0.1506]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1083 [0.1079; 0.1087]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0285 [0.0282; 0.0288]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.6091 [0.6073; 0.6108]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.3338 [0.3330; 0.3346]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2378 [0.2369; 0.2387]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7418 [0.7379; 0.7456]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0770 [0.0769; 0.0771]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0104 [0.0103; 0.0104]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.6528 [0.6522; 0.6534]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.6064 [1.6045; 1.6084]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.0397 [2.0376; 2.0418]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0465 [0.0465; 0.0466]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0192 [0.0192; 0.0193]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0279 [0.0279; 0.0280]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2211 [0.2208; 0.2213]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.1147 [1.1136; 1.1157]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            7.1769 [7.1723; 7.1815]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.3992 [0.3987; 0.3996]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0184 [0.0183; 0.0184]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1683 [0.1681; 0.1686]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0660 [0.0657; 0.0663]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.9711 [0.9697; 0.9724]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.3702 [0.3688; 0.3715]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6730 [0.6727; 0.6734]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8636 [1.8630; 1.8643]        2.7        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.4097 [1.4084; 1.4109]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5369 [0.5360; 0.5377]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## THAILAND               0.2549 [0.2547; 0.2551]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0891 [0.0888; 0.0894]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.1980 [2.1975; 2.1986]        5.0        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1306 [0.1302; 0.1310]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.7146 [2.7139; 2.7152]        5.4        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          6.5599 [6.5594; 6.5604]       63.7        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.3039 [0.3029; 0.3049]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.5095 [0.5091; 0.5100]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.3835 [3.3833; 3.3837] 41728.55        0
## Random effects model 0.2547 [0.1748; 0.3712]    -7.12 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.3641 [1.7027; 5.3863]; tau = 1.5376 [1.3049; 2.3208]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5068.59
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1618509242.42   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 4.2949 [4.2946; 4.2951] 635255138.42 100.0%
## income = UMIC  20 0.7904 [0.7902; 0.7905] 226182602.13 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0486 [0.0486; 0.0486]   3641921.59 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 753429580.28    2       0
## Within groups  865079662.14   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.6297 [0.4422; 0.8968] 1.2366 1.1120
## income = UMIC  20 0.0780 [0.0314; 0.1941] 4.3236 2.0793
## income = LMIC   6 0.0426 [0.0279; 0.0650] 0.2800 0.5291
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   95.75    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1383 [0.1382; 0.1385]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.9460 [0.9453; 0.9466]        0.7        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.9626 [1.9611; 1.9642]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0148 [0.0147; 0.0150]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.5723 [0.5715; 0.5730]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0958 [0.0953; 0.0964]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0876 [0.0875; 0.0876]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.2866 [0.2859; 0.2872]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 3.3044 [3.3034; 3.3054]        3.5        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0220 [0.0219; 0.0221]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0083 [0.0083; 0.0083]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0193 [0.0192; 0.0193]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2042 [0.2035; 0.2049]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.3418 [1.3407; 1.3430]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0590 [0.0588; 0.0592]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1044 [0.1043; 0.1045]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.3901 [0.3883; 0.3919]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                1.1761 [1.1746; 1.1776]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2173 [1.2168; 1.2177]        2.4        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                1.5603 [1.5599; 1.5608]        3.9        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 0.8239 [0.8230; 0.8248]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.4641 [0.4634; 0.4648]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0472 [0.0472; 0.0473]        1.8        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.9214 [0.9199; 0.9228]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5310 [0.5307; 0.5313]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1244 [0.1243; 0.1245]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0998 [0.0994; 0.1002]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0292 [0.0289; 0.0295]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.8136 [0.8115; 0.8156]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.2992 [0.2985; 0.3000]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2617 [0.2607; 0.2626]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7475 [0.7437; 0.7514]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0837 [0.0836; 0.0837]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.6605 [0.6599; 0.6612]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.8861 [1.8840; 1.8882]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.1749 [2.1727; 2.1770]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0469 [0.0469; 0.0470]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0190 [0.0189; 0.0191]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0268 [0.0267; 0.0268]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2055 [0.2053; 0.2058]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.1942 [1.1931; 1.1953]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            8.2103 [8.2053; 8.2152]        0.9        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.5151 [0.5146; 0.5157]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0226 [0.0225; 0.0226]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1279 [0.1277; 0.1281]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0827 [0.0823; 0.0830]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.0650 [1.0635; 1.0664]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.3544 [0.3531; 0.3558]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.7229 [0.7225; 0.7232]        1.1        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8152 [1.8146; 1.8159]        2.6        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.5277 [1.5265; 1.5290]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5176 [0.5168; 0.5184]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2142 [0.2139; 0.2145]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## THAILAND               0.2950 [0.2948; 0.2952]        0.6        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1064 [0.1061; 0.1067]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.3781 [2.3775; 2.3787]        5.4        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0810 [0.0807; 0.0813]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.2081 [3.2074; 3.2089]        6.3        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          6.3591 [6.3586; 6.3595]       61.2        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.4181 [0.4169; 0.4192]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.5864 [0.5860; 0.5869]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.2768 [3.2767; 3.2770] 40970.80        0
## Random effects model 0.2735 [0.1891; 0.3955]    -6.89 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.2668 [1.7021; 5.3176]; tau = 1.5056 [1.3047; 2.3060]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5128.07
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1656717916.72   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 4.2291 [4.2288; 4.2293] 594103079.71 100.0%
## income = UMIC  20 0.8095 [0.8093; 0.8096] 268589059.88 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0508 [0.0508; 0.0508]   2709682.56 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 791316094.57    2       0
## Within groups  865401822.15   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.6506 [0.4666; 0.9072] 1.0932 1.0456
## income = UMIC  20 0.0892 [0.0357; 0.2228] 4.3641 2.0890
## income = LMIC   6 0.0474 [0.0330; 0.0681] 0.2046 0.4523
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   111.79    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1348 [0.1346; 0.1350]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.7847 [0.7841; 0.7853]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.0660 [2.0644; 2.0676]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0221 [0.0219; 0.0222]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.8101 [0.8093; 0.8110]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1360 [0.1353; 0.1366]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0978 [0.0977; 0.0978]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.4003 [0.3995; 0.4010]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 3.6682 [3.6672; 3.6693]        3.5        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0206 [0.0205; 0.0207]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0119 [0.0119; 0.0119]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0168 [0.0167; 0.0169]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.1891 [0.1884; 0.1897]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.5003 [1.4991; 1.5015]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0490 [0.0488; 0.0492]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1103 [0.1102; 0.1104]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.5081 [0.5061; 0.5101]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                1.4016 [1.4000; 1.4032]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2245 [1.2240; 1.2249]        2.1        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                1.6432 [1.6427; 1.6436]        3.6        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 0.9298 [0.9289; 0.9308]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.5382 [0.5374; 0.5389]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0518 [0.0517; 0.0518]        1.8        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.9678 [0.9663; 0.9693]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5287 [0.5284; 0.5290]        0.9        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1114 [0.1113; 0.1115]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1073 [0.1069; 0.1076]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0203 [0.0202; 0.0204]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0408 [0.0404; 0.0411]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 1.0487 [1.0464; 1.0510]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.3187 [0.3180; 0.3195]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.3129 [0.3118; 0.3139]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7067 [0.7030; 0.7104]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0904 [0.0903; 0.0905]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0271]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.6591 [0.6585; 0.6598]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            2.1377 [2.1355; 2.1399]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.2712 [2.2690; 2.2734]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0450]        0.2        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0181 [0.0180; 0.0182]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0330 [0.0330; 0.0331]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2660 [0.2658; 0.2663]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.2241 [1.2230; 1.2252]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            8.3869 [8.3819; 8.3919]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.6903 [0.6897; 0.6909]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0296 [0.0295; 0.0296]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1192 [0.1190; 0.1194]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0894 [0.0891; 0.0897]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.1862 [1.1847; 1.1877]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.3501 [0.3488; 0.3515]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.7358 [0.7354; 0.7362]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8345 [1.8339; 1.8352]        2.3        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.8971 [1.8957; 1.8986]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5102 [0.5094; 0.5110]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2000 [0.1997; 0.2003]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## THAILAND               0.4366 [0.4363; 0.4368]        0.8        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1107 [0.1104; 0.1111]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.5445 [2.5439; 2.5451]        5.2        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0828 [0.0825; 0.0831]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.8409 [3.8401; 3.8417]        6.7        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          7.3525 [7.3520; 7.3530]       62.5        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.4117 [0.4106; 0.4128]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.6841 [0.6836; 0.6846]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.7911 [3.7909; 3.7913] 49132.25        0
## Random effects model 0.3009 [0.2060; 0.4396]    -6.21 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.3923 [1.7292; 5.4420]; tau = 1.5467 [1.3150; 2.3328]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5554.13
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1943447617.03   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 4.9391 [4.9388; 4.9393] 690808095.36 100.0%
## income = UMIC  20 0.8401 [0.8400; 0.8403] 303810679.88 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0547 [0.0547; 0.0548]   2636487.56 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 946192354.23    2       0
## Within groups  997255262.80   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.6983 [0.4959; 0.9833] 1.1591 1.0766
## income = UMIC  20 0.1017 [0.0421; 0.2456] 4.0472 2.0118
## income = LMIC   6 0.0542 [0.0384; 0.0764] 0.1842 0.4291
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   108.72    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.0031 [ 0.0031;  0.0032]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1286 [ 0.1284;  0.1288]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.6459 [ 0.6453;  0.6464]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.1770 [ 2.1754;  2.1786]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0305 [ 0.0303;  0.0307]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 1.0163 [ 1.0154;  1.0173]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1421 [ 0.1414;  0.1427]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1063 [ 0.1062;  0.1064]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.4875 [ 0.4867;  0.4884]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  3.8718 [ 3.8707;  3.8729]        3.4        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0202 [ 0.0201;  0.0203]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0158 [ 0.0158;  0.0158]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0150 [ 0.0150;  0.0151]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1837 [ 0.1830;  0.1844]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.7140 [ 1.7127;  1.7153]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0434 [ 0.0432;  0.0436]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1243 [ 0.1242;  0.1244]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 0.6371 [ 0.6349;  0.6394]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 1.6351 [ 1.6333;  1.6368]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.2639 [ 1.2634;  1.2644]        2.0        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6853 [ 1.6848;  1.6858]        3.4        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  0.9639 [ 0.9629;  0.9649]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.6103 [ 0.6095;  0.6111]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0637 [ 0.0637;  0.0637]        2.0        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.0037 [ 1.0022;  1.0052]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5519 [ 0.5516;  0.5522]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.1038 [ 0.1037;  0.1039]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.0884 [ 0.0880;  0.0887]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0272 [ 0.0270;  0.0273]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.1028 [ 0.1022;  0.1033]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.2957 [ 1.2931;  1.2983]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.3372 [ 0.3365;  0.3380]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.3355 [ 0.3344;  0.3366]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6660 [ 0.6625;  0.6696]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.0891 [ 0.0890;  0.0892]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0311 [ 0.0310;  0.0312]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.6984 [ 0.6977;  0.6991]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             2.4379 [ 2.4355;  2.4403]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  2.2095 [ 2.2074;  2.2116]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0423 [ 0.0422;  0.0423]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0158 [ 0.0157;  0.0159]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0272 [ 0.0271;  0.0272]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.3332 [ 0.3329;  0.3335]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.2655 [ 1.2643;  1.2666]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            10.1429 [10.1373; 10.1484]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 0.8419 [ 0.8412;  0.8426]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.0362 [ 0.0361;  0.0362]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.1250 [ 0.1248;  0.1252]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.0908 [ 0.0905;  0.0912]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.4205 [ 1.4189;  1.4222]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3401 [ 0.3388;  0.3414]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0581 [ 0.0580;  0.0582]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8166 [ 0.8162;  0.8170]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   1.8863 [ 1.8856;  1.8869]        2.2        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  2.3524 [ 2.3508;  2.3540]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5117 [ 0.5109;  0.5125]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.1917 [ 0.1914;  0.1920]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.4858 [ 0.4856;  0.4861]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.1231 [ 0.1227;  0.1234]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5723 [ 2.5717;  2.5729]        4.9        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0897 [ 0.0893;  0.0900]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          4.4910 [ 4.4902;  4.4919]        7.3        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES           7.9211 [ 7.9206;  7.9216]       62.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.4417 [ 0.4405;  0.4429]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.8366 [ 0.8360;  0.8371]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  4.0622 [4.0620; 4.0624] 53922.93        0
## Random effects model 0.3039 [0.2077; 0.4447]    -6.13 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.4511 [1.7673; 5.5514]; tau = 1.5656 [1.3294; 2.3561]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5831.39
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2176329690.77   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 5.3741 [5.3738; 5.3744] 745368761.93 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.8260 [0.8259; 0.8262] 327737625.15 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0649 [0.0649; 0.0649]   3466781.07 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1099756522.62    2       0
## Within groups  1076573168.15   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.7651 [0.5442; 1.0757] 1.1482 1.0715
## income = UMIC  21 0.0921 [0.0397; 0.2138] 3.8720 1.9677
## income = LMIC   6 0.0572 [0.0390; 0.0837] 0.2274 0.4769
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   103.43    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.0272 [ 0.0271;  0.0273]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1302 [ 0.1300;  0.1303]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.6512 [ 0.6507;  0.6518]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.1760 [ 2.1744;  2.1777]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0476 [ 0.0474;  0.0478]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 1.0938 [ 1.0927;  1.0948]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1982 [ 0.1974;  0.1990]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1118 [ 0.1118;  0.1119]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.5419 [ 0.5410;  0.5428]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  4.1539 [ 4.1528;  4.1550]        3.3        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0193 [ 0.0192;  0.0194]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0202 [ 0.0202;  0.0202]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0150 [ 0.0149;  0.0150]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1533 [ 0.1527;  0.1539]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.8848 [ 1.8834;  1.8861]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0448 [ 0.0447;  0.0450]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1340 [ 0.1339;  0.1342]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 0.7565 [ 0.7540;  0.7589]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 1.8835 [ 1.8816;  1.8854]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.2950 [ 1.2946;  1.2955]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6790 [ 1.6785;  1.6794]        3.0        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  1.0152 [ 1.0142;  1.0162]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.6659 [ 0.6651;  0.6668]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0748 [ 0.0748;  0.0749]        2.1        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.0668 [ 1.0652;  1.0684]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5614 [ 0.5610;  0.5617]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.0968 [ 0.0967;  0.0969]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.0728 [ 0.0725;  0.0731]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0261 [ 0.0259;  0.0262]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.1504 [ 0.1497;  0.1510]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.5928 [ 1.5899;  1.5957]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.3553 [ 0.3545;  0.3560]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.3776 [ 0.3765;  0.3788]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6946 [ 0.6910;  0.6982]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.0935 [ 0.0934;  0.0936]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0421 [ 0.0420;  0.0423]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.7221 [ 0.7215;  0.7228]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             2.8493 [ 2.8467;  2.8518]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  2.6628 [ 2.6605;  2.6651]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0398 [ 0.0397;  0.0398]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0558 [ 0.0557;  0.0560]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0275 [ 0.0274;  0.0275]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.4023 [ 0.4020;  0.4027]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.3129 [ 1.3117;  1.3140]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            11.7963 [11.7902; 11.8024]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 0.9553 [ 0.9545;  0.9560]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.0453 [ 0.0453;  0.0454]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.2044 [ 0.2042;  0.2047]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.1135 [ 0.1131;  0.1138]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.5663 [ 1.5645;  1.5680]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3335 [ 0.3322;  0.3348]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0551 [ 0.0550;  0.0552]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8380 [ 0.8375;  0.8384]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   1.9664 [ 1.9657;  1.9670]        2.0        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  2.7401 [ 2.7384;  2.7418]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5081 [ 0.5073;  0.5089]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.2013 [ 0.2010;  0.2016]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.5087 [ 0.5084;  0.5090]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.0958 [ 0.0955;  0.0961]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.6150 [ 2.6144;  2.6156]        4.5        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.1007 [ 0.1004;  0.1011]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.1176 [ 5.1167;  5.1185]        7.3        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES           9.2026 [ 9.2020;  9.2031]       64.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.3638 [ 0.3627;  0.3649]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.3521 [ 0.3517;  0.3524]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  4.7307 [4.7305; 4.7309] 63664.08        0
## Random effects model 0.3411 [0.2293; 0.5074]    -5.31 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.6697 [1.8264; 5.7894]; tau = 1.6339 [1.3515; 2.4061]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6349.46
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2580199141.57   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 6.2883 [6.2879; 6.2886] 880698476.98 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.7719 [0.7717; 0.7720] 359514883.27 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0741 [0.0741; 0.0741]   3918468.23 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1336067313.09    2       0
## Within groups  1244131828.48   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.8287 [0.5816; 1.1808] 1.2402 1.1137
## income = UMIC  21 0.1127 [0.0470; 0.2699] 4.1734 2.0429
## income = LMIC   6 0.0595 [0.0401; 0.0882] 0.2429 0.4929
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   98.00    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.0677 [ 0.0676;  0.0678]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1252 [ 0.1251;  0.1254]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.6366 [ 0.6361;  0.6371]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.1089 [ 2.1074;  2.1105]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0535 [ 0.0532;  0.0537]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 0.9712 [ 0.9703;  0.9722]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.2626 [ 0.2617;  0.2635]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1122 [ 0.1121;  0.1123]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.5557 [ 0.5548;  0.5566]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  4.5476 [ 4.5464;  4.5487]        3.3        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0195 [ 0.0194;  0.0196]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0238 [ 0.0238;  0.0238]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0147 [ 0.0147;  0.0148]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1439 [ 0.1433;  0.1445]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.9731 [ 1.9717;  1.9745]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0484 [ 0.0483;  0.0486]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1568 [ 0.1567;  0.1570]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 0.8935 [ 0.8908;  0.8961]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 2.2200 [ 2.2180;  2.2221]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.3220 [ 1.3215;  1.3224]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6877 [ 1.6872;  1.6881]        2.7        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  1.0272 [ 1.0262;  1.0283]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.7149 [ 0.7140;  0.7157]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0872 [ 0.0871;  0.0872]        2.3        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.1315 [ 1.1300;  1.1331]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5573 [ 0.5569;  0.5576]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.0910 [ 0.0909;  0.0910]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.0856 [ 0.0852;  0.0859]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0254 [ 0.0253;  0.0255]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.4524 [ 0.4513;  0.4535]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.7258 [ 1.7228;  1.7288]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.4366 [ 0.4357;  0.4374]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.4294 [ 0.4282;  0.4307]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6676 [ 0.6641;  0.6710]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.1015 [ 0.1014;  0.1016]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0514 [ 0.0512;  0.0515]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.7640 [ 0.7633;  0.7647]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.3486 [ 3.3459;  3.3514]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  2.7479 [ 2.7456;  2.7503]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0364 [ 0.0364;  0.0365]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0566 [ 0.0565;  0.0568]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0275 [ 0.0274;  0.0275]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.4448 [ 0.4445;  0.4452]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.3466 [ 1.3455;  1.3478]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            13.2279 [13.2214; 13.2344]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.1118 [ 1.1110;  1.1125]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.0930 [ 0.0930;  0.0931]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.4083 [ 0.4079;  0.4087]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.1056 [ 0.1052;  0.1060]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.4980 [ 1.4963;  1.4997]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3248 [ 0.3235;  0.3261]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0642 [ 0.0640;  0.0643]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8851 [ 0.8847;  0.8855]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   2.0645 [ 2.0638;  2.0652]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  3.4050 [ 3.4031;  3.4069]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5020 [ 0.5012;  0.5028]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.2339 [ 0.2335;  0.2342]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.5326 [ 0.5324;  0.5329]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.0939 [ 0.0936;  0.0942]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.4956 [ 2.4950;  2.4961]        3.9        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0726 [ 0.0723;  0.0729]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.7608 [ 5.7598;  5.7617]        7.5        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          10.2970 [10.2964; 10.2975]       65.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.3608 [ 0.3598;  0.3619]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.0491 [ 0.0490;  0.0493]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.2903 [5.2900; 5.2905] 71831.16        0
## Random effects model 0.3651 [0.2427; 0.5491]    -4.84 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.8207 [1.8569; 5.9271]; tau = 1.6795 [1.3627; 2.4346]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6788.80
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2949619479.48   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 7.0825 [7.0821; 7.0828] 996261547.11 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.6975 [0.6974; 0.6976] 365222609.20 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0860 [0.0860; 0.0860]   5490788.01 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1582644535.16    2       0
## Within groups  1366974944.32   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.8986 [0.6263; 1.2893] 1.2893 1.1355
## income = UMIC  21 0.1179 [0.0500; 0.2776] 4.0114 2.0029
## income = LMIC   6 0.0636 [0.0407; 0.0993] 0.3103 0.5571
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   86.47    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.1275 [ 0.1273;  0.1277]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1241 [ 0.1240;  0.1243]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.6583 [ 0.6578;  0.6589]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.0880 [ 2.0864;  2.0896]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0843 [ 0.0840;  0.0846]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 0.9062 [ 0.9053;  0.9071]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3009 [ 0.3000;  0.3019]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1148 [ 0.1148;  0.1149]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.5224 [ 0.5215;  0.5233]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  4.7693 [ 4.7681;  4.7705]        3.1        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0198 [ 0.0197;  0.0200]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0293 [ 0.0293;  0.0293]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0119 [ 0.0118;  0.0119]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1282 [ 0.1276;  0.1288]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          2.0591 [ 2.0577;  2.0606]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0520 [ 0.0519;  0.0522]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1489 [ 0.1488;  0.1491]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.1053 [ 1.1024;  1.1083]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 2.6654 [ 2.6631;  2.6676]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.3419 [ 1.3415;  1.3424]        1.5        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6769 [ 1.6765;  1.6774]        2.5        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  1.0026 [ 1.0016;  1.0036]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.7477 [ 0.7468;  0.7486]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0989 [ 0.0989;  0.0989]        2.4        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.1919 [ 1.1903;  1.1936]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5694 [ 0.5691;  0.5698]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.0856 [ 0.0855;  0.0857]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.1192 [ 0.1189;  0.1196]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0230 [ 0.0229;  0.0231]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.9078 [ 0.9062;  0.9093]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  2.0008 [ 1.9975;  2.0041]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.4970 [ 0.4962;  0.4979]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.5211 [ 0.5197;  0.5225]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6295 [ 0.6261;  0.6328]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.0994 [ 0.0993;  0.0995]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0369 [ 0.0368;  0.0370]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.7887 [ 0.7880;  0.7894]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.7529 [ 3.7500;  3.7558]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  2.9508 [ 2.9484;  2.9532]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0311 [ 0.0310;  0.0311]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0733 [ 0.0732;  0.0735]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0243 [ 0.0242;  0.0243]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.4682 [ 0.4678;  0.4685]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.4084 [ 1.4072;  1.4096]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            14.8281 [14.8211; 14.8351]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.3080 [ 1.3072;  1.3089]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.1532 [ 0.1531;  0.1533]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.5669 [ 0.5665;  0.5673]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.1059 [ 0.1055;  0.1062]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.5627 [ 1.5609;  1.5644]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3402 [ 0.3389;  0.3415]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0655 [ 0.0654;  0.0656]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.9343 [ 0.9339;  0.9348]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   2.1655 [ 2.1648;  2.1662]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  3.9049 [ 3.9029;  3.9070]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5067 [ 0.5059;  0.5075]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.2404 [ 0.2401;  0.2407]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.6236 [ 0.6233;  0.6239]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.0915 [ 0.0912;  0.0918]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5773 [ 2.5767;  2.5779]        3.7        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0593 [ 0.0590;  0.0595]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          6.1083 [ 6.1073;  6.1093]        7.3        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          11.4514 [11.4508; 11.4520]       66.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.3376 [ 0.3365;  0.3386]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.0634 [ 0.0633;  0.0636]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.8461 [5.8459; 5.8464] 79960.47        0
## Random effects model 0.3929 [0.2587; 0.5968]    -4.38 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.9569 [1.8636; 5.9664]; tau = 1.7196 [1.3651; 2.4426]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7221.33
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3337446034.08   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI             Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 7.9048 [7.9044; 7.9051] 1115960133.86 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.6977 [0.6976; 0.6978]  390529505.51 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0949 [0.0949; 0.0949]    6252345.79 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1824704048.92    2       0
## Within groups  1512741985.16   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.9567 [0.6606; 1.3855] 1.3568 1.1648
## income = UMIC  21 0.1357 [0.0596; 0.3089] 3.6961 1.9225
## income = LMIC   6 0.0579 [0.0354; 0.0944] 0.3750 0.6123
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   84.52    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.0899 [ 0.0898;  0.0901]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1258 [ 0.1257;  0.1260]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.7003 [ 0.6998;  0.7009]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.0631 [ 2.0615;  2.0646]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.1204 [ 0.1200;  0.1208]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 0.8770 [ 0.8761;  0.8779]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3650 [ 0.3640;  0.3661]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1201 [ 0.1201;  0.1202]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.4317 [ 0.4309;  0.4325]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  4.8245 [ 4.8233;  4.8256]        3.1        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0214 [ 0.0213;  0.0215]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0330 [ 0.0329;  0.0330]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0146 [ 0.0145;  0.0146]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1217 [ 0.1211;  0.1223]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          2.0989 [ 2.0974;  2.1003]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0512 [ 0.0510;  0.0513]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1647 [ 0.1646;  0.1648]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.2831 [ 1.2799;  1.2862]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 3.0971 [ 3.0947;  3.0996]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.3516 [ 1.3511;  1.3521]        1.5        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6751 [ 1.6746;  1.6755]        2.4        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  0.9888 [ 0.9878;  0.9898]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.8107 [ 0.8098;  0.8117]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.1112 [ 0.1112;  0.1112]        2.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.2545 [ 1.2528;  1.2562]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5734 [ 0.5731;  0.5737]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.0833 [ 0.0832;  0.0833]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.3329 [ 0.3323;  0.3335]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0263 [ 0.0262;  0.0265]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.9165 [ 0.9150;  0.9180]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  2.3533 [ 2.3498;  2.3569]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.4987 [ 0.4978;  0.4996]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.5957 [ 0.5942;  0.5972]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6434 [ 0.6400;  0.6467]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.1003 [ 0.1002;  0.1004]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0402 [ 0.0401;  0.0403]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.8129 [ 0.8122;  0.8136]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.9910 [ 3.9880;  3.9939]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  3.1948 [ 3.1923;  3.1973]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0328 [ 0.0328;  0.0328]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0703 [ 0.0701;  0.0704]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0299 [ 0.0298;  0.0299]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.5082 [ 0.5079;  0.5086]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.4806 [ 1.4794;  1.4819]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            13.9247 [13.9178; 13.9317]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.3918 [ 1.3909;  1.3926]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.2102 [ 0.2101;  0.2103]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.7810 [ 0.7805;  0.7815]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.1066 [ 0.1063;  0.1070]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.7118 [ 1.7100;  1.7136]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3713 [ 0.3700;  0.3727]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0662 [ 0.0661;  0.0663]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.9307 [ 0.9303;  0.9312]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   2.2219 [ 2.2212;  2.2226]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  4.4354 [ 4.4332;  4.4376]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5148 [ 0.5141;  0.5156]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.2588 [ 0.2585;  0.2592]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.7063 [ 0.7060;  0.7067]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.0909 [ 0.0906;  0.0911]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5175 [ 2.5170;  2.5181]        3.6        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0566 [ 0.0563;  0.0568]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          6.1017 [ 6.1008;  6.1027]        7.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          11.6873 [11.6867; 11.6879]       66.1        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.3050 [ 0.3040;  0.3059]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.0258 [ 0.0257;  0.0259]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.8486 [5.8484; 5.8489] 81200.80        0
## Random effects model 0.4135 [0.2713; 0.6301]    -4.11 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 3.0022 [1.8266; 5.8085]; tau = 1.7327 [1.3515; 2.4101]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7411.30
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3515352636.41   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI             Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 8.0400 [8.0397; 8.0404] 1142563271.88 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.6752 [0.6751; 0.6753]  389938858.93 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1064]    7146336.44 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1975704169.16    2       0
## Within groups  1539648467.25   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.9992 [0.6900; 1.4469] 1.3563 1.1646
## income = UMIC  21 0.1431 [0.0650; 0.3149] 3.4022 1.8445
## income = LMIC   6 0.0635 [0.0387; 0.1041] 0.3817 0.6178
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   81.39    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    2
##                          rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
## 
##                      rate 95%-CI  z p-value
## Common effect model    NA        --      --
## Random effects model   NA        --      --
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k rate 95%-CI  Q I^2
## income = HIC    0   NA        --  --
## income = UMIC   0   NA        --  --
## income = LMIC   0   NA        --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                   Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   NA    0      --
## Within groups  0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## income = HIC    0   NA           --  --
## income = UMIC   0   NA           --  --
## income = LMIC   0   NA           --  --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    2
##                          rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
## 
##                      rate 95%-CI  z p-value
## Common effect model    NA        --      --
## Random effects model   NA        --      --
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k rate 95%-CI  Q I^2
## income = HIC    0   NA        --  --
## income = UMIC   0   NA        --  --
## income = LMIC   0   NA        --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                   Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   NA    0      --
## Within groups  0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## income = HIC    0   NA           --  --
## income = UMIC   0   NA           --  --
## income = LMIC   0   NA           --  --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    2
##                          rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000               0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000               0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
## 
##                      rate 95%-CI  z p-value
## Common effect model    NA        --      --
## Random effects model   NA        --      --
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k rate 95%-CI  Q I^2
## income = HIC    0   NA        --  --
## income = UMIC   0   NA        --  --
## income = LMIC   0   NA        --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                   Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   NA    0      --
## Within groups  0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## income = HIC    0   NA           --  --
## income = UMIC   0   NA           --  --
## income = LMIC   0   NA           --  --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039]      100.0      100.0    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 1
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039] -3694.30       0
## Random effects model 0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039] -3694.30       0
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## income = HIC    1 0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039] 0.00  --
## income = UMIC   0     NA                    --  --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                   Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 0.00    0      --
## Within groups  0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## income = HIC    1 0.0039 [0.0039; 0.0039]    --  --
## income = UMIC   0     NA                     --  --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0094 [0.0094; 0.0095]       22.4       35.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0001 [0.0000; 0.0001]        0.0       28.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0133 [0.0133; 0.0134]       77.6       35.7    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  0.0124 [0.0123; 0.0124] -6174.23       0
## Random effects model 0.0024 [0.0018; 0.0032]   -40.32       0
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.0626 [0.0659; 53.3307]; tau = 0.2503 [0.2567; 7.3028]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 146.72
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##         Q d.f. p-value
##  43054.43    2       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI        Q    I^2
## income = HIC    3 0.0124 [0.0123; 0.0124] 43054.43 100.0%
## income = UMIC   0     NA                        --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                        --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                       Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups     0.00    0      --
## Within groups  43054.43    2       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC    3 0.0024 [0.0018; 0.0032] 0.0626 0.2503
## income = UMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0313 [0.0313; 0.0314]       50.9       33.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001]        0.0       33.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0122 [0.0122; 0.0123]       49.1       33.5    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  0.0198 [0.0197; 0.0198] -6663.61        0
## Random effects model 0.0037 [0.0017; 0.0078]   -14.53 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.4448 [0.1404; >100.0000]; tau = 0.6669 [0.3747; >10.0000]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 566.14
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##          Q d.f. p-value
##  641032.17    2       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI         Q    I^2
## income = HIC    3 0.0198 [0.0197; 0.0198] 641032.17 100.0%
## income = UMIC   0     NA                         --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                         --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                        Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups      0.00    0      --
## Within groups  641032.17    2       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC    3 0.0037 [0.0017; 0.0078] 0.4448 0.6669
## income = UMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0440 [0.0439; 0.0441]       44.0       50.0    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0225 [0.0225; 0.0226]       56.0       50.0    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  0.0302 [0.0302; 0.0303] -7570.26        0
## Random effects model 0.0315 [0.0163; 0.0607]   -10.34 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.2239; tau = 0.4731; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 718.72
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##          Q d.f. p-value
##  516556.17    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI         Q    I^2
## income = HIC    2 0.0302 [0.0302; 0.0303] 516556.17 100.0%
## income = UMIC   0     NA                         --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                         --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                        Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups      0.00    0      --
## Within groups  516556.17    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC    2 0.0315 [0.0163; 0.0607] 0.2239 0.4731
## income = UMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0502 [0.0502; 0.0503]       36.2       35.1    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001]        0.0       29.8    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0353 [0.0353; 0.0353]       63.8       35.1    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  0.0401 [0.0401; 0.0401] -8191.00        0
## Random effects model 0.0063 [0.0047; 0.0085]   -33.91 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.0634 [0.0549; 57.4238]; tau = 0.2518 [0.2343; 7.5778]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 308.20
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##          Q d.f. p-value
##  189978.76    2       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI         Q    I^2
## income = HIC    3 0.0401 [0.0401; 0.0401] 189978.76 100.0%
## income = UMIC   0     NA                         --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                         --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                        Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups      0.00    0      --
## Within groups  189978.76    2       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC    3 0.0063 [0.0047; 0.0085] 0.0634 0.2518
## income = UMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543]       29.8       50.0    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0505 [0.0505; 0.0506]       70.2       50.0    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  0.0516 [0.0516; 0.0516] -8638.01       0
## Random effects model 0.0523 [0.0489; 0.0561]   -83.96       0
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.0025; tau = 0.0497; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 93.66
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##        Q d.f. p-value
##  8771.96    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI       Q    I^2
## income = HIC    2 0.0516 [0.0516; 0.0516] 8771.96 100.0%
## income = UMIC   0     NA                       --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                       --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                      Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups    0.00    0      --
## Within groups  8771.96    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC    2 0.0523 [0.0489; 0.0561] 0.0025 0.0497
## income = UMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582]       29.7       50.0    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0540 [0.0539; 0.0540]       70.3       50.0    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  0.0552 [0.0551; 0.0552] -8747.31       0
## Random effects model 0.0560 [0.0521; 0.0602]   -78.44       0
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.0027; tau = 0.0520; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 101.38
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##         Q d.f. p-value
##  10276.94    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI        Q    I^2
## income = HIC    2 0.0552 [0.0551; 0.0552] 10276.94 100.0%
## income = UMIC   0     NA                        --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                        --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                       Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups     0.00    0      --
## Within groups  10276.94    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC    2 0.0560 [0.0521; 0.0602] 0.0027 0.0520
## income = UMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## JAPAN                  0.0635 [0.0634; 0.0636]       34.4       50.0    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED STATES          0.0470 [0.0470; 0.0471]       65.6       50.0    HIC
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  0.0521 [0.0521; 0.0522] -8645.90        0
## Random effects model 0.0546 [0.0407; 0.0733]   -19.39 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.0450; tau = 0.2121; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 417.10
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##          Q d.f. p-value
##  173973.45    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI         Q    I^2
## income = HIC    2 0.0521 [0.0521; 0.0522] 173973.45 100.0%
## income = UMIC   0     NA                         --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                         --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                        Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups      0.00    0      --
## Within groups  173973.45    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC    2 0.0546 [0.0407; 0.0733] 0.0450 0.2121
## income = UMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## income = LMIC   0     NA                      --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1063 [0.1061; 0.1065]        0.3        1.8   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.5278 [0.5272; 0.5283]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.7538 [0.7528; 0.7548]        0.4        1.8    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0007 [0.0007; 0.0008]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.9523 [0.9513; 0.9533]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0186 [0.0185; 0.0188]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## CANADA                 1.6387 [1.6380; 1.6395]        3.5        1.8    HIC
## CHILE                  0.1689 [0.1685; 0.1692]        0.2        1.8    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0536 [0.0535; 0.0537]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0233 [0.0231; 0.0236]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.4263 [0.4256; 0.4269]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.1220 [0.1217; 0.1223]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0305 [0.0305; 0.0306]        0.2        1.8   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.1266 [0.1256; 0.1276]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## FINLAND                3.3965 [3.3939; 3.3991]        1.1        1.8    HIC
## FRANCE                 2.1673 [2.1667; 2.1679]        8.6        1.8    HIC
## GERMANY                1.5554 [1.5549; 1.5558]        8.0        1.8    HIC
## GREECE                 1.4149 [1.4138; 1.4161]        1.0        1.8    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.4953 [0.4946; 0.4961]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0834 [0.0834; 0.0835]        6.4        1.8   LMIC
## IRELAND                1.9534 [1.9512; 1.9556]        0.5        1.8    HIC
## ITALY                  0.9209 [0.9205; 0.9213]        3.4        1.8    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0510 [0.0507; 0.0513]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0877 [0.0871; 0.0883]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0843 [0.0837; 0.0849]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LEBANON                0.1605 [0.1599; 0.1611]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.1282 [0.1276; 0.1289]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             2.3963 [2.3891; 2.4035]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2075 [0.2074; 0.2077]        1.5        1.8   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0162 [0.0161; 0.0163]        0.0        1.8   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0120 [0.0118; 0.0121]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.3244 [2.3221; 2.3267]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0431 [0.0430; 0.0431]        0.5        1.8   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0255 [0.0254; 0.0256]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0270]        0.2        1.8   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0043 [0.0043; 0.0043]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.8127 [1.8114; 1.8140]        1.2        1.8    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2632 [1.2613; 1.2651]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2512 [0.2508; 0.2515]        0.3        1.8   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0137 [0.0137; 0.0138]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.2557 [0.2553; 0.2560]        0.4        1.8    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.8130 [0.8117; 0.8143]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.0760 [1.0736; 1.0784]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055]        1.0        1.8    HIC
## SPAIN                  2.0490 [2.0484; 2.0497]        6.0        1.8    HIC
## SWEDEN                 2.1903 [2.1887; 2.1919]        1.3        1.8    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            1.3323 [1.3310; 1.3337]        0.6        1.8    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0578 [0.0575; 0.0580]        0.0        1.8   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.2052 [0.2050; 0.2053]        0.9        1.8   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.2101 [0.2095; 0.2106]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.3586 [1.3581; 1.3591]        5.4        1.8    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.1871 [2.1868; 2.1873]       42.2        1.8    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0582 [0.0578; 0.0586]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.2297 [0.2294; 0.2300]        0.4        1.8   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 56
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.2863 [1.2862; 1.2864] 6034.53        0
## Random effects model 0.2112 [0.1564; 0.2852]  -10.15 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3158 [1.2226; 3.7999]; tau = 1.1471 [1.1057; 1.9493]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3303.27
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  600138502.72   55       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## income = HIC   35 1.7950 [1.7948; 1.7951] 87012755.52 100.0%
## income = UMIC  15 0.1544 [0.1543; 0.1544] 10163892.16 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0756 [0.0756; 0.0756]  3350072.95 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 499611782.09    2       0
## Within groups  100526720.63   53       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   35 0.4929 [0.4204; 0.5779] 0.2304 0.4800
## income = UMIC  15 0.0583 [0.0406; 0.0838] 0.5124 0.7158
## income = LMIC   6 0.0375 [0.0230; 0.0611] 0.3727 0.6105
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   185.39    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.5        1.8   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1721 [0.1719; 0.1723]        0.4        1.8   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.7022 [0.7016; 0.7028]        0.8        1.8    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.9630 [0.9619; 0.9641]        0.4        1.8    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0048 [0.0047; 0.0049]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## BELGIUM                1.2113 [1.2103; 1.2124]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0149 [0.0149; 0.0149]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1057 [0.1053; 0.1061]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.1523 [2.1515; 2.1531]        3.9        1.8    HIC
## CHILE                  0.1928 [0.1924; 0.1931]        0.2        1.8    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0553 [0.0552; 0.0554]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0632 [0.0628; 0.0636]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.5902 [0.5894; 0.5909]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.1724 [0.1721; 0.1728]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0666 [0.0665; 0.0667]        0.3        1.8   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.1453 [0.1442; 0.1463]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## FINLAND                4.0030 [4.0002; 4.0058]        1.1        1.8    HIC
## FRANCE                 2.5553 [2.5547; 2.5560]        8.6        1.8    HIC
## GERMANY                1.8744 [1.8739; 1.8749]        8.1        1.8    HIC
## GREECE                 1.8254 [1.8241; 1.8267]        1.1        1.8    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.5623 [0.5615; 0.5631]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## INDIA                  0.1226 [0.1226; 0.1226]        8.0        1.8   LMIC
## IRELAND                2.6032 [2.6008; 2.6057]        0.6        1.8    HIC
## ITALY                  1.1183 [1.1179; 1.1188]        3.5        1.8    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0665 [0.0662; 0.0669]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1249 [0.1242; 0.1256]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.1286 [0.1278; 0.1294]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LEBANON                0.2201 [0.2194; 0.2208]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.1815 [0.1807; 0.1823]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             2.6071 [2.5997; 2.6145]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2079 [0.2077; 0.2080]        1.3        1.8   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0335 [0.0334; 0.0336]        0.1        1.8   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0279 [0.0276; 0.0281]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.1852 [2.1830; 2.1873]        0.6        1.8    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0910 [0.0909; 0.0911]        0.9        1.8   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0375 [0.0374; 0.0376]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0372]        0.2        1.8   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0071 [0.0070; 0.0071]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## PORTUGAL               2.2539 [2.2525; 2.2554]        1.3        1.8    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2524 [1.2505; 1.2543]        0.2        1.8    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.4295 [0.4290; 0.4300]        0.5        1.8   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0284 [0.0284; 0.0285]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3084 [0.3081; 0.3088]        0.4        1.8    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.1281 [1.1266; 1.1296]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.3641 [1.3615; 1.3668]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132]        0.3        1.8   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701]        1.2        1.8    HIC
## SPAIN                  2.6137 [2.6129; 2.6145]        6.5        1.8    HIC
## SWEDEN                 2.7350 [2.7332; 2.7368]        1.4        1.8    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            1.5463 [1.5449; 1.5478]        0.6        1.8    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1176 [0.1172; 0.1179]        0.1        1.8   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.2955 [0.2953; 0.2957]        1.1        1.8   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3381 [0.3374; 0.3387]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.8136 [1.8130; 1.8141]        6.1        1.8    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.2201 [2.2199; 2.2204]       36.4        1.8    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.1756 [0.1748; 0.1763]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.2484 [0.2480; 0.2487]        0.4        1.8   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 57
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.3437 [1.3436; 1.3438] 7718.17        0
## Random effects model 0.3024 [0.2252; 0.4060]   -7.96 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.2880 [1.1678; 3.4536]; tau = 1.1349 [1.0806; 1.8584]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3620.06
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  733870312.71   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## income = HIC   35 1.9933 [1.9932; 1.9935] 88346534.61 100.0%
## income = UMIC  16 0.1888 [0.1887; 0.1888] 20128030.32 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1135 [0.1135; 0.1135]  3317777.18 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 622077970.60    2       0
## Within groups  111792342.11   54       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   35 0.6633 [0.5732; 0.7675] 0.1939 0.4404
## income = UMIC  16 0.0943 [0.0635; 0.1401] 0.6523 0.8076
## income = LMIC   6 0.0691 [0.0488; 0.0977] 0.1878 0.4334
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   195.89    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.6        1.7   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.2832 [0.2829; 0.2835]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.8531 [0.8524; 0.8537]        0.9        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.2971 [1.2959; 1.2984]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0057 [0.0056; 0.0058]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                1.7617 [1.7604; 1.7630]        0.9        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0598 [0.0597; 0.0598]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1647 [0.1642; 0.1652]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.5654 [2.5645; 2.5663]        4.1        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2310 [0.2307; 0.2314]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0525 [0.0524; 0.0526]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.1874 [0.1868; 0.1881]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7723 [0.7714; 0.7731]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.2196 [0.2193; 0.2200]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1329 [0.1327; 0.1330]        0.5        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.1949 [0.1936; 0.1961]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                4.4528 [4.4499; 4.4558]        1.1        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 2.9223 [2.9216; 2.9230]        8.5        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                2.1889 [2.1883; 2.1894]        8.2        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 2.0220 [2.0206; 2.0234]        1.0        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.6597 [0.6589; 0.6605]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.1545 [0.1545; 0.1546]        8.9        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                3.0900 [3.0873; 3.0926]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  1.3033 [1.3028; 1.3037]        3.6        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1340 [0.1339; 0.1341]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0748 [0.0744; 0.0751]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1322 [0.1315; 0.1329]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0932 [0.0925; 0.0939]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.2822 [0.2814; 0.2830]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2761 [0.2751; 0.2770]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             2.8977 [2.8900; 2.9055]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2123 [0.2122; 0.2124]        1.1        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0373]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0433 [0.0429; 0.0436]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.1474 [2.1452; 2.1495]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1127 [0.1127; 0.1128]        0.9        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0528 [0.0527; 0.0530]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0396 [0.0395; 0.0397]        0.2        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0090 [0.0089; 0.0090]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               2.6513 [2.6496; 2.6529]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2272 [1.2253; 1.2291]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.3411 [0.3407; 0.3415]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0725 [0.0724; 0.0725]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3637 [0.3633; 0.3641]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.4980 [1.4963; 1.4997]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.6411 [1.6382; 1.6440]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.5801 [0.5797; 0.5804]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  3.0765 [3.0757; 3.0773]        6.7        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.0492 [3.0473; 3.0510]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            1.8991 [1.8975; 1.9007]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0669 [0.0668; 0.0670]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1599 [0.1595; 0.1603]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.3880 [0.3878; 0.3883]        1.3        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6148 [0.6140; 0.6157]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.3866 [2.3860; 2.3873]        7.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.1808 [2.1805; 2.1811]       31.3        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.3082 [0.3073; 0.3092]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.2893 [0.2890; 0.2896]        0.4        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.3708 [1.3707; 1.3709] 8842.94        0
## Random effects model 0.3166 [0.2367; 0.4235]   -7.75 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3219 [1.1966; 3.3619]; tau = 1.1498 [1.0939; 1.8336]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3905.31
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  899835081.38   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   36 2.1150 [2.1148; 2.1151] 143362365.55 100.0%
## income = UMIC  18 0.2005 [0.2004; 0.2006]  24514517.79 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1449 [0.1448; 0.1449]   3888816.70 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 728069381.34    2       0
## Within groups  171765700.04   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   36 0.7848 [0.6626; 0.9296] 0.2685 0.5181
## income = UMIC  18 0.0782 [0.0554; 0.1105] 0.5575 0.7466
## income = LMIC   6 0.0904 [0.0657; 0.1243] 0.1588 0.3985
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   228.78    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.7        1.6   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.4871 [0.4868; 0.4875]        0.8        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.0422 [1.0415; 1.0429]        0.9        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.6069 [1.6055; 1.6083]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0049 [0.0049; 0.0050]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.1459 [2.1444; 2.1473]        0.9        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0047 [0.0046; 0.0048]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0849 [0.0848; 0.0849]        0.7        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.2681 [0.2675; 0.2687]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.8489 [2.8480; 2.8498]        3.8        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2907 [0.2903; 0.2912]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0601 [0.0600; 0.0602]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2490 [0.2483; 0.2498]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.0325 [1.0315; 1.0335]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.2650 [0.2645; 0.2654]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.2101 [0.2100; 0.2103]        0.7        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2309 [0.2295; 0.2322]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                4.7455 [4.7425; 4.7485]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.1118 [3.1111; 3.1125]        7.7        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                2.3903 [2.3897; 2.3909]        7.5        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 2.1845 [2.1831; 2.1860]        0.9        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.7808 [0.7799; 0.7817]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.1927 [0.1926; 0.1927]        9.4        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                3.7947 [3.7917; 3.7976]        0.7        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  1.4936 [1.4931; 1.4942]        3.5        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.9483 [0.9481; 0.9486]        4.8        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0969 [0.0965; 0.0972]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1977 [0.1969; 0.1985]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0698 [0.0692; 0.0703]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.4274 [0.4265; 0.4283]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.4855 [0.4842; 0.4868]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.0533 [3.0455; 3.0612]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.1896 [0.1894; 0.1897]        0.9        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0429 [0.0428; 0.0430]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            1.8776 [1.8765; 1.8787]        1.2        1.6    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0559 [0.0555; 0.0562]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.4446 [2.4424; 2.4469]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1482 [0.1481; 0.1483]        1.1        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0621 [0.0619; 0.0622]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0455 [0.0455; 0.0456]        0.2        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0169 [0.0169; 0.0170]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               2.7607 [2.7590; 2.7623]        1.1        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2731 [1.2712; 1.2750]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3145]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.1415 [0.1414; 0.1416]        0.8        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4245 [0.4241; 0.4249]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0287 [0.0285; 0.0289]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.0042 [2.0022; 2.0062]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.8618 [1.8587; 1.8649]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6952 [0.6948; 0.6956]        1.4        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  3.5436 [3.5427; 3.5445]        6.5        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2395 [3.2376; 3.2413]        1.2        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.1983 [2.1966; 2.2000]        0.7        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1031 [0.1030; 0.1033]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1955 [0.1950; 0.1959]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.5242 [0.5240; 0.5245]        1.5        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6845 [0.6836; 0.6854]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.9403 [2.9396; 2.9409]        7.3        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.1866 [2.1863; 2.1868]       26.6        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.3948 [0.3937; 0.3959]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.3710 [0.3706; 0.3713]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.4264 [1.4263; 1.4265] 10868.38        0
## Random effects model 0.3605 [0.2762; 0.4705]    -7.51 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1812 [1.1393; 3.0693]; tau = 1.0868 [1.0674; 1.7519]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3958.38
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  987134380.25   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 2.2143 [2.2142; 2.2145] 141815376.74 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.2544 [0.2543; 0.2544]  43490994.08 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1837 [0.1837; 0.1838]   4956344.21 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 796871665.22    2       0
## Within groups  190262715.03   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 0.9960 [0.8568; 1.1578] 0.2183 0.4673
## income = UMIC  21 0.0834 [0.0579; 0.1202] 0.7308 0.8549
## income = LMIC   6 0.1148 [0.0845; 0.1560] 0.1468 0.3832
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   260.99    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.6692 [0.6688; 0.6696]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.1969 [1.1962; 1.1977]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.9266 [1.9250; 1.9281]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0061 [0.0060; 0.0062]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.2474 [2.2459; 2.2489]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0084 [0.0082; 0.0085]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1127 [0.1126; 0.1128]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0647 [0.0644; 0.0650]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 3.1446 [3.1436; 3.1456]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.3808 [0.3804; 0.3813]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0017 [0.0017; 0.0017]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0711 [0.0710; 0.0712]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.3248 [0.3239; 0.3257]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.1044 [1.1034; 1.1055]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3125 [0.3120; 0.3129]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.3476 [0.3474; 0.3478]        1.0        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2598 [0.2584; 0.2613]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.0579 [5.0548; 5.0610]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.4227 [3.4219; 3.4234]        7.5        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                2.6294 [2.6288; 2.6300]        7.3        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.1222 [2.1208; 2.1237]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.9178 [0.9168; 0.9188]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.2189 [0.2188; 0.2189]        9.5        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                4.8273 [4.8240; 4.8306]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  1.6178 [1.6172; 1.6183]        3.3        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  1.6550 [1.6546; 1.6554]        7.3        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1713 [0.1709; 0.1718]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.3129 [0.3119; 0.3139]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0739 [0.0733; 0.0745]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.4941 [0.4931; 0.4951]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.5840 [0.5826; 0.5855]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3108 [3.3027; 3.3189]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.1834 [0.1833; 0.1835]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0481 [0.0479; 0.0482]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.1870 [2.1858; 2.1881]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0606 [0.0602; 0.0610]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.6430 [2.6406; 2.6454]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1655 [0.1654; 0.1656]        1.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0764 [0.0762; 0.0766]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0513 [0.0512; 0.0513]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0124 [0.0124; 0.0125]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.1609 [3.1591; 3.1627]        1.1        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2744 [1.2724; 1.2763]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2308 [0.2305; 0.2312]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.2983 [0.2982; 0.2985]        1.5        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.6099 [0.6094; 0.6103]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0514 [0.0512; 0.0517]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.1634 [2.1614; 2.1655]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.0907 [2.0875; 2.0940]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.0076 [1.0072; 1.0081]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  3.9095 [3.9085; 3.9104]        6.3        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2022 [3.2003; 3.2040]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.4428 [2.4410; 2.4445]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0082 [0.0082; 0.0083]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1173 [0.1172; 0.1175]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.2953 [0.2948; 0.2959]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.7695 [0.7692; 0.7699]        2.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.2766 [0.2760; 0.2772]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.4816 [3.4808; 3.4823]        7.7        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.0969 [2.0967; 2.0972]       22.6        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.6758 [0.6743; 0.6772]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.4633 [0.4629; 0.4637]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.5211 [1.5210; 1.5212] 13684.51        0
## Random effects model 0.4013 [0.3103; 0.5191]    -6.95 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1201 [1.1273; 3.0014]; tau = 1.0583 [1.0617; 1.7325]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4114.94
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1083692664.03   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 2.3945 [2.3944; 2.3947] 139373093.33 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.3334 [0.3333; 0.3334]  71090434.70 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.2167 [0.2167; 0.2167]   8499546.53 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 864729589.47    2       0
## Within groups  218963074.56   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.9818 [0.8552; 1.1272] 0.1886 0.4343
## income = UMIC  21 0.1064 [0.0709; 0.1598] 0.9027 0.9501
## income = LMIC   6 0.1447 [0.1020; 0.2052] 0.1911 0.4372
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   181.16    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.8307 [0.8302; 0.8311]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              3.1224 [3.1212; 3.1236]        2.1        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.1375 [2.1358; 2.1391]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0123 [0.0122; 0.0124]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.0611 [2.0597; 2.0625]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0126 [0.0124; 0.0128]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1486 [0.1485; 0.1487]        0.9        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0809 [0.0806; 0.0813]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 3.7305 [3.7294; 3.7315]        3.9        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.4682 [0.4676; 0.4687]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0024 [0.0024; 0.0024]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0892 [0.0891; 0.0893]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.3720 [0.3710; 0.3730]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.3551 [1.3539; 1.3562]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3316 [0.3311; 0.3320]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.4690 [0.4688; 0.4693]        1.2        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.3397 [0.3381; 0.3414]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.3754 [5.3721; 5.3786]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.6856 [3.6849; 3.6864]        6.9        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                2.8213 [2.8207; 2.8219]        6.7        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.3245 [2.3230; 2.3260]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.0685 [1.0674; 1.0696]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.2404 [0.2404; 0.2405]        9.0        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                6.0138 [6.0100; 6.0175]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  1.7605 [1.7600; 1.7611]        3.1        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  2.1922 [2.1917; 2.1926]        8.3        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.3112 [0.3106; 0.3118]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0286 [0.0284; 0.0287]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.6898 [0.6884; 0.6913]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0938 [0.0931; 0.0945]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.5122 [0.5112; 0.5131]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.7074 [0.7058; 0.7089]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3751 [3.3670; 3.3832]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.1822 [0.1821; 0.1823]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0512 [0.0510; 0.0513]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.4227 [2.4214; 2.4239]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0756 [0.0752; 0.0760]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.7219 [2.7196; 2.7243]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1842 [0.1841; 0.1843]        1.0        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0920 [0.0918; 0.0922]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0583 [0.0583; 0.0584]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0159 [0.0159; 0.0160]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.1361 [3.1343; 3.1379]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2648 [1.2629; 1.2668]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1968 [0.1965; 0.1972]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.6995 [0.6993; 0.6997]        3.0        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.9389 [0.9383; 0.9395]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.1583 [0.1578; 0.1587]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.2623 [2.2602; 2.2644]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.2580 [2.2546; 2.2614]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.1367 [1.1362; 1.1372]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.2439 [4.2429; 4.2448]        5.8        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2839 [3.2820; 3.2858]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.6708 [2.6689; 2.6726]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0939 [0.0937; 0.0941]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1231 [0.1230; 0.1233]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.3557 [0.3552; 0.3563]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.0282 [1.0279; 1.0286]        2.3        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.4835 [0.4828; 0.4843]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.2010 [4.2002; 4.2019]        8.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.2311 [2.2308; 2.2313]       20.7        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.7672 [0.7657; 0.7688]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.6107 [0.6102; 0.6111]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.7083 [1.7082; 1.7084] 18889.06        0
## Random effects model 0.5137 [0.3997; 0.6602]    -5.20 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0655 [1.0709; 2.8146]; tau = 1.0323 [1.0349; 1.6777]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4358.34
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1215688307.80   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 2.6903 [2.6902; 2.6905] 155938952.31 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.4937 [0.4936; 0.4938] 103646460.06 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.2459 [0.2459; 0.2460]  13552796.86 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 942550098.57    2       0
## Within groups  273138209.23   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.2461 [1.0878; 1.4274] 0.1826 0.4273
## income = UMIC  21 0.1424 [0.0937; 0.2163] 0.9552 0.9773
## income = LMIC   6 0.1675 [0.1123; 0.2497] 0.2491 0.4991
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   164.21    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.8746 [0.8741; 0.8750]        0.9        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.9517 [0.9512; 0.9522]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              5.4618 [5.4602; 5.4633]        3.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.3277 [2.3261; 2.3294]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0146 [0.0145; 0.0147]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.0963 [2.0949; 2.0978]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0180 [0.0177; 0.0182]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1909 [0.1908; 0.1910]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1039 [0.1035; 0.1043]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 4.2330 [4.2318; 4.2341]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.5657 [0.5651; 0.5663]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0026 [0.0026; 0.0026]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1081 [0.1080; 0.1083]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.4368 [0.4358; 0.4379]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.5417 [1.5405; 1.5430]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3778 [0.3774; 0.3783]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.6020 [0.6018; 0.6023]        1.4        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.4430 [0.4412; 0.4449]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                4.9036 [4.9005; 4.9067]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.0148 [4.0140; 4.0156]        6.6        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.0256 [3.0250; 3.0263]        6.3        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.3194 [2.3179; 2.3209]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.1791 [1.1780; 1.1803]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.2673 [0.2672; 0.2673]        8.8        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                6.5956 [6.5917; 6.5995]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  1.9060 [1.9054; 1.9065]        2.9        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  2.7970 [2.7965; 2.7974]        9.1        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.4901 [0.4893; 0.4909]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0399 [0.0398; 0.0401]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.5753 [0.5740; 0.5766]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.1005 [0.0998; 0.1013]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.5807 [0.5797; 0.5817]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.8691 [0.8674; 0.8709]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.5380 [3.5298; 3.5462]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2060 [0.2059; 0.2062]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0550]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.6728 [2.6715; 2.6741]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0869 [0.0864; 0.0873]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.8620 [2.8596; 2.8645]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2062 [0.2061; 0.2063]        1.0        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0678 [0.0678; 0.0679]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0388 [0.0387; 0.0389]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.6144 [3.6125; 3.6163]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2472 [1.2452; 1.2491]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1747 [0.1744; 0.1750]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.9011 [0.9009; 0.9014]        3.3        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.2680 [1.2673; 1.2687]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.3061 [0.3055; 0.3067]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.3157 [2.3136; 2.3179]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.6181 [2.6145; 2.6218]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.2171 [1.2166; 1.2176]        1.6        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.4807 [4.4797; 4.4817]        5.3        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2563 [3.2544; 3.2582]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.9188 [2.9169; 2.9207]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1689 [0.1687; 0.1692]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1475 [0.1474; 0.1477]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.3975 [0.3969; 0.3982]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.5192 [1.5187; 1.5196]        3.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7207 [0.7198; 0.7216]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.0509 [5.0500; 5.0518]        8.4        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.3340 [2.3338; 2.3343]       19.0        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.9316 [0.9299; 0.9333]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.7561 [0.7556; 0.7566]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  1.9313 [1.9312; 1.9314] 24919.17       0
## Random effects model 0.6103 [0.4755; 0.7832]    -3.88  0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0531 [1.0412; 2.7206]; tau = 1.0262 [1.0204; 1.6494]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4665.04
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1392808286.69   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 3.0394 [3.0392; 3.0395] 200279695.07 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.6743 [0.6742; 0.6744] 143118663.44 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.2813 [0.2812; 0.2813]  20324059.78 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1029085868.40    2       0
## Within groups   363722418.29   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.4454 [1.2512; 1.6697] 0.2058 0.4537
## income = UMIC  21 0.1786 [0.1160; 0.2749] 1.0172 1.0085
## income = LMIC   6 0.1913 [0.1226; 0.2986] 0.3096 0.5564
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   139.33    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                1.0163 [1.0158; 1.0168]        0.9        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              1.1057 [1.1052; 1.1062]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              6.8676 [6.8659; 6.8693]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.4571 [2.4554; 2.4588]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0133 [0.0132; 0.0134]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.3686 [2.3671; 2.3700]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0204 [0.0202; 0.0207]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.2552 [0.2551; 0.2553]        1.2        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1449 [0.1444; 0.1453]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 4.8298 [4.8286; 4.8310]        4.0        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.6778 [0.6772; 0.6785]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0034 [0.0034; 0.0034]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1500 [0.1498; 0.1502]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.5667 [0.5655; 0.5679]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.0048 [2.0034; 2.0062]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.4372 [0.4367; 0.4377]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.8155 [0.8152; 0.8158]        1.7        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.6044 [0.6022; 0.6066]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                4.7511 [4.7480; 4.7541]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.2238 [4.2230; 4.2247]        6.3        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.2835 [3.2828; 3.2841]        6.2        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.3751 [2.3736; 2.3766]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.1061 [1.1050; 1.1072]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.3002 [0.3002; 0.3003]        9.1        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                8.2475 [8.2432; 8.2519]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  1.9980 [1.9974; 1.9986]        2.8        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  3.0553 [3.0548; 3.0558]        9.0        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.5068 [0.5060; 0.5075]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0641 [0.0639; 0.0643]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.6329 [0.6316; 0.6342]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0874 [0.0867; 0.0881]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.6932 [0.6922; 0.6943]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.9057 [0.9039; 0.9075]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.4906 [3.4825; 3.4986]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2250 [0.2249; 0.2252]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0612 [0.0611; 0.0613]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.8345 [2.8332; 2.8359]        1.1        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1006]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.0177 [3.0153; 3.0202]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2419 [0.2418; 0.2420]        1.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1435 [0.1433; 0.1437]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0782]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0669 [0.0667; 0.0670]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.7551 [3.7532; 3.7571]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.1861 [1.1842; 1.1881]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1684 [0.1681; 0.1687]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.7960 [0.7958; 0.7963]        2.7        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.0275 [1.0269; 1.0281]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.6683 [0.6674; 0.6692]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.5507 [2.5485; 2.5529]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.9286 [2.9248; 2.9325]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.3430 [1.3425; 1.3435]        1.6        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.4954 [4.4944; 4.4964]        4.8        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2796 [3.2777; 3.2815]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.2163 [3.2143; 3.2183]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2086 [0.2083; 0.2089]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1601 [0.1599; 0.1602]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.4702 [0.4696; 0.4709]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.0758 [2.0753; 2.0764]        3.8        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.9940 [0.9929; 0.9951]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.8870 [5.8860; 5.8879]        8.9        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.4324 [2.4321; 2.4326]       18.0        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.1259 [1.1241; 1.1278]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.7361 [0.7356; 0.7366]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.0947 [2.0946; 2.0948] 29431.77       0
## Random effects model 0.6982 [0.5421; 0.8993]    -2.78  0.0054
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0833 [1.0286; 2.6697]; tau = 1.0408 [1.0142; 1.6339]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4981.73
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1588329792.44   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 3.3265 [3.3264; 3.3267] 258015807.24 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.7788 [0.7787; 0.7789] 188783525.44 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.3318 [0.3317; 0.3318]  34002240.13 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1107528219.63    2       0
## Within groups   480801572.82   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.6000 [1.3678; 1.8716] 0.2432 0.4932
## income = UMIC  21 0.2150 [0.1357; 0.3406] 1.1575 1.0759
## income = LMIC   6 0.2260 [0.1353; 0.3774] 0.4111 0.6412
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   106.67    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                1.3989 [1.3983; 1.3995]        1.2        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              1.1449 [1.1443; 1.1454]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              8.0026 [8.0007; 8.0044]        4.1        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.4469 [3.4449; 3.4489]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0210 [0.0209; 0.0212]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                3.6912 [3.6894; 3.6931]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0389 [0.0386; 0.0393]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.3278 [0.3277; 0.3280]        1.4        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.4235 [0.4227; 0.4243]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 5.4479 [5.4466; 5.4491]        4.2        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.7712 [0.7705; 0.7719]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0048 [0.0048; 0.0048]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1520 [0.1518; 0.1521]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.9388 [0.9372; 0.9403]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.9635 [2.9618; 2.9652]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.4496 [0.4491; 0.4501]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  1.1842 [1.1839; 1.1846]        2.4        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.8538 [0.8512; 0.8564]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                4.9233 [4.9203; 4.9264]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.3282 [4.3274; 4.3290]        5.9        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.5834 [3.5827; 3.5840]        6.2        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.9066 [2.9049; 2.9083]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.1861 [1.1849; 1.1872]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.3294 [0.3293; 0.3294]        9.2        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                8.8947 [8.8902; 8.8992]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.0556 [2.0550; 2.0562]        2.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  3.3683 [3.3678; 3.3688]        9.1        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.8144 [0.8134; 0.8153]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0473 [0.0471; 0.0474]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.8609 [0.8594; 0.8624]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.1269 [0.1260; 0.1277]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.8859 [0.8847; 0.8870]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              1.2196 [1.2174; 1.2217]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.6592 [3.6511; 3.6674]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2381 [0.2379; 0.2382]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0617 [0.0615; 0.0618]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            3.0032 [3.0018; 3.0045]        1.1        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1140 [0.1135; 0.1145]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.1358 [3.1333; 3.1384]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2771 [0.2770; 0.2773]        1.2        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1565 [0.1563; 0.1567]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0931 [0.0930; 0.0932]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.3348 [0.3345; 0.3352]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.5745 [3.5725; 3.5764]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.1569 [1.1550; 1.1589]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1887 [0.1883; 0.1890]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.1847 [0.1846; 0.1849]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.8962 [0.8957; 0.8968]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 1.0159 [1.0148; 1.0170]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.5712 [3.5686; 3.5739]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               3.3094 [3.3053; 3.3135]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.5523 [1.5517; 1.5529]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.7605 [4.7595; 4.7615]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2710 [3.2692; 3.2729]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.4599 [3.4578; 3.4619]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2559 [0.2555; 0.2562]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1710 [0.1709; 0.1712]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.5303 [0.5296; 0.5310]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.5282 [2.5276; 2.5288]        4.3        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7037 [0.7028; 0.7046]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         6.7927 [6.7917; 6.7938]        9.5        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.4771 [2.4768; 2.4773]       16.9        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.1942 [1.1923; 1.1961]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.5555 [0.5550; 0.5559]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.3081 [2.3080; 2.3082] 34751.09       0
## Random effects model 0.8178 [0.6314; 1.0592]    -1.52  0.1275
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1323 [1.0552; 2.7138]; tau = 1.0641 [1.0272; 1.6473]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5322.52
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1813068895.36   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 3.6291 [3.6289; 3.6293] 325732543.59 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.8608 [0.8606; 0.8609] 264786642.47 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.3997 [0.3996; 0.3997]  67346173.20 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1155203536.11    2       0
## Within groups   657865359.25   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.8988 [1.6051; 2.2464] 0.2794 0.5286
## income = UMIC  21 0.2463 [0.1415; 0.4289] 1.6804 1.2963
## income = LMIC   6 0.2628 [0.1390; 0.4968] 0.6334 0.7958
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   76.78    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                2.9210 [2.9202; 2.9219]        2.3        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              1.2095 [1.2090; 1.2101]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              8.6417 [8.6397; 8.6436]        4.0        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.6534 [3.6513; 3.6555]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0391 [0.0389; 0.0393]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                4.3393 [4.3373; 4.3413]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0747 [0.0742; 0.0752]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.4008 [0.4007; 0.4010]        1.6        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.6955 [0.6945; 0.6965]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 6.0241 [6.0228; 6.0254]        4.2        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.8596 [0.8589; 0.8603]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0065 [0.0065; 0.0066]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1610 [0.1608; 0.1612]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                1.1064 [1.1047; 1.1081]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         3.5544 [3.5525; 3.5563]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.4751 [0.4746; 0.4757]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  1.9074 [1.9069; 1.9078]        3.5        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                1.1673 [1.1643; 1.1704]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.0831 [5.0800; 5.0862]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.4210 [4.4201; 4.4218]        5.4        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.7208 [3.7201; 3.7215]        5.8        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 3.2721 [3.2703; 3.2740]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.2721 [1.2710; 1.2733]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.3586 [0.3586; 0.3587]        9.1        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                8.9694 [8.9649; 8.9739]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.2635 [2.2629; 2.2641]        2.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  3.7304 [3.7298; 3.7310]        9.0        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 1.0108 [1.0097; 1.0118]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0662 [0.0660; 0.0664]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 1.7104 [1.7083; 1.7125]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.1982 [0.1971; 0.1992]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.9871 [0.9858; 0.9883]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              1.1829 [1.1808; 1.1850]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.8108 [3.8026; 3.8190]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2819 [0.2817; 0.2820]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.1094 [0.1092; 0.1095]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            3.0973 [3.0959; 3.0987]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1255 [0.1250; 0.1260]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.3743 [3.3717; 3.3769]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.3093 [0.3092; 0.3094]        1.2        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1504 [0.1501; 0.1506]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1065]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.7340 [0.7336; 0.7345]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.5756 [3.5737; 3.5776]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.1721 [1.1701; 1.1741]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2316 [0.2312; 0.2319]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.2277 [0.2276; 0.2278]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.3068 [1.3061; 1.3074]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 1.3730 [1.3717; 1.3743]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.1730 [3.1705; 3.1755]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               3.4915 [3.4873; 3.4957]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.8268 [1.8262; 1.8274]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.9381 [4.9371; 4.9392]        4.4        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2632 [3.2613; 3.2650]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.5588 [3.5567; 3.5609]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.3043 [0.3040; 0.3047]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1857 [0.1856; 0.1859]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.7481 [0.7473; 0.7489]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                3.2735 [3.2728; 3.2741]        5.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6187 [0.6179; 0.6196]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.4479 [7.4468; 7.4490]        9.4        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.4957 [2.4955; 2.4960]       15.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.3737 [1.3716; 1.3757]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.3986 [0.3983; 0.3990]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.4919 [2.4918; 2.4920] 40118.40       0
## Random effects model 0.9697 [0.7523; 1.2500]    -0.24  0.8124
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0907 [1.0071; 2.5640]; tau = 1.0444 [1.0035; 1.6012]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5540.91
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1964908255.31   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 3.8480 [3.8478; 3.8482] 360072457.49 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.2325 [1.2323; 1.2326] 388573789.48 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.5246 [0.5245; 0.5246] 158174738.36 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1058087269.98    2       0
## Within groups   906820985.33   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.1440 [1.8085; 2.5418] 0.2865 0.5353
## income = UMIC  21 0.3087 [0.1713; 0.5564] 1.8971 1.3773
## income = LMIC   6 0.3501 [0.1514; 0.8094] 1.0972 1.0475
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   52.94    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                2.8536 [2.8528; 2.8544]        2.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              1.2643 [1.2638; 1.2649]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              8.7381 [8.7362; 8.7400]        3.7        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.9874 [3.9852; 3.9895]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0664 [0.0661; 0.0666]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                4.7493 [4.7472; 4.7514]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1682 [0.1675; 0.1690]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.5116 [0.5115; 0.5118]        1.8        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.9454 [0.9442; 0.9466]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 6.0709 [6.0696; 6.0722]        3.9        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.9066 [0.9059; 0.9073]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0108 [0.0108; 0.0108]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1810 [0.1808; 0.1812]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                1.2599 [1.2581; 1.2616]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         3.9558 [3.9538; 3.9577]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.4963 [0.4958; 0.4969]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  3.7897 [3.7891; 3.7904]        6.4        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                1.7170 [1.7133; 1.7207]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.1854 [5.1823; 5.1886]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.6663 [4.6654; 4.6671]        5.2        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.9886 [3.9879; 3.9893]        5.7        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 3.6452 [3.6433; 3.6471]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.3400 [1.3388; 1.3412]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.4017 [0.4017; 0.4018]        9.3        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                7.2996 [7.2956; 7.3036]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.3084 [2.3077; 2.3090]        2.4        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  3.9854 [3.9848; 3.9859]        8.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.3184 [0.3178; 0.3190]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0783 [0.0781; 0.0785]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 2.3085 [2.3061; 2.3110]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.2861 [0.2849; 0.2874]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                1.0700 [1.0688; 1.0713]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              1.4162 [1.4139; 1.4185]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.7805 [3.7724; 3.7886]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.3123 [0.3121; 0.3124]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.1609 [0.1607; 0.1611]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            3.2409 [3.2395; 3.2423]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.0352 [1.0336; 1.0367]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.4372 [3.4346; 3.4398]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.3665 [0.3664; 0.3667]        1.3        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1859 [0.1856; 0.1861]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.1276 [0.1275; 0.1277]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 1.1714 [1.1709; 1.1720]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.6716 [3.6697; 3.6735]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.1985 [1.1965; 1.2006]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2448 [0.2444; 0.2451]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.2948 [0.2947; 0.2950]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3547 [0.3544; 0.3550]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 1.8492 [1.8478; 1.8507]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.4508 [3.4482; 3.4534]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               3.6286 [3.6243; 3.6329]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            2.1687 [2.1681; 2.1694]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  5.1063 [5.1052; 5.1073]        4.1        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2313 [3.2294; 3.2331]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.7111 [3.7090; 3.7132]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.3825 [0.3821; 0.3829]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.2323 [0.2321; 0.2325]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                1.9419 [1.9406; 1.9433]        0.4        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                3.5808 [3.5801; 3.5815]        5.1        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6074 [0.6066; 0.6082]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.7862 [7.7851; 7.7873]        9.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.5196 [2.5193; 2.5199]       14.2        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.2352 [1.2333; 1.2372]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.3925 [0.3921; 0.3928]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.6286 [2.6285; 2.6287] 44545.79       0
## Random effects model 1.1191 [0.8710; 1.4379]     0.88  0.3788
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0630 [0.9666; 2.4512]; tau = 1.0310 [0.9831; 1.5656]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5745.66
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2112804127.48   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 4.0016 [4.0014; 4.0018] 368123512.47 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.2615 [1.2614; 1.2617] 440708561.40 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.9076 [0.9076; 0.9077] 463712996.34 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups  840259057.27    2       0
## Within groups  1272545070.21   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.3694 [2.0020; 2.8042] 0.2808 0.5299
## income = UMIC  21 0.3565 [0.1974; 0.6438] 1.9093 1.3818
## income = LMIC   6 0.5303 [0.1672; 1.6818] 2.0805 1.4424
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   41.68    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.2110 [0.2108; 0.2113]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.2865 [1.2857; 1.2873]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.1978 [2.1961; 2.1995]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0056 [0.0055; 0.0057]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                1.3012 [1.3001; 1.3024]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1053 [0.1049; 0.1057]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 4.1266 [4.1254; 4.1277]        3.6        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2113 [0.2110; 0.2117]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0876 [0.0874; 0.0877]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.3160 [0.3151; 0.3168]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.1416 [1.1405; 1.1427]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.1948 [0.1944; 0.1951]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1066]        0.2        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2020 [0.2007; 0.2032]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                4.3558 [4.3528; 4.3587]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.5466 [3.5458; 3.5473]        5.8        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                2.7848 [2.7842; 2.7854]        6.0        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 2.2484 [2.2470; 2.2499]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.7213 [0.7204; 0.7221]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.1154 [0.1154; 0.1154]        3.7        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                2.8727 [2.8700; 2.8753]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  1.4918 [1.4913; 1.4923]        2.3        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1265 [0.1261; 0.1270]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1175 [0.1168; 0.1182]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.4164 [0.4150; 0.4178]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.4021 [0.4012; 0.4031]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.3469 [0.3459; 0.3480]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.2514 [3.2430; 3.2598]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2788 [0.2786; 0.2789]        0.8        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0236 [0.0235; 0.0237]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.9869 [0.9853; 0.9885]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.4299 [3.4272; 3.4327]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0973 [0.0972; 0.0974]        0.4        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0497 [0.0495; 0.0498]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1513 [0.1511; 0.1515]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.1225 [3.1207; 3.1243]        0.9        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            5.0091 [5.0053; 5.0129]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.3109 [0.3105; 0.3113]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0289 [0.0289; 0.0290]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3616 [0.3612; 0.3620]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.4112 [1.4096; 1.4129]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.5309 [1.5280; 1.5337]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.9479 [0.9475; 0.9484]        1.2        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  3.8350 [3.8340; 3.8359]        4.7        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.3977 [3.3958; 3.3997]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            1.9623 [1.9607; 1.9640]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1223 [0.1220; 0.1227]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.3869 [1.3864; 1.3873]        2.6        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3101 [0.3094; 0.3108]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.0456 [3.0449; 3.0463]        5.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          6.6631 [6.6626; 6.6636]       53.4        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.2539 [0.2530; 0.2548]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.6793 [0.6788; 0.6798]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.4362 [3.4360; 3.4364] 45911.48        0
## Random effects model 0.4167 [0.2989; 0.5810]    -5.16 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7246 [1.4813; 4.5594]; tau = 1.3132 [1.2171; 2.1353]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5315.64
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1667108391.00   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 4.5536 [4.5533; 4.5538] 456103261.99 100.0%
## income = UMIC  17 0.5143 [0.5141; 0.5144] 111270810.72 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1099 [0.1098; 0.1099]   1798505.85 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1097935812.45    2       0
## Within groups   569172578.55   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 1.0789 [0.8447; 1.3781] 0.5769 0.7596
## income = UMIC  17 0.0961 [0.0478; 0.1932] 2.1566 1.4685
## income = LMIC   6 0.0753 [0.0594; 0.0955] 0.0882 0.2970
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   242.03    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.2916 [0.2913; 0.2918]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.4792 [1.4784; 1.4801]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.5392 [2.5375; 2.5410]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0141 [0.0139; 0.0142]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                1.5782 [1.5770; 1.5795]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0739 [0.0739; 0.0740]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.2261 [0.2255; 0.2267]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 4.7887 [4.7875; 4.7899]        3.7        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2263 [0.2259; 0.2266]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0840 [0.0839; 0.0841]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.3611 [0.3602; 0.3621]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.4811 [1.4799; 1.4823]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.2420 [0.2416; 0.2424]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1499 [0.1497; 0.1500]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2543 [0.2529; 0.2557]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                4.9666 [4.9635; 4.9698]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.8551 [3.8543; 3.8559]        5.5        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                3.2166 [3.2159; 3.2172]        5.9        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 2.6236 [2.6221; 2.6252]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.8353 [0.8344; 0.8363]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.1569 [0.1569; 0.1569]        4.4        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                3.5075 [3.5046; 3.5103]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  1.6554 [1.6548; 1.6559]        2.2        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1551 [0.1546; 0.1556]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1514 [0.1507; 0.1522]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.5005 [0.4989; 0.5021]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.5855 [0.5844; 0.5867]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.4040 [0.4028; 0.4051]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3859 [3.3774; 3.3943]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2783 [0.2782; 0.2785]        0.7        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0386 [0.0385; 0.0387]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.1928 [1.1911; 1.1945]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.6102 [3.6074; 3.6130]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1376 [0.1375; 0.1377]        0.6        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0549]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1745 [0.1743; 0.1747]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.3821 [3.3803; 3.3840]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            5.9562 [5.9520; 5.9603]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.5838 [0.5832; 0.5843]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0451]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4092 [0.4088; 0.4096]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.8496 [1.8477; 1.8515]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.7773 [1.7743; 1.7803]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.1294 [1.1289; 1.1299]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.4325 [4.4315; 4.4335]        4.7        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.9503 [3.9482; 3.9524]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.1416 [2.1399; 2.1433]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.2006 [0.2002; 0.2011]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.7331 [1.7326; 1.7337]        2.8        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.4496 [0.4488; 0.4503]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.8182 [3.8174; 3.8190]        5.5        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          7.4008 [7.4003; 7.4013]       51.6        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.4441 [0.4430; 0.4453]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.7331 [0.7326; 0.7337]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  3.7177 [3.7175; 3.7178] 52578.79       0
## Random effects model 0.5392 [0.3863; 0.7527]    -3.63  0.0003
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7372 [1.4181; 4.2743]; tau = 1.3180 [1.1909; 2.0674]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5815.15
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1995142807.78   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 5.0846 [5.0843; 5.0849] 508514702.66 100.0%
## income = UMIC  17 0.6094 [0.6092; 0.6095] 149931492.76 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1502 [0.1502; 0.1503]   2678386.85 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1334018225.51    2       0
## Within groups   661124582.27   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 1.2793 [1.0063; 1.6263] 0.5548 0.7448
## income = UMIC  17 0.1450 [0.0717; 0.2934] 2.1967 1.4821
## income = LMIC   6 0.1081 [0.0847; 0.1379] 0.0928 0.3046
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   207.25    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.4124 [0.4120; 0.4127]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.6897 [1.6888; 1.6906]        0.7        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.0211 [3.0192; 3.0231]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0180 [0.0178; 0.0181]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.2085 [2.2071; 2.2100]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1212 [0.1211; 0.1213]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.3263 [0.3256; 0.3270]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 5.3477 [5.3464; 5.3490]        3.5        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2580 [0.2576; 0.2584]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0760 [0.0759; 0.0762]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.4543 [0.4532; 0.4553]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.8185 [1.8172; 1.8199]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.2917 [0.2912; 0.2921]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.2397 [0.2396; 0.2399]        0.4        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.4373 [0.4355; 0.4392]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                5.4352 [5.4319; 5.4384]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.1757 [4.1748; 4.1765]        5.1        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                3.5994 [3.5987; 3.6001]        5.7        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 2.8252 [2.8236; 2.8269]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.0156 [1.0146; 1.0167]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.1918 [0.1918; 0.1919]        4.6        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                3.9361 [3.9331; 3.9391]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  1.8485 [1.8479; 1.8491]        2.1        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.3150 [0.3149; 0.3152]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1833 [0.1828; 0.1838]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1562 [0.1555; 0.1569]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.5646 [0.5630; 0.5663]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.6460 [0.6448; 0.6471]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.5072 [0.5059; 0.5085]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.6404 [3.6317; 3.6491]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2904 [0.2902; 0.2906]        0.6        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0432 [0.0431; 0.0433]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.4364 [1.4345; 1.4383]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.9539 [3.9510; 3.9568]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1573 [0.1572; 0.1574]        0.5        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0700 [0.0698; 0.0702]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0686 [0.0685; 0.0687]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2009 [0.2007; 0.2012]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.8120 [3.8101; 3.8140]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            6.7601 [6.7556; 6.7645]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.5874 [0.5868; 0.5879]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0884 [0.0883; 0.0885]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4869 [0.4865; 0.4873]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.3771 [2.3750; 2.3793]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.0489 [2.0457; 2.0522]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.2561 [1.2556; 1.2566]        1.2        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.8978 [4.8967; 4.8988]        4.5        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 4.3114 [4.3092; 4.3136]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.4739 [2.4721; 2.4758]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## THAILAND               0.2391 [0.2389; 0.2393]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.2414 [0.2409; 0.2418]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.1626 [2.1620; 2.1632]        3.0        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7453 [0.7443; 0.7462]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.7452 [4.7443; 4.7461]        5.9        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          8.5063 [8.5057; 8.5068]       51.1        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.5483 [0.5470; 0.5496]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.7677 [0.7672; 0.7682]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 61
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.1189 [4.1187; 4.1191] 61374.22       0
## Random effects model 0.6453 [0.4606; 0.9041]    -2.55  0.0109
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.8051 [1.3849; 4.0849]; tau = 1.3435 [1.1768; 2.0211]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6391.62
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2451167882.77   60       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 5.7706 [5.7703; 5.7709] 618378082.54 100.0%
## income = UMIC  18 0.6759 [0.6757; 0.6760] 204644719.24 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1859 [0.1859; 0.1859]   4332217.37 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1623812863.63    2       0
## Within groups   827355019.15   58       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 1.5329 [1.1986; 1.9604] 0.5827 0.7634
## income = UMIC  18 0.1852 [0.0932; 0.3680] 2.2093 1.4864
## income = LMIC   6 0.1315 [0.1000; 0.1730] 0.1172 0.3424
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   178.76    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.6236 [0.6232; 0.6240]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.9091 [1.9081; 1.9100]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.4460 [3.4440; 3.4481]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0188 [0.0187; 0.0190]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.6343 [2.6327; 2.6359]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0490 [0.0486; 0.0494]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1618 [0.1617; 0.1619]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.4892 [0.4884; 0.4901]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 5.8395 [5.8381; 5.8408]        3.5        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3146]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0053 [0.0053; 0.0053]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0820 [0.0819; 0.0821]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.4773 [0.4762; 0.4783]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.2432 [2.2417; 2.2447]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3322 [0.3317; 0.3327]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.3250 [0.3248; 0.3252]        0.5        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.5211 [0.5191; 0.5231]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.7890 [5.7856; 5.7923]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.3160 [4.3151; 4.3168]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.8865 [3.8858; 3.8872]        5.4        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 3.0761 [3.0744; 3.0778]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.2037 [1.2026; 1.2048]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.2357 [0.2356; 0.2357]        5.1        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                4.6899 [4.6866; 4.6932]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.0384 [2.0378; 2.0390]        2.1        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  1.0988 [1.0985; 1.0991]        2.4        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.2052 [0.2047; 0.2057]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.2263 [0.2254; 0.2271]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.6788 [0.6770; 0.6807]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.7612 [0.7600; 0.7625]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.7232 [0.7217; 0.7248]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.7951 [3.7863; 3.8039]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2666 [0.2664; 0.2668]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0533 [0.0531; 0.0534]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.5304 [2.5291; 2.5317]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.6623 [1.6603; 1.6643]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 4.4844 [4.4813; 4.4874]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1948 [0.1947; 0.1949]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0813 [0.0811; 0.0815]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0735 [0.0734; 0.0736]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2380 [0.2377; 0.2383]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.8753 [3.8734; 3.8773]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            8.4500 [8.4450; 8.4550]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.7133 [0.7126; 0.7139]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.1598 [0.1597; 0.1599]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.5929 [0.5924; 0.5933]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0947 [0.0944; 0.0950]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.9752 [2.9728; 2.9776]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.2320 [2.2286; 2.2354]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.3683 [1.3677; 1.3688]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  5.4072 [5.4061; 5.4083]        4.4        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 4.6491 [4.6469; 4.6514]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.7352 [2.7333; 2.7371]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.3580 [0.3578; 0.3583]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.2845 [0.2840; 0.2851]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.7223 [2.7216; 2.7229]        3.5        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.8151 [0.8141; 0.8160]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.6548 [5.6539; 5.6558]        6.3        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          8.7504 [8.7498; 8.7509]       47.2        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.6987 [0.6973; 0.7002]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.8805 [0.8799; 0.8810]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.1030 [4.1028; 4.1031] 64828.80       0
## Random effects model 0.7013 [0.5117; 0.9613]    -2.21  0.0274
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.6824 [1.3038; 3.6877]; tau = 1.2971 [1.1418; 1.9203]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6486.87
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2693089052.56   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 5.8503 [5.8501; 5.8506] 652120118.32 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.8204 [0.8203; 0.8205] 275928723.50 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.2305 [0.2305; 0.2306]   6377539.55 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1758662671.18    2       0
## Within groups   934426381.37   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.8301 [1.4525; 2.3058] 0.5281 0.7267
## income = UMIC  21 0.1887 [0.0988; 0.3603] 2.2881 1.5127
## income = LMIC   6 0.1597 [0.1190; 0.2144] 0.1352 0.3677
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   178.54    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.8075 [0.8071; 0.8080]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              2.1429 [2.1419; 2.1439]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.8892 [3.8870; 3.8914]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0209 [0.0208; 0.0211]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.8197 [2.8180; 2.8213]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1042 [0.1036; 0.1047]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.2003 [0.2002; 0.2004]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.3512 [0.3505; 0.3520]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 6.4490 [6.4476; 6.4504]        3.6        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.4029 [0.4024; 0.4033]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0100 [0.0100; 0.0101]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0904 [0.0902; 0.0905]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.5290 [0.5279; 0.5302]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.4462 [2.4447; 2.4478]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3715 [0.3710; 0.3720]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.4519 [0.4517; 0.4522]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.6499 [0.6477; 0.6522]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                6.2340 [6.2305; 6.2375]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.6399 [4.6391; 4.6408]        4.8        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                4.1898 [4.1890; 4.1905]        5.5        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.9461 [2.9444; 2.9478]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.3818 [1.3806; 1.3831]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.2661 [0.2661; 0.2662]        5.4        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                5.7487 [5.7451; 5.7523]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.1488 [2.1482; 2.1494]        2.1        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  1.7888 [1.7885; 1.7892]        3.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.2711 [0.2705; 0.2717]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.3421 [0.3411; 0.3431]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.8875 [0.8853; 0.8896]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.7933 [0.7921; 0.7945]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.8457 [0.8440; 0.8474]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             4.0584 [4.0494; 4.0674]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2671 [0.2669; 0.2672]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0653 [0.0651; 0.0654]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.8475 [2.8461; 2.8488]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.9467 [1.9446; 1.9489]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 4.8179 [4.8147; 4.8211]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2124 [0.2123; 0.2125]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0954 [0.0952; 0.0955]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0780 [0.0779; 0.0781]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2180 [0.2177; 0.2182]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               4.3551 [4.3530; 4.3572]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            9.4847 [9.4794; 9.4900]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.7460 [0.7453; 0.7466]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.3209 [0.3208; 0.3211]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.7378 [0.7373; 0.7383]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.1341 [0.1337; 0.1345]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.2284 [3.2259; 3.2309]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.4452 [2.4416; 2.4487]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.7305 [1.7299; 1.7311]        1.4        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  5.7247 [5.7236; 5.7258]        4.4        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 4.7299 [4.7276; 4.7322]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.9603 [2.9584; 2.9623]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2224 [0.2221; 0.2227]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.4123 [0.4121; 0.4126]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.4017 [0.4011; 0.4024]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                3.1476 [3.1470; 3.1483]        3.8        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3576 [0.3569; 0.3582]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         6.6897 [6.6887; 6.6908]        7.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          8.4694 [8.4688; 8.4699]       43.0        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.0938 [1.0920; 1.0957]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              1.0497 [1.0491; 1.0503]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.0158 [4.0156; 4.0160] 66064.07       0
## Random effects model 0.8148 [0.6018; 1.1031]    -1.33  0.1851
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5528 [1.2465; 3.4623]; tau = 1.2461 [1.1165; 1.8607]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6597.00
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2785305996.51   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 5.8418 [5.8415; 5.8420] 577390760.27 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.9048 [0.9047; 0.9049] 344302954.88 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.2668 [0.2668; 0.2669]  10742914.12 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1852869367.25    2       0
## Within groups   932436629.26   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.0377 [1.6576; 2.5048] 0.4215 0.6492
## income = UMIC  21 0.2340 [0.1224; 0.4472] 2.2938 1.5145
## income = LMIC   6 0.1934 [0.1370; 0.2730] 0.1857 0.4309
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   152.20    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.9655 [0.9650; 0.9660]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              3.9071 [3.9058; 3.9084]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                4.2035 [4.2012; 4.2058]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0344 [0.0342; 0.0346]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.8712 [2.8696; 2.8729]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1485 [0.1479; 0.1492]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.2464 [0.2463; 0.2465]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.4812 [0.4804; 0.4820]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 7.3987 [7.3972; 7.4002]        3.7        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.4888 [0.4882; 0.4893]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0143 [0.0143; 0.0143]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1060 [0.1058; 0.1062]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.5611 [0.5599; 0.5622]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.8554 [2.8537; 2.8570]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3806 [0.3801; 0.3811]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.5793 [0.5791; 0.5796]        0.7        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.8479 [0.8453; 0.8505]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                6.7770 [6.7733; 6.7806]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.9101 [4.9092; 4.9110]        4.4        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                4.4645 [4.4637; 4.4653]        5.1        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 3.2543 [3.2525; 3.2561]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.6067 [1.6054; 1.6080]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.2922 [0.2921; 0.2922]        5.2        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                6.9816 [6.9776; 6.9855]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.2892 [2.2886; 2.2899]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  2.3349 [2.3344; 2.3353]        4.2        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.4185 [0.4177; 0.4192]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0488 [0.0487; 0.0490]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.7306 [0.7291; 0.7321]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 1.1425 [1.1401; 1.1449]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.8309 [0.8297; 0.8321]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              1.0202 [1.0183; 1.0221]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             4.0818 [4.0729; 4.0907]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2726 [0.2724; 0.2727]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0783]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            3.0818 [3.0804; 3.0832]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            2.2133 [2.2110; 2.2155]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 4.9931 [4.9899; 4.9963]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2292 [0.2291; 0.2293]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1101 [0.1099; 0.1103]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0914 [0.0913; 0.0915]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2820 [0.2817; 0.2822]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               4.3602 [4.3581; 4.3623]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            9.6518 [9.6464; 9.6572]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.8871 [0.8865; 0.8878]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.7291 [0.7288; 0.7293]        1.5        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.0581 [1.0575; 1.0587]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.2477 [0.2471; 0.2482]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.4486 [3.4460; 3.4511]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.6081 [2.6045; 2.6118]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.8725 [1.8719; 1.8731]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  6.0784 [6.0772; 6.0795]        4.0        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 5.1810 [5.1786; 5.1834]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.1810 [3.1789; 3.1830]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2939 [0.2935; 0.2942]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.5597 [0.5594; 0.5600]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.4665 [0.4658; 0.4671]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                3.5727 [3.5720; 3.5734]        3.8        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.5663 [0.5655; 0.5671]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         8.0419 [8.0408; 8.0431]        7.3        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          9.5958 [9.5952; 9.5963]       42.5        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.1789 [1.1770; 1.1809]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              1.2948 [1.2941; 1.2954]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.4758 [4.4756; 4.4760] 76511.88       0
## Random effects model 0.9846 [0.7279; 1.3317]    -0.10  0.9195
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5434 [1.1932; 3.2855]; tau = 1.2423 [1.0923; 1.8126]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7085.04
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3212654700.07   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 6.5817 [6.5814; 6.5820] 658864645.86 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.0481 [1.0479; 1.0482] 392771573.62 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.3000 [0.2999; 0.3000]  16126667.16 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2144891813.43    2       0
## Within groups  1067762886.65   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.3940 [1.9480; 2.9420] 0.4203 0.6483
## income = UMIC  21 0.3008 [0.1647; 0.5494] 1.9840 1.4086
## income = LMIC   6 0.2248 [0.1526; 0.3312] 0.2344 0.4842
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   134.97    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.8777 [ 0.8772;  0.8782]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.0803 [ 1.0798;  1.0808]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               6.1076 [ 6.1060;  6.1093]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 4.5047 [ 4.5024;  4.5071]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0451 [ 0.0449;  0.0453]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 3.1127 [ 3.1110;  3.1144]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1600 [ 0.1593;  0.1607]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.2972 [ 0.2971;  0.2973]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.5914 [ 0.5905;  0.5924]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  8.1048 [ 8.1032;  8.1063]        3.6        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.5859 [ 0.5853;  0.5865]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0183 [ 0.0183;  0.0184]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1232 [ 0.1230;  0.1233]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.6205 [ 0.6193;  0.6218]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          3.2558 [ 3.2540;  3.2576]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.4213 [ 0.4207;  0.4218]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.7263 [ 0.7261;  0.7266]        0.8        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.0802 [ 1.0772;  1.0831]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 6.5386 [ 6.5351;  6.5422]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  5.2787 [ 5.2778;  5.2797]        4.2        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 4.7110 [ 4.7102;  4.7117]        4.8        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  3.2833 [ 3.2815;  3.2851]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 1.7894 [ 1.7880;  1.7908]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.3310 [ 0.3309;  0.3310]        5.4        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 7.5993 [ 7.5952;  7.6035]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.4579 [ 2.4572;  2.4585]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   2.9447 [ 2.9442;  2.9452]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.5784 [ 0.5776;  0.5793]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0671 [ 0.0669;  0.0673]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.6781 [ 0.6767;  0.6794]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.3962 [ 1.3935;  1.3989]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.9179 [ 0.9167;  0.9192]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               1.2046 [ 1.2026;  1.2067]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.2040 [ 4.1951;  4.2129]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.2951 [ 0.2949;  0.2953]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0859 [ 0.0858;  0.0861]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             3.3712 [ 3.3698;  3.3727]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             2.5248 [ 2.5224;  2.5272]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  5.0716 [ 5.0683;  5.0748]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.2485 [ 0.2483;  0.2486]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.1205 [ 0.1203;  0.1207]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0950 [ 0.0949;  0.0951]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.3720 [ 0.3717;  0.3723]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                4.8798 [ 4.8776;  4.8821]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            11.3900 [11.3841; 11.3959]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.0166 [ 1.0159;  1.0174]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.9373 [ 0.9370;  0.9376]        1.7        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.3930 [ 1.3923;  1.3936]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.3969 [ 0.3962;  0.3976]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                3.7363 [ 3.7336;  3.7390]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                2.9582 [ 2.9543;  2.9621]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.2727 [ 0.2724;  0.2729]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             2.0337 [ 2.0331;  2.0344]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   6.3670 [ 6.3658;  6.3682]        3.7        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  5.6087 [ 5.6063;  5.6112]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             3.4305 [ 3.4284;  3.4326]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.3606 [ 0.3602;  0.3610]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.6334 [ 0.6331;  0.6337]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.5206 [ 0.5199;  0.5213]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 4.0914 [ 4.0907;  4.0922]        4.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.8103 [ 0.8094;  0.8113]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          9.5420 [ 9.5407;  9.5432]        7.8        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          10.2777 [10.2771; 10.2783]       41.0        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.3733 [ 1.3712;  1.3753]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               1.5927 [ 1.5919;  1.5934]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.8238 [4.8237; 4.8240] 85000.72       0
## Random effects model 1.1390 [0.8457; 1.5340]     0.86  0.3915
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4996 [1.1600; 3.1687]; tau = 1.2246 [1.0770; 1.7801]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7444.25
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3546674633.79   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 7.1532 [7.1529; 7.1534] 697272399.00 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.2164 [1.2162; 1.2165] 460494084.81 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.3457 [0.3457; 0.3458]  23703235.57 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2365204914.41    2       0
## Within groups  1181469719.38   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.7143 [2.2225; 3.3148] 0.3952 0.6287
## income = UMIC  21 0.3643 [0.2013; 0.6594] 1.9249 1.3874
## income = LMIC   6 0.2517 [0.1632; 0.3881] 0.2929 0.5412
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   120.75    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 1.0435 [ 1.0430;  1.0440]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.2359 [ 1.2353;  1.2364]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               7.5188 [ 7.5170;  7.5207]        2.0        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 4.6332 [ 4.6308;  4.6355]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0609 [ 0.0607;  0.0612]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 3.4623 [ 3.4605;  3.4641]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.2186 [ 0.2178;  0.2194]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.3671 [ 0.3669;  0.3672]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.6868 [ 0.6858;  0.6878]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  8.9837 [ 8.9821;  8.9854]        3.6        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.6971 [ 0.6964;  0.6977]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0236 [ 0.0236;  0.0236]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1650 [ 0.1648;  0.1652]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.7200 [ 0.7187;  0.7214]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          3.8896 [ 3.8876;  3.8915]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.4820 [ 0.4815;  0.4826]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.9495 [ 0.9492;  0.9498]        1.0        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.3609 [ 1.3576;  1.3642]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 6.6345 [ 6.6310;  6.6381]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  5.5188 [ 5.5179;  5.5198]        4.0        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 4.9624 [ 4.9616;  4.9632]        4.5        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  3.3903 [ 3.3884;  3.3921]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 1.7720 [ 1.7706;  1.7734]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.3751 [ 0.3750;  0.3751]        5.5        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 9.3143 [ 9.3098;  9.3189]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.5593 [ 2.5587;  2.5600]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   3.2023 [ 3.2018;  3.2029]        4.6        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.5796 [ 0.5788;  0.5804]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0902 [ 0.0899;  0.0904]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.7833 [ 0.7818;  0.7847]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.6802 [ 1.6772;  1.6832]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 1.0485 [ 1.0472;  1.0498]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               1.2834 [ 1.2812;  1.2855]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.1852 [ 4.1764;  4.1940]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.3186 [ 0.3184;  0.3187]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.1033 [ 0.1032;  0.1035]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             3.5567 [ 3.5552;  3.5582]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             2.9494 [ 2.9468;  2.9520]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  5.6805 [ 5.6771;  5.6839]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.2817 [ 0.2816;  0.2818]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.1993 [ 0.1991;  0.1996]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.1056 [ 0.1055;  0.1057]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.4692 [ 0.4688;  0.4696]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                5.0680 [ 5.0657;  5.0703]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            12.9825 [12.9762; 12.9889]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.1237 [ 1.1229;  1.1244]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.8413 [ 0.8411;  0.8416]        1.4        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.2320 [ 1.2313;  1.2326]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.7818 [ 0.7808;  0.7827]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                4.1169 [ 4.1141;  4.1198]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                3.2621 [ 3.2581;  3.2662]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.2909 [ 0.2907;  0.2912]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             2.1810 [ 2.1803;  2.1817]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   6.4617 [ 6.4605;  6.4629]        3.4        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  6.0197 [ 6.0172;  6.0223]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             3.7244 [ 3.7222;  3.7265]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.4099 [ 0.4094;  0.4103]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.6688 [ 0.6685;  0.6691]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.5660 [ 0.5653;  0.5668]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 4.6908 [ 4.6900;  4.6916]        4.1        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    1.0947 [ 1.0936;  1.0958]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         11.0046 [11.0033; 11.0059]        8.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          11.6703 [11.6696; 11.6709]       41.8        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.4897 [ 1.4876;  1.4919]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               1.0882 [ 1.0875;  1.0888]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  5.3991 [5.3989; 5.3993] 96410.91       0
## Random effects model 1.2931 [0.9533; 1.7539]     1.65  0.0984
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5725 [1.1645; 3.1814]; tau = 1.2540 [1.0791; 1.7836]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8034.92
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4131832821.55   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 8.0696 [8.0693; 8.0699] 840311700.07 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.3092 [1.3090; 1.3093] 551256836.58 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.4046 [0.4046; 0.4047]  36855212.33 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2703409072.58    2       0
## Within groups  1428423748.98   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 3.0028 [2.4366; 3.7006] 0.4318 0.6571
## income = UMIC  21 0.4307 [0.2310; 0.8030] 2.1215 1.4566
## income = LMIC   6 0.2920 [0.1792; 0.4757] 0.3721 0.6100
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   96.61    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 1.4666 [ 1.4659;  1.4672]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.2701 [ 1.2696;  1.2707]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               8.6392 [ 8.6372;  8.6411]        2.1        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 5.5558 [ 5.5533;  5.5584]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0745 [ 0.0742;  0.0748]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 4.6625 [ 4.6604;  4.6645]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3015 [ 0.3006;  0.3025]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.4401 [ 0.4399;  0.4402]        0.9        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.9792 [ 0.9780;  0.9804]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  9.9954 [ 9.9937;  9.9971]        3.7        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.7907 [ 0.7900;  0.7914]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0286 [ 0.0286;  0.0286]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1667 [ 0.1665;  0.1669]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 1.0827 [ 1.0810;  1.0843]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          4.9366 [ 4.9344;  4.9388]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.4980 [ 0.4975;  0.4986]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   1.3411 [ 1.3407;  1.3414]        1.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.7473 [ 1.7435;  1.7510]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 7.1434 [ 7.1397;  7.1470]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  5.6502 [ 5.6492;  5.6511]        3.7        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 5.2710 [ 5.2702;  5.2718]        4.4        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  3.9338 [ 3.9318;  3.9358]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 1.9009 [ 1.8995;  1.9024]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.4165 [ 0.4165;  0.4166]        5.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                10.0262 [10.0215; 10.0310]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.6128 [ 2.6122;  2.6135]        1.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   3.5135 [ 3.5129;  3.5140]        4.6        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.8999 [ 0.8989;  0.9009]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0727 [ 0.0725;  0.0729]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  1.3133 [ 1.3114;  1.3152]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.8527 [ 1.8495;  1.8558]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 1.3224 [ 1.3210;  1.3239]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               1.6490 [ 1.6465;  1.6514]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.3268 [ 4.3179;  4.3357]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.3396 [ 0.3394;  0.3397]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.1130 [ 0.1129;  0.1132]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             3.7671 [ 3.7656;  3.7687]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.4626 [ 3.4598;  3.4654]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  5.8838 [ 5.8804;  5.8872]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.3136 [ 0.3135;  0.3137]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.2131 [ 0.2128;  0.2134]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.1206 [ 0.1205;  0.1207]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.7797 [ 0.7792;  0.7801]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                4.9211 [ 4.9189;  4.9233]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            14.3848 [14.3780; 14.3916]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.3004 [ 1.2996;  1.3013]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.2778 [ 0.2776;  0.2779]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.3045 [ 1.3039;  1.3052]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  1.1215 [ 1.1203;  1.1226]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                5.0693 [ 5.0662;  5.0724]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                3.6342 [ 3.6299;  3.6385]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3238 [ 0.3236;  0.3241]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             2.4374 [ 2.4367;  2.4381]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   6.8250 [ 6.8237;  6.8262]        3.2        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  6.6761 [ 6.6734;  6.6787]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             3.9619 [ 3.9597;  3.9641]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.4897 [ 0.4893;  0.4902]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.7037 [ 0.7034;  0.7040]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.6241 [ 0.6234;  0.6249]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 5.0237 [ 5.0229;  5.0246]        4.1        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.7763 [ 0.7753;  0.7772]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         12.5535 [12.5521; 12.5549]        8.5        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          12.8246 [12.8239; 12.8252]       42.1        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.5550 [ 1.5528;  1.5572]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.6046 [ 0.6041;  0.6051]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  5.9755 [5.9753; 5.9756] 107168.22       0
## Random effects model 1.4404 [1.0592; 1.9588]      2.33  0.0200
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5987 [1.1852; 3.2346]; tau = 1.2644 [1.0887; 1.7985]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8481.40
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4603783703.11   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 8.8845 [8.8842; 8.8848] 954293574.67 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.3865 [1.3863; 1.3866] 637318598.48 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.4822 [0.4822; 0.4823]  69030341.86 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2943141188.10    2       0
## Within groups  1660642515.01   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 3.4117 [2.7602; 4.2169] 0.4441 0.6664
## income = UMIC  21 0.4579 [0.2325; 0.9019] 2.5121 1.5850
## income = LMIC   6 0.3380 [0.1864; 0.6128] 0.5531 0.7437
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   74.97    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 3.0485 [ 3.0476;  3.0494]        1.2        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.3337 [ 1.3331;  1.3342]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               9.3000 [ 9.2980;  9.3020]        2.1        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 5.7414 [ 5.7388;  5.7440]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.1234 [ 0.1230;  0.1238]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 5.2455 [ 5.2433;  5.2477]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3756 [ 0.3746;  0.3767]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.5157 [ 0.5155;  0.5158]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                1.2179 [ 1.2166;  1.2192]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 10.7934 [10.7916; 10.7951]        3.6        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.8795 [ 0.8788;  0.8802]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0358 [ 0.0358;  0.0358]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1728 [ 0.1727;  0.1730]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 1.2346 [ 1.2328;  1.2364]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          5.6135 [ 5.6112;  5.6159]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.5272 [ 0.5266;  0.5277]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   2.0563 [ 2.0558;  2.0568]        1.8        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 2.2727 [ 2.2684;  2.2769]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 7.7485 [ 7.7446;  7.7523]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  5.7629 [ 5.7619;  5.7639]        3.4        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 5.3977 [ 5.3969;  5.3985]        4.1        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  4.2748 [ 4.2727;  4.2768]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 2.0198 [ 2.0184;  2.0213]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.4575 [ 0.4575;  0.4576]        5.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                10.1613 [10.1566; 10.1661]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.8330 [ 2.8323;  2.8337]        1.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   3.8741 [ 3.8736;  3.8747]        4.5        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  1.1300 [ 1.1289;  1.1311]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0892 [ 0.0890;  0.0894]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  2.6181 [ 2.6155;  2.6207]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  2.1990 [ 2.1955;  2.2024]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 1.4841 [ 1.4826;  1.4856]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               1.7040 [ 1.7015;  1.7065]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.4402 [ 4.4314;  4.4491]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.3813 [ 0.3811;  0.3815]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.1463 [ 0.1461;  0.1465]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             3.8860 [ 3.8844;  3.8875]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.8784 [ 3.8754;  3.8813]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  6.3251 [ 6.3215;  6.3286]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.3403 [ 0.3402;  0.3405]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.2237 [ 0.2234;  0.2239]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.1306 [ 0.1305;  0.1307]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  1.2022 [ 1.2016;  1.2028]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                4.9841 [ 4.9818;  4.9863]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            16.0002 [15.9929; 16.0075]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.5396 [ 1.5387;  1.5405]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.3809 [ 0.3807;  0.3810]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.8736 [ 1.8729;  1.8744]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  1.4789 [ 1.4775;  1.4802]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                4.7357 [ 4.7327;  4.7387]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                3.8317 [ 3.8273;  3.8361]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3350 [ 0.3347;  0.3352]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             2.7612 [ 2.7604;  2.7619]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   7.1036 [ 7.1024;  7.1049]        3.0        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  7.1681 [ 7.1654;  7.1709]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             4.0655 [ 4.0633;  4.0678]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.5447 [ 0.5442;  0.5452]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.8093 [ 0.8090;  0.8097]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.8396 [ 0.8388;  0.8405]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 5.8508 [ 5.8499;  5.8517]        4.3        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.6780 [ 0.6771;  0.6789]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         13.5562 [13.5548; 13.5577]        8.3        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          14.0011 [14.0005; 14.0018]       41.7        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.7113 [ 1.7090;  1.7135]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.4621 [ 0.4617;  0.4625]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  6.4047 [6.4045; 6.4049] 117306.87       0
## Random effects model 1.6515 [1.2170; 2.2411]      3.22  0.0013
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5771 [1.1376; 3.0811]; tau = 1.2558 [1.0666; 1.7553]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8899.55
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  5068932381.55   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI             Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 9.6015 [9.6012; 9.6018] 1061864216.10 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.7155 [1.7153; 1.7157]  778240991.61 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.6087 [0.6086; 0.6087]  150422067.40 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3078405106.44    2       0
## Within groups  1990527275.10   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 3.7824 [3.0515; 4.6884] 0.4561 0.6754
## income = UMIC  21 0.5469 [0.2798; 1.0688] 2.4541 1.5666
## income = LMIC   6 0.4154 [0.1930; 0.8940] 0.9175 0.9579
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   54.15    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 2.9435 [ 2.9427;  2.9444]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.3902 [ 1.3896;  1.3907]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               9.4384 [ 9.4364;  9.4404]        2.0        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 6.0504 [ 6.0478;  6.0531]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.1868 [ 0.1863;  0.1872]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 5.6263 [ 5.6240;  5.6286]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.5333 [ 0.5320;  0.5346]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.6318 [ 0.6316;  0.6320]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                1.3771 [ 1.3757;  1.3785]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 10.8953 [10.8936; 10.8971]        3.5        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.9280 [ 0.9273;  0.9288]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0438 [ 0.0438;  0.0438]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1955 [ 0.1953;  0.1957]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 1.3816 [ 1.3797;  1.3834]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          6.0546 [ 6.0522;  6.0571]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.5475 [ 0.5469;  0.5481]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   3.9544 [ 3.9538;  3.9551]        3.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 3.0000 [ 2.9952;  3.0049]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 8.2826 [ 8.2786;  8.2865]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  6.0179 [ 6.0169;  6.0188]        3.4        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 5.6636 [ 5.6628;  5.6645]        4.0        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  4.6340 [ 4.6318;  4.6361]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 2.1507 [ 2.1492;  2.1522]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.5129 [ 0.5129;  0.5130]        6.0        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 8.5541 [ 8.5498;  8.5584]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.8818 [ 2.8811;  2.8825]        1.5        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   4.1321 [ 4.1315;  4.1327]        4.5        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.6513 [ 0.6504;  0.6521]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.1047 [ 0.1044;  0.1049]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  3.2250 [ 3.2222;  3.2279]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  2.6394 [ 2.6357;  2.6432]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 1.5687 [ 1.5672;  1.5703]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               2.0118 [ 2.0091;  2.0146]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.4238 [ 4.4151;  4.4326]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.4126 [ 0.4124;  0.4128]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.2011 [ 0.2009;  0.2014]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             4.0538 [ 4.0522;  4.0554]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             5.0261 [ 5.0228;  5.0295]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  6.6320 [ 6.6284;  6.6356]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.3993 [ 0.3992;  0.3995]        0.7        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.2562 [ 0.2559;  0.2565]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.1574 [ 0.1573;  0.1576]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  1.6797 [ 1.6790;  1.6803]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                5.1522 [ 5.1499;  5.1545]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            15.1233 [15.1160; 15.1305]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.6365 [ 1.6356;  1.6375]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.5050 [ 0.5048;  0.5052]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.1357 [ 1.1351;  1.1363]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  1.9559 [ 1.9543;  1.9574]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                5.1626 [ 5.1594;  5.1657]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                3.9999 [ 3.9954;  4.0044]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3738 [ 0.3736;  0.3741]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             3.0995 [ 3.0987;  3.1003]        1.4        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   7.3282 [ 7.3269;  7.3295]        2.9        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  7.6667 [ 7.6638;  7.6695]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             4.2259 [ 4.2237;  4.2282]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.6414 [ 0.6408;  0.6419]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.9387 [ 0.9383;  0.9390]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 2.0328 [ 2.0314;  2.0342]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 6.0983 [ 6.0974;  6.0992]        4.3        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.6640 [ 0.6631;  0.6648]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         13.8879 [13.8864; 13.8894]        8.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          14.2539 [14.2532; 14.2546]       40.1        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.5402 [ 1.5380;  1.5424]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.4182 [ 0.4178;  0.4186]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z  p-value
## Common effect model  6.4210 [6.4208; 6.4212] 121182.01        0
## Random effects model 1.8260 [1.3537; 2.4631]      3.94 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5159 [1.0781; 2.8964]; tau = 1.2312 [1.0383; 1.7019]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 9069.14
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  5263957332.51   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI             Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 9.8006 [9.8003; 9.8009] 1056439201.52 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.7279 [1.7277; 1.7281]  823324539.57 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.9741 [0.9740; 0.9742]  439513652.09 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2944679939.34    2       0
## Within groups  2319277393.17   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 3.9922 [3.2354; 4.9260] 0.4370 0.6611
## income = UMIC  21 0.6061 [0.3151; 1.1660] 2.3399 1.5297
## income = LMIC   6 0.6112 [0.2121; 1.7611] 1.7491 1.3226
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   38.48    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
##income
gaba_income<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(5:10)] 

gaba_income$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_income$Year)
out <- unlist(gaba_income)
Year<-out[1:44]
Drug<-out[45:88]
DDDTID<-out[89:220]
lower<-out[221:352]
upper<-out[353:484]

out2<-data.frame(Year,Drug)
out3<-do.call("rbind", replicate(3, out2, simplify = FALSE))
newdata <- out3%>% arrange(Drug, Year)

newdata$DDDTID<-DDDTID
newdata$lower<-lower
newdata$upper<-upper
region_name<-(rep(c("HIC","UMIC","LMIC"),44))
newdata$Income<-region_name

newdata$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentin"), 33),
                     rep(("Gabapentin Enacarbil"), 33),
                     rep(("Pregabalin"), 33),
                     rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 33))
gaba_income2<-newdata
gaba_income2$`DDD/TID`<-gaba_income2$DDDTID
gaba_income2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-gaba_income2$lower
gaba_income2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-gaba_income2$upper

gaba_income3<-gaba_income2[c(1,2,6:9)]


library(DT)
datatable(gaba_income3, options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))
write.csv(gaba_income3,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_6_Subgroup_AAPC_income_meta.csv")

7.7 Gaba available in different countries and regions in 2018

library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(tidytext)
#df with year, country, drug name (Y/N)
avail<-subset(cty.ddd.3)
avail.1<-subset(avail, DDD!=0)
avail.2<-table(avail.1$Drug, avail.1$Year)
avail.2<-as.data.frame(avail.2)
names(avail.2)<-c("Drug", "Year", "Number of Countries")

avail.3<-avail.1[c(1,4)]
avail.4<-unique(avail.3)
avail.5<-table(avail.4$Year)
avail.5<-as.data.frame(avail.5)
avail.5$Drug<-"Gabapentinoids"
avail.6<-avail.5[c(1,3,2)]
names(avail.6)<-c("Year", "Drug", "Number of Countries")

avail.year<-rbind(avail.2,avail.6)
avail.year
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(tidytext)
#df with year, country, drug name (Y/N)
avail<-subset(cty.ddd.3, Year==2018)
avail.1<-subset(avail, DDD!=0)
avail.1$Availability<-"No"
avail.1$Availability[avail.1$DDDPTPD>0]<-"Yes"

avail.1$Region <- factor(avail.1$Region, levels = 
                             c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", "Sub-Saharan Africa",
                               "Northern Africa"
                             ))

avail.2 <- avail.1 %>%
  arrange(Region,Country) %>%               # sort your dataframe
  mutate(Country = factor(Country, unique(Country))) # reset your factor-column based on that order

# ggplot(avail.2, aes(Drug, Country, fill= Availability)) + 
#   geom_tile(colour = "black")+
#   scale_y_discrete(limits=rev)+
#   scale_fill_manual(values=c("darkgreen"),na.value = "white")

# by region
# ggplot(avail.1, aes(Drug, Region, fill= Availability)) + 
#   geom_tile(colour = "black")+
#   scale_y_discrete(limits=rev)+
#   scale_fill_manual(values=c("darkgreen"),na.value = "white")

#by income level
library(readxl)

avail.3 <- left_join(avail.2,GDP,by = c("Country") )
avail.3$income <- factor(avail.3$income, levels = 
                             c("HIC","UMIC","LMIC"))

avail.3 <- avail.3 %>%
  arrange(income,Region, Country) %>%               # sort your dataframe
  mutate(Country = factor(Country, unique(Country))) # reset your factor-column based on that order

ggplot(avail.3, aes(Drug, Country, fill= Availability)) + 
  geom_tile(colour = "black")+
  scale_y_discrete(limits=rev)+
  scale_fill_manual(values=c("darkgreen"),na.value = "white")+
  theme_bw(base_size = 20)+ theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank())

avail.4<-unique(avail.3[c(4,5,8)])
avail.4$Country<-as.character(avail.4$Country)
## Wallis comment: check data source:

library(tidyr)
library(DT)

check_source3<-unique(data.1.nodup[c(1,2)])
check_source3<-pivot_wider(check_source3,names_from = SEC,values_from = SEC)
check_source3$CTY = sub(pattern = "(RETAIL)|(COMBINED)|(COMBINE)|(COMBIN)|(COMBI)|(RET)|(R.MUTUALES)|(HOSPITAL)|(TOTAL SALES)", 
                replacement = "", x = check_source3$CTY, perl = TRUE)
colnames(check_source3)[1]  <- "Country"  
check_source3<- subset(check_source3, !Country=="C. AMERICA"&
                     !Country=="FR. W. AFRICA"&
                     !Country=="FRENCH WEST AFRICA"&
                     !Country=="CENTRAL AMERICA")

check_source3$Country<-trimws(check_source3$Country, which = c("right"), whitespace = "[ \t\r\n]")

check_source3[check_source3$Country == "CZECH", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "NETHERLNDS", "Country"] <- "NETHERLANDS"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "RUSSIAN FED.", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "UAE", "Country"] <- "UNITED ARAB EMIRATES"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "UK", "Country"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "USA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "US", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "S. AFRICA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH AFRICA"
check_source3[check_source3$Country == "BOSNIA", "Country"] <- "BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA"


check_source4 <- left_join(check_source3,avail.4,by = c("Country") )

datatable(check_source4, options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))
write.csv(check_source4, file = "D:/R/midas gaba/Reference_data_source5.csv")

8 Sensitivity analysis

8.1 Removing countries without complete data for all study years for gabapentinoids

8.1.1 Meta analysis: removing BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, KAZAKHSTAN, NETHERLANDS, SERBIA, THAILAND

options(width=800)
library(Rcpp)
library(meta)
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
set_subzero<-subset(analy, Drug=="Gabapentinoids" & Country!="BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA" &
                      Country!="KAZAKHSTAN" & Country!="NETHERLANDS" & Country!="SERBIA" & Country!="THAILAND")
set_subzero$DDD_dum=set_subzero$DDD
CIs<-pois.approx(set_subzero$DDD_dum, set_subzero$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
meta.gaba<-cbind(set_subzero,CIs)
meta.gaba$Region <- factor(meta.gaba$Region, levels =
                             c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" ,
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"
                             ))

meta <- function(rho, iseed){
meta.gaba_1<-  subset(meta.gaba,  Year==rho & Drug==iseed)

m1_var<-metagen(log(meta.gaba_1$rate),
            lower = log(meta.gaba_1$lower), 
            upper = log(meta.gaba_1$upper),
            studlab = meta.gaba_1$Country, 
            sm = "IRLN", method.tau = "DL", 
            comb.fixed = TRUE, 
            byvar = meta.gaba_1$Region)

print(c(rho, iseed))
print(summary(m1_var), digits=4)
est.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
  est.random$Year<-rho
  est.random$Drug<-iseed
  est.random$`DDD/TID`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$TE.random)
  est.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$lower.random)
  est.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$upper.random)

  est.by.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
  est.by.random$Year<-rho
  est.by.random$Drug<-iseed
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$TE)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$lower)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$upper)))))
  return(c(est.random,est.by.random))
}


datin <- expand.grid(rho = unique(meta.gaba$Year), iseed = unique(meta.gaba$Drug))
i <- 1:nrow(datin)
datout <- with(datin,
                lapply(i, function(j){meta(rho[j],  iseed[j])}))
## [1] 2008    1
##                        rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA              0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA            0.2110 [0.2108; 0.2113]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA            1.2865 [1.2857; 1.2873]        0.7        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA              2.1978 [2.1961; 2.1995]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS              0.0056 [0.0055; 0.0057]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM              1.3012 [1.3001; 1.3024]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL               0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA             0.1053 [0.1049; 0.1057]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA               4.1266 [4.1254; 4.1277]        3.6        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                0.2113 [0.2110; 0.2117]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009]        0.0        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA             0.0876 [0.0874; 0.0877]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA              0.3160 [0.3151; 0.3168]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC       1.1416 [1.1405; 1.1427]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR              0.1948 [0.1944; 0.1951]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1066]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA              0.2020 [0.2007; 0.2032]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND              4.3558 [4.3528; 4.3587]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE               3.5466 [3.5458; 3.5473]        5.8        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY              2.7848 [2.7842; 2.7854]        6.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE               2.2484 [2.2470; 2.2499]        0.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY              0.7213 [0.7204; 0.7221]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                0.1154 [0.1154; 0.1154]        3.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND              2.8727 [2.8700; 2.8753]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                1.4918 [1.4913; 1.4923]        2.3        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017]        0.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN               0.1265 [0.1261; 0.1270]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT               0.1175 [0.1168; 0.1182]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA               0.4164 [0.4150; 0.4178]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON              0.4021 [0.4012; 0.4031]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA            0.3469 [0.3459; 0.3480]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG           3.2514 [3.2430; 3.2598]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO               0.2788 [0.2786; 0.2789]        0.8        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO              0.0236 [0.0235; 0.0237]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND          0.9869 [0.9853; 0.9885]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY               3.4299 [3.4272; 3.4327]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN             0.0973 [0.0972; 0.0974]        0.4        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                 0.0497 [0.0495; 0.0498]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES          0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND               0.1513 [0.1511; 0.1515]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL             3.1225 [3.1207; 3.1243]        0.9        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          5.0091 [5.0053; 5.0129]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA              0.3109 [0.3105; 0.3113]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA               0.0289 [0.0289; 0.0290]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA         0.3616 [0.3612; 0.3620]        0.2        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA             1.4112 [1.4096; 1.4129]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA             1.5309 [1.5280; 1.5337]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA         0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA          0.9479 [0.9475; 0.9484]        1.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                3.8350 [3.8340; 3.8359]        4.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN               3.3977 [3.3958; 3.3997]        0.8        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND          1.9623 [1.9607; 1.9640]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN               0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA              0.1223 [0.1220; 0.1227]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE              1.3869 [1.3864; 1.3873]        2.6        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.3101 [0.3094; 0.3108]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       3.0456 [3.0449; 3.0463]        5.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        6.6631 [6.6626; 6.6636]       53.4        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY              0.2539 [0.2530; 0.2548]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA            0.6793 [0.6788; 0.6798]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.4362 [3.4360; 3.4364] 45911.48        0
## Random effects model 0.4167 [0.2989; 0.5810]    -5.16 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7246 [1.4813; 4.5594]; tau = 1.3132 [1.2171; 2.1353]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5315.64
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1667108391.00   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.4628 [6.4623; 6.4632] 10800513.39 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4213 [0.4211; 0.4214] 68560818.30 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.1351 [3.1345; 3.1357]  5193026.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4678 [0.4676; 0.4681] 23190551.74 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.7450 [2.7445; 2.7455] 22449216.66 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.9787 [2.9783; 2.9792]  7916037.00 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.2418 [1.2411; 1.2425]    93922.42 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.4761 [0.4759; 0.4763] 38921435.09 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1133 [0.1133; 0.1133]   158092.70 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.1502 [1.1499; 1.1506] 10049205.60 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0916 [0.0915; 0.0917]   667802.23 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1479107769.50   12       0
## Within groups   188000621.51   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.2436 [3.2788; 8.3859] 0.1148 0.3388
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2332 [0.0903; 0.6024] 2.3447 1.5312
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.3775 [1.1026; 1.7208] 0.1031 0.3211
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1763 [0.0704; 0.4416] 1.7561 1.3252
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.6396 [1.0552; 2.5477] 0.3034 0.5508
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.3766 [1.9115; 2.9549] 0.0741 0.2722
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.1268 [0.8690; 1.4610] 0.0351 0.1874
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.0630 [0.0095; 0.4177] 3.7229 1.9295
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1060 [0.0897; 0.1252] 0.0145 0.1205
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3124 [0.1382; 0.7063] 1.0395 1.0196
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0683 [0.0411; 0.1137] 0.2698 0.5194
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   589755.92   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    1
##                        rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA              0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA            0.2916 [0.2913; 0.2918]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA            1.4792 [1.4784; 1.4801]        0.7        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA              2.5392 [2.5375; 2.5410]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS              0.0141 [0.0139; 0.0142]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM              1.5782 [1.5770; 1.5795]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL               0.0739 [0.0739; 0.0740]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA             0.2261 [0.2255; 0.2267]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA               4.7887 [4.7875; 4.7899]        3.7        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                0.2263 [0.2259; 0.2266]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA             0.0840 [0.0839; 0.0841]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA              0.3611 [0.3602; 0.3621]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC       1.4811 [1.4799; 1.4823]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR              0.2420 [0.2416; 0.2424]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                0.1499 [0.1497; 0.1500]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA              0.2543 [0.2529; 0.2557]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND              4.9666 [4.9635; 4.9698]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE               3.8551 [3.8543; 3.8559]        5.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY              3.2166 [3.2159; 3.2172]        5.9        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE               2.6236 [2.6221; 2.6252]        0.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY              0.8353 [0.8344; 0.8363]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                0.1569 [0.1569; 0.1569]        4.4        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND              3.5075 [3.5046; 3.5103]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                1.6554 [1.6548; 1.6559]        2.2        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479]        0.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN               0.1551 [0.1546; 0.1556]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT               0.1514 [0.1507; 0.1522]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA               0.5005 [0.4989; 0.5021]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON              0.5855 [0.5844; 0.5867]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA            0.4040 [0.4028; 0.4051]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG           3.3859 [3.3774; 3.3943]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO               0.2783 [0.2782; 0.2785]        0.7        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO              0.0386 [0.0385; 0.0387]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND          1.1928 [1.1911; 1.1945]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY               3.6102 [3.6074; 3.6130]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN             0.1376 [0.1375; 0.1377]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                 0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0549]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES          0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND               0.1745 [0.1743; 0.1747]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL             3.3821 [3.3803; 3.3840]        0.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          5.9562 [5.9520; 5.9603]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA              0.5838 [0.5832; 0.5843]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA               0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0451]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA         0.4092 [0.4088; 0.4096]        0.2        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA             1.8496 [1.8477; 1.8515]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA             1.7773 [1.7743; 1.7803]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA         0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA          1.1294 [1.1289; 1.1299]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                4.4325 [4.4315; 4.4335]        4.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN               3.9503 [3.9482; 3.9524]        0.8        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND          2.1416 [2.1399; 2.1433]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN               0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA              0.2006 [0.2002; 0.2011]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE              1.7331 [1.7326; 1.7337]        2.8        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.4496 [0.4488; 0.4503]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       3.8182 [3.8174; 3.8190]        5.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        7.4008 [7.4003; 7.4013]       51.6        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY              0.4441 [0.4430; 0.4453]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA            0.7331 [0.7326; 0.7337]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  3.7177 [3.7175; 3.7178] 52578.79       0
## Random effects model 0.5392 [0.3863; 0.7527]    -3.63  0.0003
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7372 [1.4181; 4.2743]; tau = 1.3180 [1.1909; 2.0674]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5815.15
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1995142807.78   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.1895 [7.1890; 7.1900] 10441148.67 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4695 [0.4693; 0.4696] 82028126.09 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.8175 [3.8168; 3.8182]  5634592.31 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6058 [0.6056; 0.6061] 30395566.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 3.1450 [3.1444; 3.1455] 27126580.72 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.3328 [3.3323; 3.3332]  7239094.92 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.4359 [1.4351; 1.4367]    75178.21 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.5196 [0.5194; 0.5198] 55464598.05 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1546 [0.1546; 0.1546]   135366.59 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.4316 [1.4312; 1.4320] 13175229.32 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1817 [0.1816; 0.1818]  1865787.36 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1761561538.94   12       0
## Within groups   233581268.84   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.9532 [3.8858; 9.1206] 0.0948 0.3078
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2797 [0.1072; 0.7298] 2.3939 1.5472
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.6257 [1.3124; 2.0137] 0.0954 0.3089
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2757 [0.1130; 0.6724] 1.6557 1.2867
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.8629 [1.1810; 2.9385] 0.3245 0.5696
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.6676 [2.1929; 3.2450] 0.0600 0.2449
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.3283 [1.0758; 1.6402] 0.0232 0.1522
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.0875 [0.0126; 0.6096] 3.9228 1.9806
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1469 [0.1292; 0.1671] 0.0086 0.0930
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4046 [0.1776; 0.9215] 1.0585 1.0288
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1337 [0.0760; 0.2351] 0.3321 0.5763
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1033334.06   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    1
##                        rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA              0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA            0.4124 [0.4120; 0.4127]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA            1.6897 [1.6888; 1.6906]        0.7        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA              3.0211 [3.0192; 3.0231]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS              0.0180 [0.0178; 0.0181]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM              2.2085 [2.2071; 2.2100]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL               0.1212 [0.1211; 0.1213]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA             0.3263 [0.3256; 0.3270]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA               5.3477 [5.3464; 5.3490]        3.6        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                0.2580 [0.2576; 0.2584]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA             0.0760 [0.0759; 0.0762]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA              0.4543 [0.4532; 0.4553]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC       1.8185 [1.8172; 1.8199]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR              0.2917 [0.2912; 0.2921]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                0.2397 [0.2396; 0.2399]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA              0.4373 [0.4355; 0.4392]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND              5.4352 [5.4319; 5.4384]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE               4.1757 [4.1748; 4.1765]        5.1        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY              3.5994 [3.5987; 3.6001]        5.7        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE               2.8252 [2.8236; 2.8269]        0.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY              1.0156 [1.0146; 1.0167]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                0.1918 [0.1918; 0.1919]        4.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND              3.9361 [3.9331; 3.9391]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                1.8485 [1.8479; 1.8491]        2.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                0.3150 [0.3149; 0.3152]        0.8        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN               0.1833 [0.1828; 0.1838]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT               0.1562 [0.1555; 0.1569]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA               0.5646 [0.5630; 0.5663]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON              0.6460 [0.6448; 0.6471]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA            0.5072 [0.5059; 0.5085]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG           3.6404 [3.6317; 3.6491]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO               0.2904 [0.2902; 0.2906]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO              0.0432 [0.0431; 0.0433]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND          1.4364 [1.4345; 1.4383]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY               3.9539 [3.9510; 3.9568]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN             0.1573 [0.1572; 0.1574]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                 0.0700 [0.0698; 0.0702]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES          0.0686 [0.0685; 0.0687]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND               0.2009 [0.2007; 0.2012]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL             3.8120 [3.8101; 3.8140]        0.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          6.7601 [6.7556; 6.7645]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA              0.5874 [0.5868; 0.5879]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA               0.0884 [0.0883; 0.0885]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA         0.4869 [0.4865; 0.4873]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA             2.3771 [2.3750; 2.3793]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA             2.0489 [2.0457; 2.0522]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA         0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA          1.2561 [1.2556; 1.2566]        1.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                4.8978 [4.8967; 4.8988]        4.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN               4.3114 [4.3092; 4.3136]        0.8        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND          2.4739 [2.4721; 2.4758]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN               0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA              0.2414 [0.2409; 0.2418]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE              2.1626 [2.1620; 2.1632]        3.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.7453 [0.7443; 0.7462]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       4.7452 [4.7443; 4.7461]        5.9        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        8.5063 [8.5057; 8.5068]       51.2        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY              0.5483 [0.5470; 0.5496]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA            0.7677 [0.7672; 0.7682]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.1558 [4.1556; 4.1559] 61664.20       0
## Random effects model 0.6561 [0.4681; 0.9195]    -2.45  0.0144
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7798 [1.3690; 4.0820]; tau = 1.3341 [1.1700; 2.0204]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6382.54
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2403474255.09   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.2536 [8.2531; 8.2541] 13435200.90 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5072 [0.5071; 0.5073] 91099629.98 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.5834 [4.5827; 4.5841]  6697879.29 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6761 [0.6758; 0.6763] 39565190.94 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 3.4819 [3.4813; 3.4824] 29854484.84 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.6900 [3.6896; 3.6905]  5356053.78 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.6508 [1.6499; 1.6516]    51792.47 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.5602 [0.5601; 0.5604] 63566747.42 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0686 [0.0685; 0.0687]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1878 [0.1878; 0.1879]   363094.93 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.7819 [1.7815; 1.7823] 16848115.86 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2588 [0.2586; 0.2589]  2181537.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2134454526.90   12       0
## Within groups   269019728.19   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.7446 [4.2797; 10.6290] 0.1077 0.3282
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3325 [0.1326;  0.8342] 2.2018 1.4838
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.9588 [1.5732;  2.4390] 0.1001 0.3164
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3578 [0.1453;  0.8809] 1.6910 1.3004
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.1199 [1.3476;  3.3347] 0.3206 0.5662
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.1091 [2.6544;  3.6416] 0.0390 0.1976
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.5579 [1.3287;  1.8267] 0.0132 0.1148
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1249 [0.0241;  0.6467] 2.8160 1.6781
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0686 [0.0685;  0.0687]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1737 [0.1430;  0.2110] 0.0197 0.1404
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4939 [0.2193;  1.1124] 1.0298 1.0148
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1730 [0.1029;  0.2911] 0.2816 0.5307
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1825 [0.1823;  0.1827]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1337888.18   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    1
##                        rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA              0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA            0.6236 [0.6232; 0.6240]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA            1.9091 [1.9081; 1.9100]        0.8        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA              3.4460 [3.4440; 3.4481]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS              0.0188 [0.0187; 0.0190]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM              2.6343 [2.6327; 2.6359]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL               0.1618 [0.1617; 0.1619]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA             0.4892 [0.4884; 0.4901]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA               5.8395 [5.8381; 5.8408]        3.5        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3146]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                0.0053 [0.0053; 0.0053]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA             0.0820 [0.0819; 0.0821]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA              0.4773 [0.4762; 0.4783]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC       2.2432 [2.2417; 2.2447]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR              0.3322 [0.3317; 0.3327]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                0.3250 [0.3248; 0.3252]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA              0.5211 [0.5191; 0.5231]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND              5.7890 [5.7856; 5.7923]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE               4.3160 [4.3151; 4.3168]        4.8        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY              3.8865 [3.8858; 3.8872]        5.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE               3.0761 [3.0744; 3.0778]        0.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY              1.2037 [1.2026; 1.2048]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                0.2357 [0.2356; 0.2357]        5.2        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND              4.6899 [4.6866; 4.6932]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                2.0384 [2.0378; 2.0390]        2.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                1.0988 [1.0985; 1.0991]        2.5        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN               0.2052 [0.2047; 0.2057]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT               0.2263 [0.2254; 0.2271]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA               0.6788 [0.6770; 0.6807]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON              0.7612 [0.7600; 0.7625]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA            0.7232 [0.7217; 0.7248]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG           3.7951 [3.7863; 3.8039]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO               0.2666 [0.2664; 0.2668]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO              0.0533 [0.0531; 0.0534]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND          1.6623 [1.6603; 1.6643]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY               4.4844 [4.4813; 4.4874]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN             0.1948 [0.1947; 0.1949]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                 0.0813 [0.0811; 0.0815]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES          0.0735 [0.0734; 0.0736]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND               0.2380 [0.2377; 0.2383]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL             3.8753 [3.8734; 3.8773]        0.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          8.4500 [8.4450; 8.4550]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA              0.7133 [0.7126; 0.7139]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA               0.1598 [0.1597; 0.1599]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA         0.5929 [0.5924; 0.5933]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA             2.9752 [2.9728; 2.9776]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA             2.2320 [2.2286; 2.2354]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA         0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA          1.3683 [1.3677; 1.3688]        1.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                5.4072 [5.4061; 5.4083]        4.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN               4.6491 [4.6469; 4.6514]        0.8        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND          2.7352 [2.7333; 2.7371]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN               0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA              0.2845 [0.2840; 0.2851]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE              2.7223 [2.7216; 2.7229]        3.5        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.8151 [0.8141; 0.8160]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       5.6548 [5.6539; 5.6558]        6.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        8.7504 [8.7498; 8.7509]       47.8        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY              0.6987 [0.6973; 0.7002]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA            0.8805 [0.8799; 0.8810]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.1651 [4.1649; 4.1653] 65131.88       0
## Random effects model 0.7915 [0.5706; 1.0980]    -1.40  0.1614
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.6730 [1.2714; 3.7077]; tau = 1.2934 [1.1276; 1.9255]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6672.18
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2626562600.70   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.5100 [8.5095; 8.5105]  11220938.21 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6189 [0.6188; 0.6191] 116032057.68 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.3564 [5.3556; 5.3572]   8027178.92 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7868 [0.7866; 0.7871]  48010225.50 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 3.8101 [3.8095; 3.8106]  33037491.97 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.9225 [3.9220; 3.9230]   3806114.09 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.8709 [1.8701; 1.8718]     43916.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.9503 [0.9501; 0.9505]  80189240.15 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0735 [0.0734; 0.0736]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2309 [0.2308; 0.2309]    423047.99 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.2367 [2.2362; 2.2372]  22656268.47 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3548 [0.3546; 0.3550]   3237663.07 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2299878458.58   12       0
## Within groups   326684142.11   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.1483 [4.8091; 10.6252] 0.0818 0.2860
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3970 [0.1544;  1.0207] 2.3212 1.5235
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.3129 [1.8457;  2.8984] 0.1060 0.3256
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4601 [0.1938;  1.0920] 1.5560 1.2474
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.2786 [1.4421;  3.6005] 0.3269 0.5718
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.4130 [3.0027;  3.8794] 0.0256 0.1601
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.7814 [1.5554;  2.0402] 0.0096 0.0979
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2040 [0.0512;  0.8124] 1.9877 1.4099
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0735 [0.0734;  0.0736]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2143 [0.1777;  0.2583] 0.0182 0.1348
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.5996 [0.2565;  1.4017] 1.1262 1.0612
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2230 [0.1296;  0.3839] 0.3071 0.5542
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2093 [0.2091;  0.2095]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1713663.08   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    1
##                        rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA              0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA            0.8075 [0.8071; 0.8080]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA            2.1429 [2.1419; 2.1439]        0.8        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA              3.8892 [3.8870; 3.8914]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS              0.0209 [0.0208; 0.0211]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM              2.8197 [2.8180; 2.8213]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL               0.2003 [0.2002; 0.2004]        0.7        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA             0.3512 [0.3505; 0.3520]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA               6.4490 [6.4476; 6.4504]        3.7        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                0.4029 [0.4024; 0.4033]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                0.0100 [0.0100; 0.0101]        0.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA             0.0904 [0.0902; 0.0905]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA              0.5290 [0.5279; 0.5302]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC       2.4462 [2.4447; 2.4478]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR              0.3715 [0.3710; 0.3720]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                0.4519 [0.4517; 0.4522]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA              0.6499 [0.6477; 0.6522]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND              6.2340 [6.2305; 6.2375]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE               4.6399 [4.6391; 4.6408]        4.8        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY              4.1898 [4.1890; 4.1905]        5.6        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE               2.9461 [2.9444; 2.9478]        0.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY              1.3818 [1.3806; 1.3831]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                0.2661 [0.2661; 0.2662]        5.5        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND              5.7487 [5.7451; 5.7523]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                2.1488 [2.1482; 2.1494]        2.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                1.7888 [1.7885; 1.7892]        3.8        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN               0.2711 [0.2705; 0.2717]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT               0.3421 [0.3411; 0.3431]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA               0.8875 [0.8853; 0.8896]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON              0.7933 [0.7921; 0.7945]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA            0.8457 [0.8440; 0.8474]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG           4.0584 [4.0494; 4.0674]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO               0.2671 [0.2669; 0.2672]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO              0.0653 [0.0651; 0.0654]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND          1.9467 [1.9446; 1.9489]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY               4.8179 [4.8147; 4.8211]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN             0.2124 [0.2123; 0.2125]        0.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                 0.0954 [0.0952; 0.0955]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES          0.0780 [0.0779; 0.0781]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND               0.2180 [0.2177; 0.2182]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL             4.3551 [4.3530; 4.3572]        0.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          9.4847 [9.4794; 9.4900]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA              0.7460 [0.7453; 0.7466]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA               0.3209 [0.3208; 0.3211]        0.8        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA         0.7378 [0.7373; 0.7383]        0.4        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA             3.2284 [3.2259; 3.2309]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA             2.4452 [2.4416; 2.4487]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA         0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA          1.7305 [1.7299; 1.7311]        1.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                5.7247 [5.7236; 5.7258]        4.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN               4.7299 [4.7276; 4.7322]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND          2.9603 [2.9584; 2.9623]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN               0.2224 [0.2221; 0.2227]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA              0.4017 [0.4011; 0.4024]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE              3.1476 [3.1470; 3.1483]        3.8        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.3576 [0.3569; 0.3582]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       6.6897 [6.6887; 6.6908]        7.1        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        8.4694 [8.4688; 8.4699]       43.6        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY              1.0938 [1.0920; 1.0957]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA            1.0497 [1.0491; 1.0503]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.0747 [4.0745; 4.0749] 66332.89       0
## Random effects model 0.9037 [0.6599; 1.2377]    -0.63  0.5281
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5445 [1.2169; 3.4870]; tau = 1.2428 [1.1031; 1.8674]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6786.68
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2717483136.55   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.2911 [8.2906; 8.2916]   5632589.64 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.7169 [0.7168; 0.7171] 131087456.32 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 6.2225 [6.2216; 6.2233]  10598553.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.8240 [0.8238; 0.8243]  46532134.40 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 4.0311 [4.0305; 4.0317]  35831628.25 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 4.2302 [4.2297; 4.2307]   4000555.67 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.1122 [2.1113; 2.1131]     24887.10 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 1.3853 [1.3851; 1.3856] 136650254.52 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0780 [0.0779; 0.0781]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2599 [0.2598; 0.2599]    659768.68 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.5887 [2.5882; 2.5892]  28374774.43 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4454 [0.4452; 0.4456]   3237163.16 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2314853371.00   12       0
## Within groups   402629765.55   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.3905 [5.6583; 9.6529] 0.0371 0.1927
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4768 [0.1896; 1.1990] 2.2140 1.4880
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.6805 [2.0952; 3.4292] 0.1264 0.3555
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5044 [0.2321; 1.0959] 1.2542 1.1199
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.4266 [1.5260; 3.8587] 0.3360 0.5797
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.6989 [3.2611; 4.1956] 0.0248 0.1575
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.0425 [1.8590; 2.2440] 0.0046 0.0679
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2884 [0.0629; 1.3212] 2.4122 1.5531
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0780 [0.0779; 0.0781]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2378 [0.1907; 0.2965] 0.0254 0.1593
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.6276 [0.2510; 1.5694] 1.3121 1.1455
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2833 [0.1744; 0.4603] 0.2453 0.4953
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2153238.02   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    1
##                        rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA              0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA            0.9655 [0.9650; 0.9660]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA            3.9071 [3.9058; 3.9084]        1.3        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA              4.2035 [4.2012; 4.2058]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS              0.0344 [0.0342; 0.0346]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM              2.8712 [2.8696; 2.8729]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL               0.2464 [0.2463; 0.2465]        0.7        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA             0.4812 [0.4804; 0.4820]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA               7.3987 [7.3972; 7.4002]        3.7        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                0.4888 [0.4882; 0.4893]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                0.0143 [0.0143; 0.0143]        0.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA             0.1060 [0.1058; 0.1062]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA              0.5611 [0.5599; 0.5622]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC       2.8554 [2.8537; 2.8570]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR              0.3806 [0.3801; 0.3811]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                0.5793 [0.5791; 0.5796]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA              0.8479 [0.8453; 0.8505]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND              6.7770 [6.7733; 6.7806]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE               4.9101 [4.9092; 4.9110]        4.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY              4.4645 [4.4637; 4.4653]        5.1        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE               3.2543 [3.2525; 3.2561]        0.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY              1.6067 [1.6054; 1.6080]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                0.2922 [0.2921; 0.2922]        5.3        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND              6.9816 [6.9776; 6.9855]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                2.2892 [2.2886; 2.2899]        2.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                2.3349 [2.3344; 2.3353]        4.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN               0.4185 [0.4177; 0.4192]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT               0.7306 [0.7291; 0.7321]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA               1.1425 [1.1401; 1.1449]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON              0.8309 [0.8297; 0.8321]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA            1.0202 [1.0183; 1.0221]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG           4.0818 [4.0729; 4.0907]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO               0.2726 [0.2724; 0.2727]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO              0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0783]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND          2.2133 [2.2110; 2.2155]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY               4.9931 [4.9899; 4.9963]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN             0.2292 [0.2291; 0.2293]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                 0.1101 [0.1099; 0.1103]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES          0.0914 [0.0913; 0.0915]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND               0.2820 [0.2817; 0.2822]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL             4.3602 [4.3581; 4.3623]        0.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          9.6518 [9.6464; 9.6572]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA              0.8871 [0.8865; 0.8878]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA               0.7291 [0.7288; 0.7293]        1.5        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA         1.0581 [1.0575; 1.0587]        0.5        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA             3.4486 [3.4460; 3.4511]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA             2.6081 [2.6045; 2.6118]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA         0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA          1.8725 [1.8719; 1.8731]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                6.0784 [6.0772; 6.0795]        4.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN               5.1810 [5.1786; 5.1834]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND          3.1810 [3.1789; 3.1830]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN               0.2939 [0.2935; 0.2942]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA              0.4665 [0.4658; 0.4671]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE              3.5727 [3.5720; 3.5734]        3.9        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 0.5663 [0.5655; 0.5671]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       8.0419 [8.0408; 8.0431]        7.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        9.5958 [9.5952; 9.5963]       43.1        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY              1.1789 [1.1770; 1.1809]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA            1.2948 [1.2941; 1.2954]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.5467 [4.5465; 4.5469] 76804.92       0
## Random effects model 1.0826 [0.7912; 1.4814]     0.50  0.6197
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5358 [1.1697; 3.3248]; tau = 1.2393 [1.0815; 1.8234]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7288.23
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3133977579.60   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 9.4002 [9.3996; 9.4007]   5937916.26 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.7774 [0.7773; 0.7776] 133383413.51 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 7.3753 [7.3743; 7.3762]  14507032.36 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 1.0490 [1.0488; 1.0493]  36007055.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 4.2600 [4.2594; 4.2607]  37579027.35 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 4.4912 [4.4907; 4.4917]   4443187.25 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 3.6930 [3.6918; 3.6942]   1062843.73 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 1.6880 [1.6878; 1.6883] 185013231.84 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0914 [0.0913; 0.0915]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2848 [0.2848; 0.2849]    845662.66 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.8948 [2.8943; 2.8954]  30665365.81 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.5446 [0.5444; 0.5448]   3860815.37 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2680672028.05   12       0
## Within groups   453305551.55   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.4259 [6.5306; 10.8713] 0.0338 0.1839
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5391 [0.2262;  1.2850] 1.9638 1.4014
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.1514 [2.4032;  4.1325] 0.1530 0.3911
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6837 [0.3806;  1.2280] 0.7143 0.8452
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.5712 [1.6199;  4.0810] 0.3334 0.5774
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.8844 [3.4155;  4.4176] 0.0258 0.1608
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.9407 [1.6849;  5.1325] 0.1615 0.4019
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.3681 [0.0728;  1.8624] 2.7368 1.6543
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0914 [0.0913;  0.0915]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2588 [0.2039;  0.3283] 0.0295 0.1718
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9035 [0.4088;  1.9965] 0.9819 0.9909
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3372 [0.2079;  0.5469] 0.2434 0.4934
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2529 [0.2527;  0.2532]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2058474.24   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    1
##                         rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA               0.8777 [ 0.8772;  0.8782]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA             1.0803 [ 1.0798;  1.0808]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA             6.1076 [ 6.1060;  6.1093]        1.8        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA               4.5047 [ 4.5024;  4.5071]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS               0.0451 [ 0.0449;  0.0453]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM               3.1127 [ 3.1110;  3.1144]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL                0.2972 [ 0.2971;  0.2973]        0.8        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA              0.5914 [ 0.5905;  0.5924]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                8.1048 [ 8.1032;  8.1063]        3.7        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                 0.5859 [ 0.5853;  0.5865]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                 0.0183 [ 0.0183;  0.0184]        0.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA              0.1232 [ 0.1230;  0.1233]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA               0.6205 [ 0.6193;  0.6218]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC        3.2558 [ 3.2540;  3.2576]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR               0.4213 [ 0.4207;  0.4218]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                 0.7263 [ 0.7261;  0.7266]        0.8        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA               1.0802 [ 1.0772;  1.0831]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND               6.5386 [ 6.5351;  6.5422]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                5.2787 [ 5.2778;  5.2797]        4.3        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY               4.7110 [ 4.7102;  4.7117]        4.9        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                3.2833 [ 3.2815;  3.2851]        0.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY               1.7894 [ 1.7880;  1.7908]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                 0.3310 [ 0.3309;  0.3310]        5.4        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND               7.5993 [ 7.5952;  7.6035]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                 2.4579 [ 2.4572;  2.4585]        1.9        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                 2.9447 [ 2.9442;  2.9452]        4.8        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                0.5784 [ 0.5776;  0.5793]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT                0.6781 [ 0.6767;  0.6794]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                1.3962 [ 1.3935;  1.3989]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON               0.9179 [ 0.9167;  0.9192]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA             1.2046 [ 1.2026;  1.2067]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG            4.2040 [ 4.1951;  4.2129]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                0.2951 [ 0.2949;  0.2953]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO               0.0859 [ 0.0858;  0.0861]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND           2.5248 [ 2.5224;  2.5272]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                5.0716 [ 5.0683;  5.0748]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN              0.2485 [ 0.2483;  0.2486]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                  0.1205 [ 0.1203;  0.1207]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES           0.0950 [ 0.0949;  0.0951]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                0.3720 [ 0.3717;  0.3723]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL              4.8798 [ 4.8776;  4.8821]        0.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          11.3900 [11.3841; 11.3959]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA               1.0166 [ 1.0159;  1.0174]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                0.9373 [ 0.9370;  0.9376]        1.7        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA          1.3930 [ 1.3923;  1.3936]        0.5        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA              3.7363 [ 3.7336;  3.7390]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA              2.9582 [ 2.9543;  2.9621]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA          0.2727 [ 0.2724;  0.2729]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA           2.0337 [ 2.0331;  2.0344]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                 6.3670 [ 6.3658;  6.3682]        3.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                5.6087 [ 5.6063;  5.6112]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND           3.4305 [ 3.4284;  3.4326]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                0.3606 [ 0.3602;  0.3610]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA               0.5206 [ 0.5199;  0.5213]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE               4.0914 [ 4.0907;  4.0922]        4.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES  0.8103 [ 0.8094;  0.8113]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM        9.5420 [ 9.5407;  9.5432]        7.9        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        10.2777 [10.2771; 10.2783]       41.5        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY               1.3733 [ 1.3712;  1.3753]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA             1.5927 [ 1.5919;  1.5934]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.9004 [4.9002; 4.9005] 85282.02       0
## Random effects model 1.2453 [0.9142; 1.6962]     1.39  0.1642
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4917 [1.1385; 3.2115]; tau = 1.2214 [1.0670; 1.7921]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7657.80
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3459871375.74   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 10.0816 [10.0810; 10.0821]   5473234.57 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9097 [ 0.9096;  0.9099] 158083122.85 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  8.5849 [ 8.5839;  8.5859]  20615913.66 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.2323 [ 1.2320;  1.2325]  35846862.79 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  4.4902 [ 4.4895;  4.4908]  38514124.94 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6  4.7865 [ 4.7860;  4.7870]   4790967.36 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  5.7207 [ 5.7192;  5.7222]   3043431.34 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.0502 [ 2.0499;  2.0505] 236020621.17 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.0950 [ 0.0949;  0.0951]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3215 [ 0.3214;  0.3215]   1309818.65 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  3.3000 [ 3.2994;  3.3005]  33851780.93 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.7149 [ 0.7147;  0.7151]   5559722.82 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.2727 [ 0.2724;  0.2729]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2916761774.67   12       0
## Within groups   543109601.07   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 9.1268 [7.2315; 11.5188] 0.0282 0.1680
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6218 [0.2595;  1.4902] 1.9883 1.4101
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.5371 [2.5886;  4.8332] 0.2030 0.4505
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.8207 [0.4790;  1.4064] 0.6040 0.7772
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.7787 [1.7667;  4.3702] 0.3203 0.5660
## Region = Western Europe                        6 4.1391 [3.6386;  4.7085] 0.0259 0.1611
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 3.9269 [1.6523;  9.3329] 0.3902 0.6246
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.4462 [0.0818;  2.4338] 2.9970 1.7312
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0950 [0.0949;  0.0951]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2868 [0.2165;  0.3798] 0.0411 0.2028
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.0884 [0.5255;  2.2544] 0.8281 0.9100
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4110 [0.2484;  0.6800] 0.2640 0.5138
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2727 [0.2724;  0.2729]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2363850.35   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    1
##                         rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA               1.0435 [ 1.0430;  1.0440]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA             1.2359 [ 1.2353;  1.2364]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA             7.5188 [ 7.5170;  7.5207]        2.0        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA               4.6332 [ 4.6308;  4.6355]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS               0.0609 [ 0.0607;  0.0612]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM               3.4623 [ 3.4605;  3.4641]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL                0.3671 [ 0.3669;  0.3672]        0.8        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA              0.6868 [ 0.6858;  0.6878]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                8.9837 [ 8.9821;  8.9854]        3.7        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                 0.6971 [ 0.6964;  0.6977]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                 0.0236 [ 0.0236;  0.0236]        0.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA              0.1650 [ 0.1648;  0.1652]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA               0.7200 [ 0.7187;  0.7214]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC        3.8896 [ 3.8876;  3.8915]        0.5        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR               0.4820 [ 0.4815;  0.4826]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                 0.9495 [ 0.9492;  0.9498]        1.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA               1.3609 [ 1.3576;  1.3642]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND               6.6345 [ 6.6310;  6.6381]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                5.5188 [ 5.5179;  5.5198]        4.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY               4.9624 [ 4.9616;  4.9632]        4.6        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                3.3903 [ 3.3884;  3.3921]        0.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY               1.7720 [ 1.7706;  1.7734]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                 0.3751 [ 0.3750;  0.3751]        5.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND               9.3143 [ 9.3098;  9.3189]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                 2.5593 [ 2.5587;  2.5600]        1.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                 3.2023 [ 3.2018;  3.2029]        4.6        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                0.5796 [ 0.5788;  0.5804]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT                0.7833 [ 0.7818;  0.7847]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                1.6802 [ 1.6772;  1.6832]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON               1.0485 [ 1.0472;  1.0498]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA             1.2834 [ 1.2812;  1.2855]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG            4.1852 [ 4.1764;  4.1940]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                0.3186 [ 0.3184;  0.3187]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO               0.1033 [ 0.1032;  0.1035]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND           2.9494 [ 2.9468;  2.9520]        0.2        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                5.6805 [ 5.6771;  5.6839]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN              0.2817 [ 0.2816;  0.2818]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                  0.1993 [ 0.1991;  0.1996]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES           0.1056 [ 0.1055;  0.1057]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                0.4692 [ 0.4688;  0.4696]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL              5.0680 [ 5.0657;  5.0703]        0.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          12.9825 [12.9762; 12.9889]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA               1.1237 [ 1.1229;  1.1244]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                0.8413 [ 0.8411;  0.8416]        1.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA          1.2320 [ 1.2313;  1.2326]        0.4        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA              4.1169 [ 4.1141;  4.1198]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA              3.2621 [ 3.2581;  3.2662]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA          0.2909 [ 0.2907;  0.2912]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA           2.1810 [ 2.1803;  2.1817]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                 6.4617 [ 6.4605;  6.4629]        3.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                6.0197 [ 6.0172;  6.0223]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND           3.7244 [ 3.7222;  3.7265]        0.3        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                0.4099 [ 0.4094;  0.4103]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA               0.5660 [ 0.5653;  0.5668]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE               4.6908 [ 4.6900;  4.6916]        4.2        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES  1.0947 [ 1.0936;  1.0958]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       11.0046 [11.0033; 11.0059]        8.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        11.6703 [11.6696; 11.6709]       42.4        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY               1.4897 [ 1.4876;  1.4919]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA             1.0882 [ 1.0875;  1.0888]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  5.4875 [5.4873; 5.4877] 96709.14       0
## Random effects model 1.3959 [1.0172; 1.9156]     2.07  0.0389
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5644 [1.1480; 3.2426]; tau = 1.2508 [1.0715; 1.8007]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8266.70
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4031960195.55   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.4299 [11.4293; 11.4305]   7447937.33 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9149 [ 0.9148;  0.9151] 169090037.93 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  9.8630 [ 9.8619;  9.8641]  25954476.21 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.2840 [ 1.2837;  1.2842]  47624760.96 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  4.5808 [ 4.5802;  4.5814]  37714553.67 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6  5.0293 [ 5.0287;  5.0298]   4283667.28 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  7.0400 [ 7.0384;  7.0416]   4047256.53 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.1464 [ 2.1461;  2.1467] 280350118.38 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1056 [ 0.1055;  0.1057]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3642 [ 0.3642;  0.3643]   1509620.90 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  3.7762 [ 3.7756;  3.7768]  43627316.73 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.9010 [ 0.9007;  0.9012]   7049513.42 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.2909 [ 0.2907;  0.2912]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3403260936.20   12       0
## Within groups   628699259.34   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 10.2393 [7.9236; 13.2318] 0.0342 0.1850
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7123 [0.2990;  1.6967] 1.9613 1.4004
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  4.0203 [2.8863;  5.5997] 0.2287 0.4782
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  0.9230 [0.5078;  1.6775] 0.7434 0.8622
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  2.9562 [1.9027;  4.5929] 0.3032 0.5506
## Region = Western Europe                        6  4.3577 [3.8714;  4.9051] 0.0219 0.1479
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  4.7091 [1.8822; 11.7821] 0.4379 0.6617
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.5098 [0.0889;  2.9247] 3.1774 1.7825
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1056 [0.1055;  0.1057]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3250 [0.2455;  0.4303] 0.0410 0.2025
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.2017 [0.5323;  2.7130] 1.0357 1.0177
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.4907 [0.2944;  0.8177] 0.2717 0.5212
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.2909 [0.2907;  0.2912]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2427845.04   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    1
##                         rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA               1.4666 [ 1.4659;  1.4672]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA             1.2701 [ 1.2696;  1.2707]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA             8.6392 [ 8.6372;  8.6411]        2.2        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA               5.5558 [ 5.5533;  5.5584]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS               0.0745 [ 0.0742;  0.0748]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM               4.6625 [ 4.6604;  4.6645]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL                0.4401 [ 0.4399;  0.4402]        0.9        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA              0.9792 [ 0.9780;  0.9804]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                9.9954 [ 9.9937;  9.9971]        3.7        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                 0.7907 [ 0.7900;  0.7914]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                 0.0286 [ 0.0286;  0.0286]        0.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA              0.1667 [ 0.1665;  0.1669]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA               1.0827 [ 1.0810;  1.0843]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC        4.9366 [ 4.9344;  4.9388]        0.5        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR               0.4980 [ 0.4975;  0.4986]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                 1.3411 [ 1.3407;  1.3414]        1.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA               1.7473 [ 1.7435;  1.7510]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND               7.1434 [ 7.1397;  7.1470]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                5.6502 [ 5.6492;  5.6511]        3.8        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY               5.2710 [ 5.2702;  5.2718]        4.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                3.9338 [ 3.9318;  3.9358]        0.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY               1.9009 [ 1.8995;  1.9024]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                 0.4165 [ 0.4165;  0.4166]        5.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND              10.0262 [10.0215; 10.0310]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                 2.6128 [ 2.6122;  2.6135]        1.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                 3.5135 [ 3.5129;  3.5140]        4.6        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                0.8999 [ 0.8989;  0.9009]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT                1.3133 [ 1.3114;  1.3152]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                1.8527 [ 1.8495;  1.8558]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON               1.3224 [ 1.3210;  1.3239]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA             1.6490 [ 1.6465;  1.6514]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG            4.3268 [ 4.3179;  4.3357]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                0.3396 [ 0.3394;  0.3397]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO               0.1130 [ 0.1129;  0.1132]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND           3.4626 [ 3.4598;  3.4654]        0.2        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                5.8838 [ 5.8804;  5.8872]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN              0.3136 [ 0.3135;  0.3137]        0.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                  0.2131 [ 0.2128;  0.2134]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES           0.1206 [ 0.1205;  0.1207]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                0.7797 [ 0.7792;  0.7801]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL              4.9211 [ 4.9189;  4.9233]        0.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          14.3848 [14.3780; 14.3916]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA               1.3004 [ 1.2996;  1.3013]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                0.2778 [ 0.2776;  0.2779]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA          1.3045 [ 1.3039;  1.3052]        0.4        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA              5.0693 [ 5.0662;  5.0724]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA              3.6342 [ 3.6299;  3.6385]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA          0.3238 [ 0.3236;  0.3241]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA           2.4374 [ 2.4367;  2.4381]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                 6.8250 [ 6.8237;  6.8262]        3.3        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                6.6761 [ 6.6734;  6.6787]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND           3.9619 [ 3.9597;  3.9641]        0.3        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                0.4897 [ 0.4893;  0.4902]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA               0.6241 [ 0.6234;  0.6249]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE               5.0237 [ 5.0229;  5.0246]        4.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES  0.7763 [ 0.7753;  0.7772]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       12.5535 [12.5521; 12.5549]        8.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        12.8246 [12.8239; 12.8252]       42.6        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY               1.5550 [ 1.5528;  1.5572]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA             0.6046 [ 0.6041;  0.6051]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  6.0739 [6.0737; 6.0741] 107459.81       0
## Random effects model 1.5541 [1.1295; 2.1383]      2.71  0.0068
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5907 [1.1704; 3.3029]; tau = 1.2612 [1.0819; 1.8174]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8727.58
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4494070709.60   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 12.5692 [12.5686; 12.5698]   7585213.74 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9315 [ 0.9313;  0.9317] 182365035.33 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 11.1807 [11.1796; 11.1818]  31775941.84 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.5317 [ 1.5313;  1.5320]  91982088.94 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  4.7975 [ 4.7969;  4.7982]  40334902.97 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6  5.3360 [ 5.3355;  5.3366]   1956916.96 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  8.0927 [ 8.0910;  8.0945]   4573784.08 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.3076 [ 2.3073;  2.3079] 324031018.01 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1206 [ 0.1205;  0.1207]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.4044 [ 0.4044;  0.4045]   1684835.49 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.0306 [ 4.0300;  4.0312]  47454229.10 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  1.2754 [ 1.2751;  1.2757]  10372798.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3238 [ 0.3236;  0.3241]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3749953944.73   12       0
## Within groups   744116764.86   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.3220 [8.8684; 14.4543] 0.0311 0.1762
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7170 [0.2941;  1.7478] 2.0669 1.4377
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  4.5648 [3.2182;  6.4748] 0.2545 0.5044
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  0.9971 [0.4257;  2.3353] 1.5083 1.2281
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  3.3279 [2.1318;  5.1950] 0.3098 0.5566
## Region = Western Europe                        6  4.8629 [4.5047;  5.2496] 0.0091 0.0956
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  5.4694 [2.2326; 13.3986] 0.4180 0.6465
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.5885 [0.1013;  3.4177] 3.2222 1.7951
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1206 [0.1205;  0.1207]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3614 [0.2736;  0.4773] 0.0403 0.2007
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.4128 [0.6333;  3.1515] 1.0055 1.0027
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.6103 [0.3597;  1.0357] 0.2912 0.5397
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3238 [0.3236;  0.3241]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2648430.42   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    1
##                         rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA               3.0485 [ 3.0476;  3.0494]        1.2        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA             1.3337 [ 1.3331;  1.3342]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA             9.3000 [ 9.2980;  9.3020]        2.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA               5.7414 [ 5.7388;  5.7440]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS               0.1234 [ 0.1230;  0.1238]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM               5.2455 [ 5.2433;  5.2477]        0.6        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL                0.5157 [ 0.5155;  0.5158]        1.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA              1.2179 [ 1.2166;  1.2192]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA               10.7934 [10.7916; 10.7951]        3.7        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                 0.8795 [ 0.8788;  0.8802]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                 0.0358 [ 0.0358;  0.0358]        0.5        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA              0.1728 [ 0.1727;  0.1730]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA               1.2346 [ 1.2328;  1.2364]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC        5.6135 [ 5.6112;  5.6159]        0.6        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR               0.5272 [ 0.5266;  0.5277]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                 2.0563 [ 2.0558;  2.0568]        1.8        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA               2.2727 [ 2.2684;  2.2769]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND               7.7485 [ 7.7446;  7.7523]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                5.7629 [ 5.7619;  5.7639]        3.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY               5.3977 [ 5.3969;  5.3985]        4.1        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                4.2748 [ 4.2727;  4.2768]        0.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY               2.0198 [ 2.0184;  2.0213]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                 0.4575 [ 0.4575;  0.4576]        5.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND              10.1613 [10.1566; 10.1661]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                 2.8330 [ 2.8323;  2.8337]        1.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                 3.8741 [ 3.8736;  3.8747]        4.6        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                1.1300 [ 1.1289;  1.1311]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT                2.6181 [ 2.6155;  2.6207]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                2.1990 [ 2.1955;  2.2024]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON               1.4841 [ 1.4826;  1.4856]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA             1.7040 [ 1.7015;  1.7065]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG            4.4402 [ 4.4314;  4.4491]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                0.3813 [ 0.3811;  0.3815]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO               0.1463 [ 0.1461;  0.1465]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND           3.8784 [ 3.8754;  3.8813]        0.2        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                6.3251 [ 6.3215;  6.3286]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN              0.3403 [ 0.3402;  0.3405]        0.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                  0.2237 [ 0.2234;  0.2239]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES           0.1306 [ 0.1305;  0.1307]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                1.2022 [ 1.2016;  1.2028]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL              4.9841 [ 4.9818;  4.9863]        0.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          16.0002 [15.9929; 16.0075]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA               1.5396 [ 1.5387;  1.5405]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                0.3809 [ 0.3807;  0.3810]        0.5        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA          1.8736 [ 1.8729;  1.8744]        0.6        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA              4.7357 [ 4.7327;  4.7387]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA              3.8317 [ 3.8273;  3.8361]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA          0.3350 [ 0.3347;  0.3352]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA           2.7612 [ 2.7604;  2.7619]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                 7.1036 [ 7.1024;  7.1049]        3.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                7.1681 [ 7.1654;  7.1709]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND           4.0655 [ 4.0633;  4.0678]        0.3        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                0.5447 [ 0.5442;  0.5452]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA               0.8396 [ 0.8388;  0.8405]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE               5.8508 [ 5.8499;  5.8517]        4.4        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES  0.6780 [ 0.6771;  0.6789]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       13.5562 [13.5548; 13.5577]        8.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        14.0011 [14.0005; 14.0018]       42.2        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY               1.7113 [ 1.7090;  1.7135]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA             0.4621 [ 0.4617;  0.4625]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  6.5116 [6.5114; 6.5118] 117601.97       0
## Random effects model 1.7762 [1.2937; 2.4386]      3.55  0.0004
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5693 [1.1245; 3.1492]; tau = 1.2527 [1.0604; 1.7746]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 9159.21
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4949572337.33   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 13.7122 [13.7116; 13.7129]   9018836.47 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9997 [ 0.9995;  0.9999] 197505322.21 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 12.0413 [12.0401; 12.0425]  34575163.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.6558 [ 1.6554;  1.6561]  91869084.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  5.0174 [ 5.0168;  5.0181]  39487180.95 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6  5.4856 [ 5.4850;  5.4861]   1626536.08 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  8.7182 [ 8.7164;  8.7200]   4718592.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.4807 [ 2.4804;  2.4810] 381220077.69 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1306 [ 0.1305;  0.1307]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.4437 [ 0.4437;  0.4438]   2028274.03 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.7066 [ 4.7060;  4.7073]  50727290.26 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  2.2288 [ 2.2284;  2.2292]  22435650.11 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3350 [ 0.3347;  0.3352]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 4114360329.62   12       0
## Within groups   835212007.70   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 12.2931 [9.5261; 15.8637] 0.0339 0.1840
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7541 [0.3090;  1.8403] 2.0721 1.4395
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  5.0336 [3.5406;  7.1561] 0.2578 0.5077
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.2427 [0.5742;  2.6896] 1.2414 1.1142
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  3.5579 [2.3188;  5.4590] 0.2862 0.5350
## Region = Western Europe                        6  5.0664 [4.7315;  5.4250] 0.0073 0.0855
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  6.0057 [2.5488; 14.1512] 0.3825 0.6184
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.6760 [0.1143;  3.9979] 3.2894 1.8137
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1306 [0.1305;  0.1307]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3946 [0.2953;  0.5273] 0.0438 0.2092
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.7876 [0.8776;  3.6413] 0.7906 0.8892
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.9368 [0.5251;  1.6710] 0.3488 0.5906
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3350 [0.3347;  0.3352]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2597814.00   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    1
##                         rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA               2.9435 [ 2.9427;  2.9444]        1.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA             1.3902 [ 1.3896;  1.3907]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA             9.4384 [ 9.4364;  9.4404]        2.0        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA               6.0504 [ 6.0478;  6.0531]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS               0.1868 [ 0.1863;  0.1872]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM               5.6263 [ 5.6240;  5.6286]        0.6        1.7                              Western Europe
## BRAZIL                0.6318 [ 0.6316;  0.6320]        1.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA              1.3771 [ 1.3757;  1.3785]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA               10.8953 [10.8936; 10.8971]        3.5        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                 0.9280 [ 0.9273;  0.9288]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                 0.0438 [ 0.0438;  0.0438]        0.5        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA              0.1955 [ 0.1953;  0.1957]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA               1.3816 [ 1.3797;  1.3834]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC        6.0546 [ 6.0522;  6.0571]        0.6        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR               0.5475 [ 0.5469;  0.5481]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                 3.9544 [ 3.9538;  3.9551]        3.4        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA               3.0000 [ 2.9952;  3.0049]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND               8.2826 [ 8.2786;  8.2865]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                6.0179 [ 6.0169;  6.0188]        3.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY               5.6636 [ 5.6628;  5.6645]        4.1        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                4.6340 [ 4.6318;  4.6361]        0.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY               2.1507 [ 2.1492;  2.1522]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                 0.5129 [ 0.5129;  0.5130]        6.0        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND               8.5541 [ 8.5498;  8.5584]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                 2.8818 [ 2.8811;  2.8825]        1.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                 4.1321 [ 4.1315;  4.1327]        4.6        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                0.6513 [ 0.6504;  0.6521]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## KUWAIT                3.2250 [ 3.2222;  3.2279]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                2.6394 [ 2.6357;  2.6432]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON               1.5687 [ 1.5672;  1.5703]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA             2.0118 [ 2.0091;  2.0146]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG            4.4238 [ 4.4151;  4.4326]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                0.4126 [ 0.4124;  0.4128]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO               0.2011 [ 0.2009;  0.2014]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NEW ZEALAND           5.0261 [ 5.0228;  5.0295]        0.2        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                6.6320 [ 6.6284;  6.6356]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN              0.3993 [ 0.3992;  0.3995]        0.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                  0.2562 [ 0.2559;  0.2565]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES           0.1574 [ 0.1573;  0.1576]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                1.6797 [ 1.6790;  1.6803]        0.6        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL              5.1522 [ 5.1499;  5.1545]        0.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO          15.1233 [15.1160; 15.1305]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA               1.6365 [ 1.6356;  1.6375]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                0.5050 [ 0.5048;  0.5052]        0.6        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA          1.1357 [ 1.1351;  1.1363]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## SLOVAKIA              5.1626 [ 5.1594;  5.1657]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA              3.9999 [ 3.9954;  4.0044]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA          0.3738 [ 0.3736;  0.3741]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA           3.0995 [ 3.0987;  3.1003]        1.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                 7.3282 [ 7.3269;  7.3295]        3.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                7.6667 [ 7.6638;  7.6695]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND           4.2259 [ 4.2237;  4.2282]        0.3        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                0.6414 [ 0.6408;  0.6419]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## TUNISIA               2.0328 [ 2.0314;  2.0342]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE               6.0983 [ 6.0974;  6.0992]        4.4        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES  0.6640 [ 0.6631;  0.6648]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM       13.8879 [13.8864; 13.8894]        8.1        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES        14.2539 [14.2532; 14.2546]       40.6        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY               1.5402 [ 1.5380;  1.5424]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA             0.4182 [ 0.4178;  0.4186]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z  p-value
## Common effect model  6.5281 [6.5279; 6.5283] 121441.80        0
## Random effects model 1.9483 [1.4275; 2.6589]      4.20 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5106 [1.0687; 2.9707]; tau = 1.2291 [1.0338; 1.7236]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 9338.00
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  5144692975.04   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 13.9518 [13.9512; 13.9524]   9802714.94 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9891 [ 0.9890;  0.9893] 171390798.83 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 12.2841 [12.2829; 12.2853]  34829258.32 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.8254 [ 1.8251;  1.8258]  93547022.86 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  5.1866 [ 5.1859;  5.1872]  41072246.13 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6  5.7512 [ 5.7507;  5.7518]   1712784.13 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  8.9062 [ 8.9045;  8.9080]   3139085.02 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.5824 [ 2.5821;  2.5827] 434629834.21 100.0%
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1574 [ 0.1573;  0.1576]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.4992 [ 0.4991;  0.4992]   1729151.68 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.9872 [ 4.9865;  4.9878]  63531077.31 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  3.4522 [ 3.4517;  3.4527]  27574420.39 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3738 [ 0.3736;  0.3741]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 4261734581.22   12       0
## Within groups   882958393.82   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 12.4620 [9.5770; 16.2160] 0.0361 0.1900
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7859 [0.3514;  1.7577] 1.6867 1.2987
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  5.4662 [3.8589;  7.7429] 0.2525 0.5025
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.4878 [0.7272;  3.0440] 1.0673 1.0331
## Region = Southern Europe                       6  3.7512 [2.4422;  5.7619] 0.2877 0.5364
## Region = Western Europe                        6  5.2810 [4.9322;  5.6544] 0.0073 0.0854
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  6.8876 [3.7143; 12.7719] 0.1985 0.4456
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.7744 [0.1307;  4.5895] 3.2972 1.8158
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1574 [0.1573;  0.1576]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.4526 [0.3541;  0.5784] 0.0313 0.1770
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.5730 [0.6396;  3.8685] 1.2648 1.1246
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  1.4770 [0.8489;  2.5696] 0.3193 0.5651
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3738 [0.3736;  0.3741]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2589874.45   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
#Multinational
gaba_global2<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(5:9)] 
gaba_global2$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$Year)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID`)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - lower`)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - upper`)
gaba_global2$Area<-"Multinational"

gaba_global2$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 11))

gaba_global3<-subset(gaba_global2,Drug!="MIROGABALIN")


##Regional
gaba_regional<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(14:18)] 

gaba_regional$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_regional$Year)
out <- unlist(gaba_regional)
Year<-out[1:11]
Drug<-out[12:22]
DDDTID<-out[23:165]
lower<-out[166:308]
upper<-out[309:451]

out2<-data.frame(Year,Drug)
out3<-do.call("rbind", replicate(13, out2, simplify = FALSE))
newdata <- out3%>% arrange(Drug, Year)

newdata$DDDTID<-DDDTID
newdata$lower<-lower
newdata$upper<-upper

region_name<-(rep(c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , 
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"),11))
newdata$Area<-region_name
newdata$Drug<-c( rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 143))
gaba_regional2<-newdata
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID`<-gaba_regional2$DDDTID
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-gaba_regional2$lower
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-gaba_regional2$upper

gaba_regional3<-gaba_regional2[c(1,2,6:9)]
pool_Global_region<-rbind(gaba_global3,gaba_regional3)
pool_Global_region$Drug<- factor(pool_Global_region$Drug, levels = c("Gabapentinoids","Gabapentin","Gabapentin Enacarbil","Pregabalin"))
pool_Global_region$Area<-factor(pool_Global_region$Area,levels=c("Multinational","Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"))
pool_Global_region$Year<-as.numeric(pool_Global_region$Year)
pool_Global_region[is.na(pool_Global_region)]<-0
library(ggbreak)
a<-ggplot(pool_Global_region, aes(x = Year, y = `DDD/TID`, group=Drug, colour=Drug, fill=Drug))+ 
  geom_line() + 
  facet_wrap(.~Area,nrow=1)+
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = `DDD/TID - lower`, ymax = `DDD/TID - upper`), alpha = 0.1, colour = NA) +
  scale_y_break(c(20,62),scales = 0.1)+
  theme_classic()+
scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(2008:2018))+ 
  theme(panel.border=element_blank(), 
        panel.grid.major = element_blank(), 
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background=element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
        axis.line=element_line(),axis.ticks.x = element_blank())+
  ggtitle("Pooled multinational gabapentinoids consumption over time")
a

ggsave(filename="Reference_2_pooled_by Region year drug.png", plot=a, height =7, width=40,device="png", 
       path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
       dpi=500)
write.csv(pool_Global_region,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_7_Sensitivity1_Pooled_Gaba_consumption_CI.csv")

library(DT)
datatable(pool_Global_region[c(6,1:5)], options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

8.2 Regional mixed linear model

library(DT)
library(data.table)
regionalmlm<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentinoids" & Country!="BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA" &
                      Country!="KAZAKHSTAN" & Country!="NETHERLANDS" & Country!="SERBIA" & Country!="THAILAND")
my_update_function <- function(x){

  regionalmlm2<-regionalmlm[regionalmlm$Region==x,]
  regional_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = regionalmlm2)

  mixed_est<-intervals(regional_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(regional_lme)
  mixed_results_regional<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_regional$Model<-x
  mixed_results_regional$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional <- mixed_results_regional[2,]
  return(mixed_results_regional)
}


lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),my_update_function)
## [[1]]
##          lower      est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value            p-value           Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.2324532 0.3068503 0.3812475     1    39 69.59844 0.0000000003324157 Northern Africa 35.91375 26.16914 46.41099
## 
## [[2]]
##           lower     est.     upper numDF denDF F-value              p-value                                       Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.09118945 0.121499 0.1518085     1    99 63.2653 0.000000000003011813 Central and South America and the Caribbean 12.91882 9.547653 16.39373
## 
## [[3]]
##          lower      est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value         p-value                     Model expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.1283824 0.1814379 0.2344933     1    19 51.23239 0.0000008394892 Australia and New Zealand  19.894 13.69877  26.4268
## 
## [[4]]
##           lower       est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value                 p-value          Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.06433288 0.07982329 0.0953137     1    59 106.3226 0.000000000000007993606 Western Europe 8.309566 6.644734 10.00039
## 
## [[5]]
##          lower      est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value             p-value          Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.1575479 0.2132595 0.2689712     1    79 58.05333 0.00000000004790657 Eastern Europe 23.77059 17.06368 30.86175
## 
## [[6]]
##          lower       est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value          p-value            Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.0659514 0.08658424 0.1072171     1    19 77.14503 0.00000004074268 Northern America 9.044322  6.81748 11.31759
## 
## [[7]]
##          lower      est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value         p-value        Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.1727926 0.2508232 0.3288539     1    39 42.27307 0.0000001042476 Eastern Asia 28.50829 18.86195 38.93749
## 
## [[8]]
##           lower       est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value                p-value           Model expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.06598808 0.08276279 0.0995375     1    59 97.46586 0.00000000000004152234 Southern Europe 8.62841 6.821399 10.46599
## 
## [[9]]
##          lower      est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value p-value           Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.1163958 0.1378373 0.1592788     1    79 163.7291       0 Northern Europe 14.77888 12.34405 17.26649
## 
## [[10]]
##          lower      est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value           p-value         Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.1149957 0.1445929 0.1741901     1    19 104.5542 0.000000003672261 Southern Asia 15.55691 12.18687 19.02819
## 
## [[11]]
##          lower     est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value        p-value        Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.1001267 0.161874 0.2236214     1    59 27.51756 0.000002212243 Western Asia 17.57121 10.53109 25.05974
## 
## [[12]]
##           lower      est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value           p-value              Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.08970598 0.1012493 0.1127925     1     9 393.7056 0.000000009737239 South-eastern Asia 10.65524 9.385262 11.93997
## 
## [[13]]
##           lower      est.     upper numDF denDF  F-value     p-value           Model  expcoef explower expupper
## Year 0.06152608 0.1170996 0.1726731     1     9 22.72065 0.001020179 Southern Africa 12.42314 6.345823 18.84775
gabapentinoids.mlm_region<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),
                             my_update_function))
gabapentinoids.mlm_region<-as.data.frame(gabapentinoids.mlm_region)

# global
Global_model_1 <- lme(log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
correlation = corAR1(form = ~ Year | Country), data = regionalmlm)
summary(Global_model_1)
## Linear mixed-effects model fit by REML
##   Data: regionalmlm 
##         AIC       BIC   logLik
##   -70.16784 -47.72181 40.08392
## 
## Random effects:
##  Formula: ~1 | Country
##         (Intercept) Residual
## StdDev: 0.000268892 1.580427
## 
## Correlation Structure: AR(1)
##  Formula: ~Year | Country 
##  Parameter estimate(s):
##       Phi 
## 0.9930155 
## Fixed effects:  log(DDDPTPD) ~ Year 
##                  Value Std.Error  DF   t-value p-value
## (Intercept) -310.56037 15.113301 599 -20.54881       0
## Year           0.15423  0.007507 599  20.54400       0
##  Correlation: 
##      (Intr)
## Year -1    
## 
## Standardized Within-Group Residuals:
##         Min          Q1         Med          Q3         Max 
## -3.86035408 -0.59782824  0.07780132  0.84078075  1.75131888 
## 
## Number of Observations: 660
## Number of Groups: 60
mixed_est<-intervals(Global_model_1, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
mixed_pval<-anova(Global_model_1)
mixed_pval<-as.data.frame(mixed_pval)
mixed_results_1<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
mixed_results_1$Model<-"Global_country_int_wAR1"
mixed_results_1$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_1$est.)-1)*100
mixed_results_1$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_1$lower)-1)*100
mixed_results_1$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_1$upper)-1)*100

mixed_results_Global<-rbind(mixed_results_1)

# Results table
bind_reg_lm<-gabapentinoids.mlm_region
bind_reg_lm$Country<-bind_reg_lm$Model
bind_reg_lm$Region<-bind_reg_lm$Model
bind_reg_lm<-bind_reg_lm[c(13,9:11,7)]

bind_glo_lm<-mixed_results_Global
bind_glo_lm<-bind_glo_lm[c(7:11)]
bind_glo_lm$Country<-"Multinational"
bind_glo_lm$Region<-"Multinational"
bind_glo_lm<-bind_glo_lm[c(7,3:5,1)]
bind_lm<-rbind(bind_reg_lm,bind_glo_lm)
write.csv(bind_lm,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_8_Sensitivity1_lm_cty_region_multi.csv")

datatable(bind_lm, options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

9 Sensitivity analysis 2: reviewer’s comment to only include RETAIL data

9.1 Reading data

Data inclusion criteria: variable name “MOL”= “PREGABALIN”,“GABAPENTIN”,“GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL”,“MIROGABALIN”

library(readxl)
library(dplyr)
# data <- read.csv("D:/MIDAS ADHD/midas_adhd/adhd/MIDAS 2019.csv")
# data
getwd()
## [1] "D:/R/midas gaba"
setwd("D:/R/midas gaba")
gaba<-subset(read.csv("D:/R/midas benzo/raw/gaba_extract.csv"),MOL=="PREGABALIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL"|
                       MOL=="MIROGABALIN")

9.2 Drug inspection

Inspect data for combination product with more than one active molecule (Gabapentinoids)
The remaining products that may contain more than one drug of interest are:

library(dplyr)
library(stringr)

data.1.nodup<-gaba
#Check for combination product i.e. other than drug name, all numbers are the same
exam2<-data.1.nodup[duplicated(data.1.nodup[,-(1:10)]) | duplicated(data.1.nodup[,-(1:10)], fromLast = TRUE),]
exam2
gaba$Class<-"Gabapentinoids"

We assume that the DDD units provided only refer to that specific drug ingredient in the data row

9.3 Keep SU and DDD data

master<-subset(gaba,SEC=="RETAIL")

9.4 Separate data into with DDD units and without DDD units (INTWHODDDDESC NOT ASSIGNED)

  1. For products without DDD data, the conversion ratio is based on standard units sold, WHO-ATC defined daily dose, and product strength (539 observations)
  2. For products without drug strength AND DDD, we will impute the conversion ratio based on the most commonly used strength

Two pharmacists have assigned strength of products without DDD units for conversion SU units.
667 observations were read from the conversion file for gabapentinoids since a product may have more than one strength. Median imputation was conducted for products with more than one identified strength. 470/539 observations with strengths identified after median imputation.
- Liquid formulations were removed (15/539 unique metadata combination in missing DDD file)
- Strength information of 54/539 country-product combinations cannot be identified

library(dplyr)
#Identify products that need conversion from SU to INTDDD
missing_DDD<-subset(master,INTWHODDDDESC=="INTWHODDD DESC NOT ASSIGNED")
with_DDD<-subset(master,INTWHODDDDESC!="INTWHODDD DESC NOT ASSIGNED")

# #Export list for conversion factor identification
# miss_DDD<-unique(missing_DDD[c(1:8)])
# write.csv(miss_DDD,"D:/R/midas benzo/dosage_convert.csv")

#Daniel and Andrew has done the conversion
convert <- read.table(
  "D:/R/midas benzo/convert_20221114_removed.txt",
  sep="\t", header=TRUE)
convert2<-subset(convert, !is.na(convert$Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA) & (MOL=="PREGABALIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL"|
                       MOL=="MIROGABALIN"))
convert_missing<-subset(convert, is.na(convert$Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA))

convert_medianimpute_strength <- convert2[c(1:10)] %>% group_by (CTY,SEC, MNF, ATC3,INTPRD,NFC123,INTWHODDDDESC,MOL,INTWHODDDDESC_2) %>% mutate(median=median(Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA, na.rm = TRUE)) 
convert_medianimpute_strength2<-unique(convert_medianimpute_strength[c(1:8,10,11)])
#left join convert to data
missing_DDD_convert <- left_join(missing_DDD,convert_medianimpute_strength2,by = c("CTY","SEC","MNF","ATC3","INTPRD","NFC123",  
"INTWHODDDDESC","MOL") )
write.csv(missing_DDD,"D:/R/midas gaba/withoutddd_539.csv")
missing_DDD_remain<-subset(missing_DDD_convert, !is.na(median) & Class=="Gabapentinoids")


missing_DDD_agg<-missing_DDD %>% group_by (CTY, SEC,MNF,ATC3,INTPRD,NFC123,INTWHODDDDESC,MOL,X_TYPE_,X_FREQ_,Class) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1:857),sum)

9.5 Results of median imputed strengths:

library(DT)
datatable(subset(convert_medianimpute_strength2), options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

9.6 Aggregate separately for DDD and missing DDD dataframes

9.6.1 DDD

library(tidyr)
library(zoo)
library(dplyr)


ddd <-with_DDD

## Remove columns of other sales data e.g. LC, LCD, USD, CU, SU
ddd.2 <- ddd[-c(9:10)]%>%select(-contains(c("LC_MNF","LCD_MNF","USD_MNF","CU_MTH","SU_MTH")))
ddd.3 <- pivot_longer(ddd.2, cols=9:151, 
                        names_to = "Month", values_to = "DDD")
## Format date
ddd.3$Month<-str_remove(ddd.3$Month, "INTDDD_MTH_")
ddd.3<-ddd.3 %>% separate(Month, c("Month","Year"), 
                              sep = "([_])")
ddd.3$Year <- paste0("20", ddd.3$Year, sep = "")
ddd.3$Year<-as.numeric(ddd.3$Year)
ddd.3$Month<-as.numeric(ddd.3$Month)
ddd.3$Date <- as.yearmon(paste(ddd.3$Year, 
                               ddd.3$Month), "%Y %m")
ddd.4<-ddd.3[-c(10)]
ddd.4$DDD[is.na(ddd.4$DDD)]<-0

9.6.2 Without DDD

Check formula: DDD units = SU units *Strength/INTWHODDDDESC

library(tidyr)
library(zoo)
library(dplyr)

noddd <-missing_DDD_remain

## Remove columns of other sales data e.g. LC, LCD, USD, CU, SU
noddd.2 <- noddd[-c(9:10)]%>%select(-contains(c("LC_MNF","LCD_MNF","USD_MNF","CU_MTH","INTDDD_MTH")))
noddd.3 <- pivot_longer(noddd.2, cols=9:151, 
                        names_to = "Month", values_to = "SU")
## Calculate DDD
noddd.3$DDD<-noddd.3$SU*noddd.3$median/noddd.3$INTWHODDDDESC_2

## Format date
noddd.3$Month<-str_remove(noddd.3$Month, "SU_MTH_")
noddd.3<-noddd.3 %>% separate(Month, c("Month","Year"), 
                              sep = "([_])")
noddd.3$Year <- paste0("20", noddd.3$Year, sep = "")
noddd.3$Year<-as.numeric(noddd.3$Year)
noddd.3$Month<-as.numeric(noddd.3$Month)
noddd.3$Date <- as.yearmon(paste(noddd.3$Year, 
                               noddd.3$Month), "%Y %m")
noddd.4<-noddd.3
noddd.4$DDD[is.na(noddd.4$DDD)]<-0

9.7 Aggregate the consumption data by country, drug name, date

ddd.5<-ddd.4
noddd.5<-noddd.4[-c(10,11,12,14)]

bind<-rbind(ddd.5,noddd.5)

aggregate<-bind[-c(2:7)]
#Step 1. Clean city names
aggregate$CTY = sub(pattern = "(RETAIL)|(COMBINED)|(COMBINE)|(COMBIN)|(COMBI)|(RET)|(R.MUTUALES)|(HOSPITAL)|(TOTAL SALES)", 
                replacement = "", x = aggregate$CTY, perl = TRUE)
aggregate.2<-aggregate %>% group_by (CTY, MOL,Class,Year, Date) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)

9.8 Merge rx data with UN population data

We excluded data where Country==“FRENCH WEST AFRICA” or Country==“CENTRAL AMERICA” as national level data was not available. The included countries/regions were divided into the following areas: Northern America, Central and South America, Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, Oceania, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, South-eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Africa, based on their geographical regions according to United Nations (UN)’ “Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use”.

library(readxl)
library(dplyr)
#population size from UN====
pop <- read_excel(path = "D:/R/midas adhd/ref data/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx",
                  sheet = "ESTIMATES",
                  range = "B17:DE18122")
pop.2<-subset(pop, Type=="Country/Area")
pop.4<-pop.2[-c(1,3:63,77:108)]
names(pop.4)[names(pop.4) == 'Region, subregion, country or area *'] <- 'Country'

pop.5 <- pivot_longer(pop.4, cols=2:14,
                      names_to = "Year", values_to = "Population")

pop.5$Country <- toupper(pop.5$Country)
names(aggregate.2)[names(aggregate.2) == 'CTY'] <- 'Country'
aggregate.2$Country <-trimws(aggregate.2$Country)
'%ni%' <- Negate('%in%')

ddd.set.2<- subset(aggregate.2, !Country=="C. AMERICA"&
                     !Country=="FR. W. AFRICA"&
                     !Country=="FRENCH WEST AFRICA"&
                     !Country=="CENTRAL AMERICA")
pop.7<-pop.5
rename <- pop.7 %>%filter(Country %ni% ddd.set.2$Country) 
rename<-unique(rename$Country)

ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "CZECH", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "NETHERLNDS", "Country"] <- "NETHERLANDS"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "RUSSIAN FED.", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "UAE", "Country"] <- "UNITED ARAB EMIRATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "UK", "Country"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "USA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "US", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "S. AFRICA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH AFRICA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "BOSNIA", "Country"] <- "BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
pop.7<-pop.5
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "CZECHIA", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "REPUBLIC OF KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "CHINA, TAIWAN PROVINCE OF CHINA", "Country"] <- "TAIWAN"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)", "Country"] <- "VENEZUELA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"

pop.8<-as.data.frame(pop.7)
ddd.set.2$Year<-as.numeric(ddd.set.2$Year)
pop.8$Year<-as.numeric(pop.8$Year)
ddd.set.3.1<-ddd.set.2
ddd.set.3 <- left_join(ddd.set.3.1,pop.8,by = c("Country","Year") )

## Merge data with Region categorisation====
Region <- read_excel(path = "D:/R/midas adhd/ref data/UNSD — Methodology.xlsx")
Region.2<-Region[c(6,9,16)]
names(Region.2)[names(Region.2) == 'Country or Area'] <- 'Country'
Region.2$Country <- toupper(Region.2$Country)
rename <- ddd.set.3%>%filter(Country %ni% Region.2$Country) 
rename<-unique(rename$Country)
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "CZECHIA", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "REPUBLIC OF KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "CHINA, TAIWAN PROVINCE OF CHINA", "Country"] <- "TAIWAN"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)", "Country"] <- "VENEZUELA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND", "Country"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"

Region.3<-Region.2%>%filter(Country %in% ddd.set.3$Country) 
ddd.set.4 <- left_join(ddd.set.3,Region.3,by = c("Country") )
names(ddd.set.4)[names(ddd.set.4) == 'Sub-region Name'] <- 'Region'
ddd.set.4[ddd.set.4$Country == "TAIWAN", "Region"] <- "Eastern Asia"

ddd.set.5<-ddd.set.4[-c(9)]

## 1.9 Dave comment: change Latin America 
ddd.set.5[ddd.set.5$Region == "Latin America and the Caribbean", "Region"] <- "Central and South America and the Caribbean"
ddd.set.5[ddd.set.5$Region == "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Region"] <- "Southern Africa"

population<-pop.8
population$Population<-as.numeric(population$Population)

options(scipen=999)

9.9 Final analytic dataset

  • Data from 2007 and 2019 were removed due to missing months
  • DDD data were aggregated by Drug, Country, Year
  • DDD data were combined with population data
  • zeros were added to countries were there were no record in that year
  • Outcome metric = DDD per thousand population per day (DDD/(population in thousand*365.25))
  • Final cleaned analytic dataset is cleaned as below with variables specification:
library(dplyr)
cty.all<-ddd.set.5

names(cty.all)[names(cty.all) == 'MOL'] <- 'Drug'
## create one df of monthly data just in case
cty.all.3<-cty.all[-c(7)] %>% group_by (Year,Date,Class,Drug, Country, Region) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)

## numerator
cty.ddd.2<-cty.all[-c(5,7)] %>% group_by (Year,Class,Drug, Country, Region) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)
##denominator
cty.pop<-population

#Aggregate benzos and gaba
#gaba
new_gaba<-subset(cty.ddd.2)
new_gaba<-new_gaba[-c(3)]
new_gaba<-new_gaba %>% group_by (Year,Country, Region,Class) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)
new_gaba$Drug<-"Gabapentinoids"
new_gaba$DDD[is.na(new_gaba$DDD)]<-0
cty.ddd.2<-rbind(cty.ddd.2,new_gaba)

#Add zeros
Drug<-sort(rep(c("Gabapentinoids","MIROGABALIN","PREGABALIN","GABAPENTIN","GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL"),693))
Country<-(rep(unique(cty.ddd.2$Country),11))
Year<-sort(rep(c(2008:2018),63))

merge_zero <- data.frame(Country, Year)
merge_zero2<-do.call("rbind", replicate(5, merge_zero, simplify = FALSE))
merge_zero2$Drug<-Drug
cty.ddd.3 <- right_join(x=cty.ddd.2,y=merge_zero2, 
        by=c("Year","Country","Drug"))

cty.ddd.4 <- left_join(x=cty.ddd.3,y=cty.pop, 
        by=c("Year","Country"))

cty.ddd.5 <- distinct(left_join(x=cty.ddd.4[-c(2,5)],y=ddd.set.5[c(1,3,8)], 
        by=c("Country")))

cty.ddd.5$DDD[is.na(cty.ddd.5$DDD)]<-0

#Divide
cty.ddd.5$DDDPTPD <-(cty.ddd.5$DDD/cty.ddd.5$Population)/365.25
cty.ddd.5$Drug<-str_to_title(cty.ddd.5$Drug)
analy<-subset(cty.ddd.5,Year!=2007 & Year!=2019 & Drug!="Vigbatrin"&Drug!="Mirogabalin")

library(DT)
datatable(analy, options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))
str(analy,give.attr=FALSE)
## grouped_df [2,772 x 8] (S3: grouped_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ Year      : num [1:2772] 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 ...
##  $ Drug      : chr [1:2772] "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" ...
##  $ Country   : chr [1:2772] "ALGERIA" "ARGENTINA" "AUSTRALIA" "AUSTRIA" ...
##  $ DDD       : num [1:2772] 0 1532866 3522180 4132999 14732 ...
##  $ Population: num [1:2772] 34731 40080 21332 8342 9453 ...
##  $ Class     : chr [1:2772] "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" ...
##  $ Region    : chr [1:2772] "Northern Africa" "Central and South America and the Caribbean" "Australia and New Zealand" "Western Europe" ...
##  $ DDDPTPD   : num [1:2772] 0 0.10471 0.45205 1.35653 0.00427 ...
write.csv(analy,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_1_Analytic_dataset_sens2.csv")

9.11 Overview of gabapentinoids consumption by Drug, Country, and Year

*MIROGABALIN is only available in Japan in 2019 which is not covered in our analysis

library(ggplot2)
library(RColorBrewer)
new_set.2<-analy
stacked<-subset(new_set.2, Drug!="Gabapentinoids" )
stacked$Country<-toupper(stacked$Country)
stacked[
  order( stacked[,2] ,stacked[,3]),
]
stacked$Drug <- factor(stacked$Drug)
stacked$Region <- factor(stacked$Region, levels =
                             c("Global","Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Oceania" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" ,
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia","Central Asia",
                               "Northern Africa", "Southern Africa"
                             ))
a<-ggplot(stacked[order(stacked$Drug), ], aes(x = str_to_title(Country), y = DDDPTPD*10, fill = Drug)) +
  geom_col(alpha = 0.8, width = 0.9) +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0.1)) +
  scale_x_discrete(limits=rev)+
  coord_flip() +
  facet_grid(rows = vars(Region), cols = vars(Year),
             scales = "free_y", switch = "y", 
             space = "free_y", 
             labeller = label_wrap_gen(width=20)) +
  labs(
    title = "Gabapentinoids consumption from 2008 to 2018",
    subtitle = "in 65 countries",
    caption = "Figure",
    y = "Defined Daily Dose per 10000 inhabitants per day"
  ) +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("#EC2049", "#DCEDC2", "#2F9599"))+
#  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2")+
  theme(
    plot.margin = margin(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, unit = "cm"),
    plot.title = element_text(size = 15, face = "bold"),
    panel.spacing.x = unit(1, "lines"),
    # strip.text.y = element_text(angle = 270, face = "bold"),
    strip.text.y.left = element_text(angle = 0,face = "bold"),
    strip.placement = "outside",
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 0.5, b = 0.5, unit = "cm")),
    axis.title.y = element_blank(),
    axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
    axis.text.x=element_text(angle=270),
    legend.position = "top",
    panel.grid.major.y = element_blank()
    )
a

ggsave(filename="Figure 1_Consumption by Year Country Drug_sens2.png", plot=a, height =13, width=16,device="png", 
       path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
       dpi=800)

9.12 Calculate CIs of consumption in DDD/TID per year

The function pois.approx from R package epitools is used to calculation the Confidence intervals for Poisson rates with normal approximation

library(epitools)
CIs<-pois.approx(new_set.2$DDD, pt = new_set.2$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
pool.new_set<-cbind(new_set.2,CIs)
pool.new_set.2<-subset(pool.new_set)
pool.new_set.2$DDD<-round(pool.new_set.2$DDD, digits = 5)  
write.csv(pool.new_set.2,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_2_Gaba_consumption_CI_sens2.csv")

9.13 Meta-analysis of DDD/TID by Year

When DDD=0 or extremely small, Country data wont be counted as number of studies in the meta analysis

Drug indices: [1] “Gabapentin”, [2] “Gabapentin Enacarbil”, [3] “Pregabalin”, [4]“Gabapentinoids”

options(width=800)
library(Rcpp)
library(meta)
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
set_subzero<-subset(analy, Drug!="MIROGABALIN")
set_subzero$DDD_dum=set_subzero$DDD
set_subzero$DDD_dum[set_subzero$DDD==0]<-0.00001
CIs<-pois.approx(set_subzero$DDD_dum, set_subzero$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
meta.gaba<-cbind(set_subzero,CIs)
meta.gaba$Region <- factor(meta.gaba$Region, levels =
                             c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"
                             ))

meta <- function(rho, iseed){
meta.gaba_1<-  subset(meta.gaba,  Year==rho & Drug==iseed)

m1_var<-metagen(log(meta.gaba_1$rate),
            lower = log(meta.gaba_1$lower), 
            upper = log(meta.gaba_1$upper),
            studlab = meta.gaba_1$Country, 
            sm = "IRLN", method.tau = "DL", 
            comb.fixed = TRUE, 
            byvar = meta.gaba_1$Region)

print(c(rho, iseed))
print(summary(m1_var), digits=4)
est.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
  est.random$Year<-rho
  est.random$Drug<-iseed
  est.random$`DDD/TID`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$TE.random)
  est.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$lower.random)
  est.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$upper.random)

  est.by.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
  est.by.random$Year<-rho
  est.by.random$Drug<-iseed
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$TE)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$lower)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$upper)))))
  return(c(est.random,est.by.random))
}


datin <- expand.grid(rho = unique(meta.gaba$Year), iseed = unique(meta.gaba$Drug))
i <- 1:nrow(datin)
datout <- with(datin,
                lapply(i, function(j){meta(rho[j],  iseed[j])}))
## [1] 2008    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.4520 [0.4516; 0.4525]        0.5        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.3565 [1.3552; 1.3578]        0.6        1.8                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0043 [0.0042; 0.0043]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.3377 [0.3371; 0.3382]        0.2        1.8                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.5        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0815 [0.0811; 0.0818]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.3427 [2.3418; 2.3435]        4.1        1.8                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0425 [0.0423; 0.0426]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0340 [0.0339; 0.0341]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2812 [0.2804; 0.2821]        0.1        1.8                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.5075 [0.5068; 0.5082]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0727 [0.0725; 0.0730]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0759 [0.0758; 0.0760]        0.3        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0754 [0.0746; 0.0761]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.8574 [0.8561; 0.8587]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.2957 [1.2952; 1.2961]        4.2        1.8                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.1819 [1.1815; 1.1822]        5.0        1.8                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.8335 [0.8326; 0.8344]        0.5        1.8                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.2226 [0.2221; 0.2230]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0169 [0.0169; 0.0169]        1.1        1.8                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.8713 [0.8699; 0.8727]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.4963 [0.4960; 0.4966]        1.5        1.8                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0512 [0.0511; 0.0513]        0.3        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0755 [0.0751; 0.0758]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0298 [0.0294; 0.0301]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.3321 [0.3308; 0.3334]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.2416 [0.2409; 0.2424]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2161 [0.2153; 0.2170]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.8551 [0.8508; 0.8595]        0.0        1.8                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0713 [0.0712; 0.0713]        0.4        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0074 [0.0073; 0.0074]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.9467 [0.9452; 0.9482]        0.2        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 1.0638 [1.0623; 1.0653]        0.3        1.8                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543]        0.5        1.8                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0242 [0.0241; 0.0243]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0253 [0.0252; 0.0253]        0.1        1.8                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1458 [0.1456; 0.1460]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.3098 [1.3087; 1.3109]        0.7        1.8                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            3.4911 [3.4879; 3.4943]        0.7        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.0578 [0.0576; 0.0580]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0124 [0.0123; 0.0124]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1059 [0.1057; 0.1061]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.5926 [0.5916; 0.5937]        0.2        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.4548 [0.4533; 0.4564]        0.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516]        0.1        1.8                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6427 [0.6424; 0.6431]        1.6        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.7420 [1.7413; 1.7426]        4.2        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.1713 [1.1701; 1.1724]        0.6        1.8                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.5662 [0.5653; 0.5671]        0.2        1.8                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0646 [0.0643; 0.0648]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.1747 [1.1743; 1.1751]        4.3        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1005]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.5821 [1.5816; 1.5826]        5.1        1.8                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          3.7600 [3.7596; 3.7603]       59.2        1.8                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.1957 [0.1949; 0.1964]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.4496 [0.4492; 0.4500]        0.6        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 57
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.0628 [2.0626; 2.0629] 19209.21        0
## Random effects model 0.2149 [0.1535; 0.3009]    -8.95 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.6807 [1.4260; 4.6382]; tau = 1.2964 [1.1942; 2.1537]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3666.36
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  752762657.31   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.6477 [3.6474; 3.6481]  5976059.38 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2695 [0.2694; 0.2697] 53104468.71 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.4228 [1.4224; 1.4233]  3252798.33 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1974 [0.1973; 0.1976]  9355094.04 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.1936 [1.1933; 1.1940] 14139619.15 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.1885 [1.1882; 1.1888]  3281127.09 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.5625 [0.5620; 0.5630]   569203.33 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.4156 [0.4154; 0.4158] 12735023.66 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0253 [0.0252; 0.0253]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0244 [0.0244; 0.0244]  3158312.57 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.0270 [1.0266; 1.0273]  9593577.68 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0691 [0.0691; 0.0692]   445938.84 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 637151434.54   12       0
## Within groups  115611222.77   44       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.9679 [1.8668; 4.7185] 0.1119 0.3345
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1118 [0.0353; 0.3534] 3.4510 1.8577
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.5466 [0.4014; 0.7444] 0.1987 0.4457
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.0838 [0.0348; 0.2016] 1.6057 1.2671
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.7030 [0.4008; 1.2332] 0.4932 0.7023
## Region = Western Europe                        6 0.8353 [0.6681; 1.0443] 0.0779 0.2791
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.6542 [0.3170; 1.3499] 0.2732 0.5227
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.1814 [0.0152; 2.1646] 3.1998 1.7888
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0253 [0.0252; 0.0253]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0303 [0.0097; 0.0948] 0.6771 0.8229
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1375 [0.0374; 0.5049] 2.6426 1.6256
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0331 [0.0124; 0.0883] 0.7542 0.8685
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   225875.13   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1194 [0.1193; 0.1196]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.4712 [0.4708; 0.4717]        0.5        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.4838 [1.4824; 1.4852]        0.6        1.8                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0086 [0.0085; 0.0087]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.3566 [0.3561; 0.3572]        0.2        1.8                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0590 [0.0590; 0.0591]        0.5        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1115 [0.1111; 0.1119]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.4939 [2.4930; 2.4948]        3.9        1.8                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0335 [0.0333; 0.0336]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0287 [0.0286; 0.0288]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2875 [0.2866; 0.2883]        0.1        1.8                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.6465 [0.6457; 0.6473]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0696 [0.0693; 0.0698]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0833 [0.0832; 0.0834]        0.3        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.1091 [0.1081; 0.1100]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.8634 [0.8621; 0.8647]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.2258 [1.2253; 1.2263]        3.5        1.8                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.2946 [1.2942; 1.2950]        4.8        1.8                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.7983 [0.7974; 0.7991]        0.4        1.8                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.2690 [0.2685; 0.2695]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0178 [0.0178; 0.0178]        1.0        1.8                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.8635 [0.8621; 0.8650]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.4523 [0.4521; 0.4526]        1.2        1.8                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0746 [0.0745; 0.0747]        0.4        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0886 [0.0882; 0.0889]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0266 [0.0263; 0.0269]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.3719 [0.3705; 0.3732]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3655 [0.3646; 0.3664]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2201 [0.2192; 0.2209]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7788 [0.7747; 0.7829]        0.0        1.8                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0625 [0.0625; 0.0626]        0.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0051 [0.0050; 0.0051]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.1319 [1.1303; 1.1336]        0.2        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 1.3734 [1.3717; 1.3752]        0.3        1.8                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0466 [0.0465; 0.0466]        0.4        1.8                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0173 [0.0173; 0.0174]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0257 [0.0256; 0.0257]        0.1        1.8                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1655 [0.1653; 0.1657]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.1282 [1.1271; 1.1292]        0.6        1.8                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            4.4908 [4.4872; 4.4944]        0.7        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1519 [0.1516; 0.1522]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0142 [0.0142; 0.0143]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1008 [0.1006; 0.1010]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.7135 [0.7123; 0.7146]        0.2        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.4132 [0.4117; 0.4146]        0.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.1        1.8                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6597 [0.6593; 0.6601]        1.5        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.7776 [1.7770; 1.7782]        3.8        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.1817 [1.1805; 1.1828]        0.5        1.8                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.5391 [0.5383; 0.5400]        0.2        1.8                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0831 [0.0828; 0.0834]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.4324 [1.4320; 1.4329]        4.7        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1115 [0.1111; 0.1119]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.8943 [1.8937; 1.8949]        5.5        1.8                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          4.2928 [4.2924; 4.2932]       60.6        1.8                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.2686 [0.2677; 0.2695]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.4848 [0.4844; 0.4852]        0.6        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 57
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.3653 [2.3651; 2.3654] 24243.85        0
## Random effects model 0.2338 [0.1659; 0.3293]    -8.31 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7436 [1.4523; 4.7598]; tau = 1.3205 [1.2051; 2.1817]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3914.75
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  858215744.23   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.1548 [4.1544; 4.1552]  8520902.87 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3501 [0.3500; 0.3503] 68567743.54 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.6847 [1.6842; 1.6851]  4708825.60 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2472 [0.2471; 0.2474] 11118981.26 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.1952 [1.1949; 1.1955] 15791442.21 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.2241 [1.2238; 1.2244]  3489834.54 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.6255 [0.6250; 0.6260]   929065.24 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.4017 [0.4015; 0.4019] 12854642.47 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0257 [0.0256; 0.0257]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0231 [0.0231; 0.0232]  2014542.43 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.2612 [1.2608; 1.2615] 11727664.45 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0785 [0.0785; 0.0786]   453736.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 718038362.83   12       0
## Within groups  140177381.40   44       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.2720 [1.9216; 5.5712] 0.1475 0.3840
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1116 [0.0319; 0.3906] 4.0870 2.0216
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.6150 [0.4309; 0.8778] 0.2636 0.5134
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1198 [0.0520; 0.2762] 1.4515 1.2048
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.6644 [0.3596; 1.2275] 0.5886 0.7672
## Region = Western Europe                        6 0.8405 [0.6694; 1.0554] 0.0810 0.2845
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.7303 [0.3094; 1.7238] 0.3840 0.6197
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.2218 [0.0262; 1.8782] 2.3760 1.5414
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0257 [0.0256; 0.0257]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0288 [0.0112; 0.0740] 0.4648 0.6817
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1550 [0.0409; 0.5873] 2.7726 1.6651
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0328 [0.0129; 0.0831] 0.6774 0.8231
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   141993.65   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1292 [0.1290; 0.1294]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.5168 [0.5163; 0.5173]        0.4        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.6312 [1.6298; 1.6327]        0.5        1.8                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0114 [0.0113; 0.0116]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.4360 [0.4353; 0.4366]        0.2        1.8                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0614 [0.0614; 0.0615]        0.5        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1533 [0.1528; 0.1537]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.6522 [2.6513; 2.6531]        3.5        1.8                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0269 [0.0268; 0.0271]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0235 [0.0234; 0.0236]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2576 [0.2568; 0.2584]        0.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7936 [0.7927; 0.7945]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0720 [0.0718; 0.0723]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1069 [0.1067; 0.1070]        0.3        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2425 [0.2411; 0.2439]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.8922 [0.8908; 0.8935]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.1895 [1.1890; 1.1899]        2.9        1.8                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.3619 [1.3615; 1.3624]        4.3        1.8                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.8032 [0.8023; 0.8041]        0.3        1.8                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.3479 [0.3473; 0.3485]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0199 [0.0199; 0.0199]        1.0        1.8                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.8131 [0.8117; 0.8145]        0.1        1.8                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.4598 [0.4595; 0.4600]        1.1        1.8                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0912 [0.0911; 0.0913]        0.5        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1086 [0.1082; 0.1090]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0240 [0.0237; 0.0243]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.4715 [0.4699; 0.4730]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3637 [0.3629; 0.3646]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2291 [0.2282; 0.2300]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7427 [0.7388; 0.7466]        0.0        1.8                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0643 [0.0642; 0.0644]        0.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0060 [0.0060; 0.0061]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.3538 [1.3520; 1.3556]        0.2        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 1.7433 [1.7414; 1.7452]        0.3        1.8                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0446 [0.0445; 0.0446]        0.3        1.8                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0279 [0.0278; 0.0279]        0.1        1.8                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1895 [0.1893; 0.1898]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.1503 [1.1493; 1.1514]        0.5        1.8                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            5.0569 [5.0530; 5.0607]        0.7        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2429 [0.2425; 0.2432]        0.2        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0150 [0.0150; 0.0150]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1232 [0.1230; 0.1234]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.8688 [0.8675; 0.8701]        0.2        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.4079 [0.4064; 0.4093]        0.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.1        1.8                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6761 [0.6757; 0.6765]        1.3        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.7783 [1.7777; 1.7789]        3.2        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.2220 [1.2209; 1.2232]        0.4        1.8                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.5223 [0.5215; 0.5232]        0.2        1.8                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0815 [0.0812; 0.0818]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.7669 [1.7664; 1.7674]        5.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1305 [0.1301; 0.1309]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.2485 [2.2479; 2.2491]        5.5        1.8                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          5.2868 [5.2864; 5.2873]       63.4        1.8                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.2401 [0.2392; 0.2409]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.4784 [0.4780; 0.4788]        0.5        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 57
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.9162 [2.9160; 2.9164] 32831.57        0
## Random effects model 0.2565 [0.1792; 0.3673]    -7.43 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.9098 [1.4964; 4.9872]; tau = 1.3820 [1.2233; 2.2332]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4339.10
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1054356482.17   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.0987 [5.0983; 5.0991] 14914821.78 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3893 [0.3892; 0.3895] 76917864.14 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.9887 [1.9882; 1.9892]  6538264.03 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3162 [0.3160; 0.3164] 13128746.39 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.2002 [1.1998; 1.2005] 15726493.44 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.2536 [1.2533; 1.2539]  3821664.56 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.7175 [0.7169; 0.7180]  1321135.52 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.4022 [0.4020; 0.4024] 12729433.88 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0279 [0.0278; 0.0279]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0243 [0.0242; 0.0243]  1430467.21 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.5548 [1.5543; 1.5552] 15080990.43 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0986 [0.0985; 0.0987]   588757.35 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 892157843.43   12       0
## Within groups  162198638.73   44       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.7446 [1.9046; 7.3620] 0.2379 0.4878
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1088 [0.0297; 0.3988] 4.3931 2.0960
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.7411 [0.4978; 1.1034] 0.3299 0.5744
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1524 [0.0678; 0.3425] 1.3657 1.1686
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.6556 [0.3564; 1.2058] 0.5801 0.7617
## Region = Western Europe                        6 0.8744 [0.6914; 1.1058] 0.0861 0.2935
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.8365 [0.3255; 2.1492] 0.4636 0.6809
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.2483 [0.0349; 1.7687] 2.0071 1.4167
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0279 [0.0278; 0.0279]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0298 [0.0135; 0.0656] 0.3246 0.5698
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1731 [0.0434; 0.6906] 2.9902 1.7292
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0375 [0.0133; 0.1054] 0.8352 0.9139
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   110750.09   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1364 [0.1363; 0.1366]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.5373 [0.5368; 0.5378]        0.4        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.7451 [1.7437; 1.7466]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0127 [0.0126; 0.0129]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.4774 [0.4767; 0.4781]        0.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0443 [0.0439; 0.0447]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0770 [0.0769; 0.0770]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.2117 [0.2112; 0.2123]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.8504 [2.8495; 2.8514]        3.6        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0234 [0.0233; 0.0235]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2202 [0.2194; 0.2209]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.9490 [0.9480; 0.9500]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0672 [0.0670; 0.0675]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1148 [0.1147; 0.1149]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2902 [0.2887; 0.2917]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.9585 [0.9571; 0.9599]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.1489 [1.1484; 1.1493]        2.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.4462 [1.4458; 1.4466]        4.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.8916 [0.8906; 0.8925]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.4195 [0.4188; 0.4201]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0233 [0.0233; 0.0233]        1.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.8592 [0.8578; 0.8606]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.4616 [0.4613; 0.4619]        1.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0780 [0.0779; 0.0781]        0.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1083 [0.1079; 0.1087]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0285 [0.0282; 0.0288]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.6091 [0.6073; 0.6108]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3338 [0.3330; 0.3346]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2346 [0.2337; 0.2355]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7418 [0.7379; 0.7456]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0628 [0.0627; 0.0628]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0104 [0.0103; 0.0104]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.6259 [0.6253; 0.6265]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.5656 [1.5637; 1.5675]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 1.9692 [1.9672; 1.9713]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0465 [0.0465; 0.0466]        0.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0192 [0.0192; 0.0193]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0269 [0.0269; 0.0270]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2183 [0.2181; 0.2186]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.1030 [1.1020; 1.1041]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            6.7742 [6.7697; 6.7787]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.3943 [0.3939; 0.3948]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0172 [0.0172; 0.0172]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1683 [0.1681; 0.1686]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0660 [0.0657; 0.0663]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.9581 [0.9568; 0.9595]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.3702 [0.3688; 0.3715]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6730 [0.6727; 0.6734]        1.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.8210 [1.8204; 1.8217]        3.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.3546 [1.3534; 1.3559]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.4905 [0.4897; 0.4913]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0832 [0.0829; 0.0834]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.1893 [2.1888; 2.1899]        5.8        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1306 [0.1302; 0.1310]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.5925 [2.5919; 2.5932]        6.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          5.4299 [5.4295; 5.4303]       61.6        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.3039 [0.3029; 0.3049]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.5095 [0.5091; 0.5100]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 62
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.9905 [2.9904; 2.9907] 34710.11        0
## Random effects model 0.2273 [0.1618; 0.3192]    -8.55 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.8610 [1.6123; 5.1956]; tau = 1.3642 [1.2697; 2.2794]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4317.45
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1137060757.76   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.2408 [5.2404; 5.2412]  14113063.61 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5255 [0.5253; 0.5257] 102843016.47 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.2887 [2.2882; 2.2893]   7910365.19 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3903 [0.3901; 0.3905]  14984695.35 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.2077 [1.2074; 1.2081]  18800587.31 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.2484 [1.2481; 1.2486]   6584896.05 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.7926 [0.7921; 0.7932]   1839459.65 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.3961 [0.3959; 0.3963]  17413316.47 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0269 [0.0269; 0.0270]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0272 [0.0272; 0.0272]   1157024.87 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.9266 [1.9261; 1.9270]  19424447.23 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.1038 [0.1037; 0.1039]    711055.24 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 931278830.32   13       0
## Within groups  205781927.44   48       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.9341 [2.0921; 7.3982] 0.2077 0.4557
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1164 [0.0287; 0.4721] 5.1006 2.2584
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.8349 [0.5521; 1.2626] 0.3562 0.5968
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1875 [0.0863; 0.4074] 1.2549 1.1202
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.3442 [0.1947; 0.6084] 0.6758 0.8221
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.8480 [0.6489; 1.1081] 0.1305 0.3612
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.9171 [0.3216; 2.6160] 0.5719 0.7563
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0192 [0.0027; 0.1374] 3.0306 1.7408
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0269 [0.0269; 0.0270]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0329 [0.0167; 0.0649] 0.2401 0.4899
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1917 [0.0457; 0.8040] 3.2096 1.7915
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0463 [0.0161; 0.1328] 0.8673 0.9313
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   233754.62   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1383 [0.1382; 0.1385]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.5989 [0.5983; 0.5994]        0.5        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.8635 [1.8620; 1.8650]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0138 [0.0137; 0.0139]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.5579 [0.5572; 0.5586]        0.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0958 [0.0953; 0.0964]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0876 [0.0875; 0.0876]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.2763 [0.2756; 0.2769]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.1491 [3.1481; 3.1501]        3.9        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0220 [0.0219; 0.0221]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0008 [0.0008; 0.0008]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0193 [0.0192; 0.0193]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.1967 [0.1960; 0.1973]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.0584 [1.0574; 1.0594]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0590 [0.0588; 0.0592]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1044 [0.1043; 0.1045]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.3901 [0.3883; 0.3919]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                1.0969 [1.0955; 1.0984]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.1678 [1.1674; 1.1683]        2.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.5091 [1.5087; 1.5096]        4.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.8239 [0.8230; 0.8248]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.4616 [0.4609; 0.4623]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0255 [0.0255; 0.0255]        1.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.8862 [0.8847; 0.8876]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.4417 [0.4414; 0.4420]        0.9        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0673 [0.0672; 0.0673]        0.3        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0998 [0.0994; 0.1002]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0292 [0.0289; 0.0295]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.8136 [0.8115; 0.8156]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.2992 [0.2985; 0.3000]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2580 [0.2571; 0.2590]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7475 [0.7437; 0.7514]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0689 [0.0688; 0.0690]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.6326 [0.6320; 0.6332]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.8369 [1.8348; 1.8390]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.0990 [2.0969; 2.1011]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0469 [0.0469; 0.0470]        0.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0190 [0.0189; 0.0191]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0259 [0.0258; 0.0259]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2025 [0.2022; 0.2027]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.1794 [1.1784; 1.1805]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            7.9185 [7.9136; 7.9233]        1.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.5050 [0.5044; 0.5055]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0208 [0.0208; 0.0209]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1279 [0.1277; 0.1281]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0827 [0.0823; 0.0830]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.0475 [1.0461; 1.0489]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.3544 [0.3531; 0.3558]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.7229 [0.7225; 0.7232]        1.3        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.7714 [1.7708; 1.7720]        3.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.4777 [1.4764; 1.4790]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.4722 [0.4714; 0.4730]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.1025 [0.1022; 0.1028]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.3690 [2.3685; 2.3696]        6.3        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0810 [0.0807; 0.0813]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.0781 [3.0773; 3.0788]        7.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          5.3428 [5.3424; 5.3432]       59.4        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.4181 [0.4169; 0.4192]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.5864 [0.5860; 0.5869]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 62
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.9794 [2.9792; 2.9796] 35071.68        0
## Random effects model 0.2494 [0.1788; 0.3478]    -8.18 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7854 [1.6617; 5.2958]; tau = 1.3362 [1.2891; 2.3013]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4371.89
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1165917184.14   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.1719 [5.1715; 5.1723]  10534769.33 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6261 [0.6258; 0.6263] 119673340.81 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.7013 [2.7007; 2.7019]  10144832.28 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4383 [0.4381; 0.4385]  17409230.96 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.1752 [1.1749; 1.1756]  18849911.03 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.2947 [1.2944; 1.2950]   7143928.77 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.9111 [0.9105; 0.9117]   2356242.62 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.3952 [0.3950; 0.3954]  29700085.62 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0259 [0.0258; 0.0259]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0291 [0.0291; 0.0291]    938307.46 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.1272 [2.1267; 2.1277]  20147055.31 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0946 [0.0945; 0.0947]    641372.23 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 928378107.73   13       0
## Within groups  237539076.41   48       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.1018 [2.4434; 6.8860] 0.1397 0.3738
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1226 [0.0296; 0.5084] 5.2638 2.2943
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.9663 [0.6200; 1.5060] 0.4101 0.6404
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2125 [0.0963; 0.4688] 1.3042 1.1420
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.3783 [0.2128; 0.6727] 0.6896 0.8304
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.8802 [0.6698; 1.1566] 0.1360 0.3688
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0488 [0.3497; 3.1458] 0.6281 0.7925
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0333 [0.0025; 0.4378] 5.1868 2.2775
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0259 [0.0258; 0.0259]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0346 [0.0190; 0.0629] 0.1859 0.4311
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1666 [0.0334; 0.8298] 4.0268 2.0067
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0569 [0.0238; 0.1360] 0.5941 0.7708
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   291476.21   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1348 [0.1346; 0.1350]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.5535 [0.5530; 0.5540]        0.4        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.9645 [1.9629; 1.9660]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0202 [0.0200; 0.0203]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.7855 [0.7846; 0.7863]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1360 [0.1353; 0.1366]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0978 [0.0977; 0.0978]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.3885 [0.3878; 0.3893]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.5072 [3.5062; 3.5082]        3.8        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0206 [0.0205; 0.0207]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0011 [0.0011; 0.0012]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0168 [0.0167; 0.0169]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.1815 [0.1809; 0.1822]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.2043 [1.2032; 1.2054]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0490 [0.0488; 0.0492]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1103 [0.1102; 0.1104]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.5081 [0.5061; 0.5101]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                1.3146 [1.3131; 1.3162]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.1775 [1.1770; 1.1779]        2.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.5911 [1.5907; 1.5916]        4.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.9298 [0.9289; 0.9308]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.5341 [0.5334; 0.5349]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0278 [0.0278; 0.0278]        1.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.9313 [0.9299; 0.9328]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.4364 [0.4362; 0.4367]        0.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0619 [0.0618; 0.0620]        0.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1073 [0.1069; 0.1076]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0198 [0.0197; 0.0199]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0408 [0.0404; 0.0411]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 1.0223 [1.0200; 1.0246]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3187 [0.3180; 0.3195]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.3056 [0.3046; 0.3067]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7067 [0.7030; 0.7104]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0754 [0.0754; 0.0755]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0271]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.6322 [0.6315; 0.6328]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            2.0865 [2.0843; 2.0887]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.1846 [2.1825; 2.1867]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0450]        0.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0181 [0.0180; 0.0182]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0320 [0.0320; 0.0321]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2615 [0.2612; 0.2618]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.2065 [1.2054; 1.2076]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            8.0802 [8.0752; 8.0851]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.6815 [0.6809; 0.6821]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0279 [0.0278; 0.0279]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1192 [0.1190; 0.1194]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0894 [0.0891; 0.0897]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.1680 [1.1665; 1.1695]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.3501 [0.3488; 0.3515]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.7358 [0.7354; 0.7362]        1.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.7877 [1.7871; 1.7884]        2.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.8346 [1.8332; 1.8360]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.4674 [0.4666; 0.4682]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.1062 [0.1059; 0.1066]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.5343 [2.5337; 2.5348]        5.9        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0828 [0.0825; 0.0831]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.7048 [3.7040; 3.7055]        7.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          6.2335 [6.2331; 6.2340]       61.0        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.4117 [0.4106; 0.4128]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.6841 [0.6836; 0.6846]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 62
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.4855 [3.4853; 3.4857] 42914.38        0
## Random effects model 0.2746 [0.1952; 0.3863]    -7.42 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.8790 [1.7007; 5.4683]; tau = 1.3708 [1.3041; 2.3384]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4726.80
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1362900621.69   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.0254 [6.0249; 6.0258]  14072532.23 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6370 [0.6368; 0.6372] 121672234.83 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.2426 [3.2420; 3.2432]  12588067.92 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5164 [0.5161; 0.5166]  20288314.53 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.1906 [1.1902; 1.1909]  19125769.92 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.3508 [1.3506; 1.3511]   7444789.96 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.9700 [0.9693; 0.9706]   3500163.56 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.3865 [0.3863; 0.3867]  35110601.06 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0198 [0.0197; 0.0199]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0320 [0.0320; 0.0321]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0305 [0.0305; 0.0305]    585199.26 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.2819 [2.2814; 2.2824]  21871696.59 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0986 [0.0985; 0.0987]    605003.67 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1106036248.16   13       0
## Within groups   256864373.53   48       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.6757 [2.6612; 8.2153] 0.1654 0.4067
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1214 [0.0305; 0.4833] 4.9688 2.2291
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.1417 [0.7228; 1.8033] 0.4352 0.6597
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2712 [0.1258; 0.5845] 1.2281 1.1082
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4016 [0.2265; 0.7121] 0.6834 0.8267
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.9304 [0.7091; 1.2209] 0.1345 0.3668
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0746 [0.2927; 3.9449] 0.8805 0.9383
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0374 [0.0023; 0.6140] 6.1158 2.4730
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0198 [0.0197; 0.0199]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0320 [0.0320; 0.0321]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0353 [0.0221; 0.0566] 0.1157 0.3401
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1807 [0.0350; 0.9338] 4.2119 2.0523
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0681 [0.0316; 0.1468] 0.4602 0.6784
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   261612.01   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0032]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1286 [0.1284; 0.1288]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.4967 [0.4963; 0.4972]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.0725 [2.0710; 2.0741]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0288 [0.0286; 0.0290]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.9866 [0.9856; 0.9875]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1421 [0.1414; 0.1427]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1063 [0.1062; 0.1064]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.4757 [0.4748; 0.4765]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.7037 [3.7027; 3.7048]        3.7        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0202 [0.0201; 0.0203]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0017 [0.0017; 0.0017]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0150 [0.0150; 0.0151]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.1794 [0.1787; 0.1800]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.3751 [1.3739; 1.3762]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0434 [0.0432; 0.0436]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1243 [0.1242; 0.1244]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.6371 [0.6349; 0.6394]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                1.5449 [1.5432; 1.5466]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.2140 [1.2136; 1.2145]        2.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.6326 [1.6321; 1.6331]        3.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.9639 [0.9629; 0.9649]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.6060 [0.6051; 0.6068]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0336 [0.0336; 0.0336]        1.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.9594 [0.9580; 0.9609]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.4569 [0.4567; 0.4572]        0.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0594 [0.0594; 0.0595]        0.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0884 [0.0880; 0.0887]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0265 [0.0264; 0.0267]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1028 [0.1022; 0.1033]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 1.2436 [1.2410; 1.2461]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3372 [0.3365; 0.3380]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.3238 [0.3227; 0.3248]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.6660 [0.6625; 0.6696]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0746 [0.0745; 0.0746]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0311 [0.0310; 0.0312]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.6710 [0.6703; 0.6716]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            2.3802 [2.3778; 2.3825]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.1633 [2.1612; 2.1654]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0423 [0.0422; 0.0423]        0.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0158 [0.0157; 0.0159]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0262 [0.0261; 0.0262]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.3269 [0.3266; 0.3272]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.2477 [1.2466; 1.2488]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            9.8772 [9.8717; 9.8826]        1.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.8271 [0.8265; 0.8278]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0340 [0.0339; 0.0340]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1250 [0.1248; 0.1252]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0908 [0.0905; 0.0912]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.3977 [1.3960; 1.3993]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.3401 [0.3388; 0.3414]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.8166 [0.8162; 0.8170]        1.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.8394 [1.8388; 1.8401]        2.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 2.2832 [2.2816; 2.2847]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.4670 [0.4663; 0.4678]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.1185 [0.1182; 0.1189]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.5435 [2.5429; 2.5441]        5.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0897 [0.0893; 0.0900]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.3398 [4.3390; 4.3407]        8.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          6.8636 [6.8631; 6.8640]       61.4        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.4417 [0.4405; 0.4429]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.8366 [0.8360; 0.8371]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.8387 [3.8385; 3.8389] 48529.89        0
## Random effects model 0.2788 [0.1976; 0.3935]    -7.27 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.9450 [1.7587; 5.6516]; tau = 1.3946 [1.3261; 2.3773]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4988.09
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1542625683.74   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.6266 [6.6262; 6.6271]  17314206.27 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.8258 [0.8255; 0.8260] 146771126.89 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.7977 [3.7970; 3.7984]  15038757.27 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6053 [0.6050; 0.6055]  23722604.50 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.2249 [1.2246; 1.2252]  19503898.95 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.3980 [1.3978; 1.3983]   7225572.87 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0558 [1.0551; 1.0565]   5057656.82 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.4137 [0.4136; 0.4139]  44061154.84 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0265 [0.0264; 0.0267]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0262 [0.0261; 0.0262]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0349 [0.0348; 0.0349]    134058.78 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.2779 [2.2774; 2.2785]  23105834.34 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1076 [0.1075; 0.1077]   1245717.23 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1239445095.00   13       0
## Within groups   303180588.74   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.0419 [2.7545; 9.2287] 0.1903 0.4362
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1227 [0.0292; 0.5152] 5.3572 2.3146
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.2999 [0.8159; 2.0709] 0.4517 0.6721
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3317 [0.1552; 0.7092] 1.2021 1.0964
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4098 [0.2321; 0.7237] 0.6733 0.8205
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.9764 [0.7525; 1.2668] 0.1236 0.3516
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0873 [0.2342; 5.0493] 1.2275 1.1079
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0439 [0.0021; 0.9024] 7.1415 2.6724
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0265 [0.0264; 0.0267]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0262 [0.0261; 0.0262]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0377 [0.0301; 0.0472] 0.0264 0.1626
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2106 [0.0419; 1.0591] 4.0751 2.0187
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0346 [0.0145; 0.0826] 0.7873 0.8873
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   363989.33   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.0272 [ 0.0271;  0.0273]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1302 [ 0.1300;  0.1303]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.5227 [ 0.5223;  0.5232]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 2.0726 [ 2.0710;  2.0742]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0450 [ 0.0447;  0.0452]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 1.0645 [ 1.0635;  1.0655]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1982 [ 0.1974;  0.1990]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1118 [ 0.1118;  0.1119]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.5305 [ 0.5296;  0.5314]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  3.9897 [ 3.9886;  3.9908]        3.5        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0193 [ 0.0192;  0.0194]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0024 [ 0.0024;  0.0024]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0150 [ 0.0149;  0.0150]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1488 [ 0.1482;  0.1494]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.4960 [ 1.4948;  1.4972]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0448 [ 0.0447;  0.0450]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1340 [ 0.1339;  0.1342]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 0.7565 [ 0.7540;  0.7589]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 1.7915 [ 1.7896;  1.7934]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.2453 [ 1.2449;  1.2458]        2.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6264 [ 1.6260;  1.6269]        3.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  1.0152 [ 1.0142;  1.0162]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.6617 [ 0.6609;  0.6625]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0382 [ 0.0381;  0.0382]        1.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.0244 [ 1.0229;  1.0259]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.4675 [ 0.4672;  0.4678]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.0546 [ 0.0545;  0.0547]        0.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.0728 [ 0.0725;  0.0731]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0249 [ 0.0247;  0.0250]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.1504 [ 0.1497;  0.1510]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.5285 [ 1.5257;  1.5314]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.3553 [ 0.3545;  0.3560]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.3623 [ 0.3611;  0.3634]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6946 [ 0.6910;  0.6982]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.0794 [ 0.0793;  0.0795]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0421 [ 0.0420;  0.0423]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.6953 [ 0.6947;  0.6960]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             2.7866 [ 2.7840;  2.7891]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  2.6161 [ 2.6138;  2.6184]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0398 [ 0.0397;  0.0398]        0.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0558 [ 0.0557;  0.0560]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0264 [ 0.0263;  0.0264]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.3937 [ 0.3933;  0.3940]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.2963 [ 1.2951;  1.2974]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            11.3817 [11.3758; 11.3877]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 0.9393 [ 0.9386;  0.9400]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.0434 [ 0.0433;  0.0435]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.2044 [ 0.2042;  0.2047]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.1135 [ 0.1131;  0.1138]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.5471 [ 1.5454;  1.5489]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3335 [ 0.3322;  0.3348]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0551 [ 0.0550;  0.0552]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8380 [ 0.8375;  0.8384]        1.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   1.9208 [ 1.9201;  1.9214]        2.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  2.6703 [ 2.6686;  2.6720]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.4692 [ 0.4685;  0.4700]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 0.0928 [ 0.0925;  0.0931]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.6042 [ 2.6036;  2.6048]        5.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.1007 [ 0.1004;  0.1011]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          4.9631 [ 4.9622;  4.9640]        8.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES           8.0519 [ 8.0514;  8.0524]       63.7        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.3638 [ 0.3627;  0.3649]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.3521 [ 0.3517;  0.3524]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  4.5196 [4.5193; 4.5198] 58080.63        0
## Random effects model 0.3143 [0.2192; 0.4505]    -6.30 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.1274 [1.8263; 5.9236]; tau = 1.4585 [1.3514; 2.4338]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5441.00
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1835477581.75   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.7594 [7.7589; 7.7599]  24521723.85 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.8378 [0.8375; 0.8381] 172345051.71 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.3532 [4.3524; 4.3539]  16819536.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6594 [0.6591; 0.6596]  26631100.50 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.2759 [1.2755; 1.2762]  20645325.63 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.4083 [1.4080; 1.4086]   6707807.22 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.2209 [1.2201; 1.2216]   6486216.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.4017 [0.4015; 0.4019]  51024655.91 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0249 [0.0247; 0.0250]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0264 [0.0263; 0.0264]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0384 [0.0384; 0.0384]      4337.15 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.2846 [2.2841; 2.2851]  25821135.25 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1057 [0.1056; 0.1058]   1440099.65 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0551 [0.0550; 0.0552]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1483030591.98   13       0
## Within groups   352446989.76   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.6679 [2.8482; 11.2790] 0.2465 0.4965
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1284 [0.0249;  0.6609] 6.9880 2.6435
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.5074 [0.9568;  2.3747] 0.4302 0.6559
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3945 [0.1857;  0.8378] 1.1814 1.0869
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4365 [0.2458;  0.7752] 0.6867 0.8287
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.0018 [0.7818;  1.2838] 0.1121 0.3347
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.2069 [0.2341;  6.2217] 1.4002 1.1833
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0480 [0.0020;  1.1638] 7.9404 2.8179
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0249 [0.0247;  0.0250]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0264 [0.0263;  0.0264]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0390 [0.0374;  0.0406] 0.0009 0.0294
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2435 [0.0565;  1.0501] 3.3360 1.8265
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0614 [0.0279;  0.1353] 0.6484 0.8052
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0551 [0.0550;  0.0552]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   315529.99   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.0677 [ 0.0676;  0.0678]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1252 [ 0.1251;  0.1254]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.5211 [ 0.5206;  0.5216]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 2.0123 [ 2.0108;  2.0139]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0506 [ 0.0504;  0.0509]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 0.9463 [ 0.9454;  0.9473]        0.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.2626 [ 0.2617;  0.2635]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1122 [ 0.1121;  0.1123]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.5447 [ 0.5438;  0.5456]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  4.4020 [ 4.4008;  4.4031]        3.6        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0195 [ 0.0194;  0.0196]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0029 [ 0.0029;  0.0029]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0147 [ 0.0147;  0.0148]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1381 [ 0.1375;  0.1387]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.5516 [ 1.5503;  1.5528]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0484 [ 0.0483;  0.0486]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1568 [ 0.1567;  0.1570]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 0.8935 [ 0.8908;  0.8961]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 2.1176 [ 2.1156;  2.1196]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.2728 [ 1.2724;  1.2733]        1.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6335 [ 1.6330;  1.6339]        3.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  1.0272 [ 1.0262;  1.0283]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.7096 [ 0.7088;  0.7105]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0426 [ 0.0426;  0.0426]        1.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.0758 [ 1.0743;  1.0774]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.4614 [ 0.4611;  0.4616]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.0506 [ 0.0506;  0.0507]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.0856 [ 0.0852;  0.0859]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0249 [ 0.0247;  0.0250]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.4524 [ 0.4513;  0.4535]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.6478 [ 1.6449;  1.6508]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.4366 [ 0.4357;  0.4374]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.4147 [ 0.4135;  0.4159]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6676 [ 0.6641;  0.6710]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.0912 [ 0.0911;  0.0913]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0514 [ 0.0512;  0.0515]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.7283 [ 0.7277;  0.7290]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.2800 [ 3.2773;  3.2827]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  2.6999 [ 2.6976;  2.7022]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0364 [ 0.0364;  0.0365]        0.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0566 [ 0.0565;  0.0568]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0264 [ 0.0263;  0.0264]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.4345 [ 0.4341;  0.4348]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.3293 [ 1.3281;  1.3304]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            12.7832 [12.7768; 12.7896]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.0924 [ 1.0917;  1.0932]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.0910 [ 0.0909;  0.0911]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.4083 [ 0.4079;  0.4087]        0.3        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.1056 [ 0.1052;  0.1060]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.4818 [ 1.4801;  1.4835]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3248 [ 0.3235;  0.3261]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0642 [ 0.0640;  0.0643]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8851 [ 0.8847;  0.8855]        1.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   2.0159 [ 2.0152;  2.0166]        2.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  3.3238 [ 3.3219;  3.3257]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.4696 [ 0.4688;  0.4703]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 0.0930 [ 0.0927;  0.0933]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.4860 [ 2.4854;  2.4865]        4.4        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0726 [ 0.0723;  0.0729]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.6024 [ 5.6015;  5.6034]        8.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES           9.0106 [ 9.0101;  9.0112]       64.8        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.3608 [ 0.3598;  0.3619]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.0491 [ 0.0490;  0.0493]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.0699 [5.0696; 5.0701] 65742.58        0
## Random effects model 0.3366 [0.2325; 0.4873]    -5.77 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.2456 [1.8623; 6.0803]; tau = 1.4985 [1.3647; 2.4658]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5806.28
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2090197191.69   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.6802 [8.6797; 8.6807]  28452716.27 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 1.0064 [1.0060; 1.0067] 192011630.99 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.9300 [4.9292; 4.9307]  18625892.28 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6372 [0.6370; 0.6375]  29517796.00 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.3350 [1.3347; 1.3354]  22287414.93 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.4128 [1.4125; 1.4131]   6601286.79 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.4261 [1.4252; 1.4270]   8552778.95 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.4173 [0.4172; 0.4175]  56675868.22 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0249 [0.0247; 0.0250]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0264 [0.0263; 0.0264]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0418 [0.0418; 0.0418]     58335.33 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.0955 [2.0950; 2.0960]  25090323.90 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1235 [0.1235; 0.1236]   1209049.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0642 [0.0640; 0.0643]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1701114098.43   13       0
## Within groups   389083093.26   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.2980 [3.1212; 12.7081] 0.2566 0.5065
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1086 [0.0174;  0.6783] 8.7335 2.9553
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.7005 [1.0909;  2.6509] 0.4105 0.6407
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4582 [0.2200;  0.9542] 1.1208 1.0587
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4465 [0.2468;  0.8078] 0.7319 0.8555
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.9857 [0.7711;  1.2600] 0.1098 0.3314
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.3074 [0.2155;  7.9315] 1.6921 1.3008
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0506 [0.0018;  1.3961] 8.5998 2.9325
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0249 [0.0247;  0.0250]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0264 [0.0263;  0.0264]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0394 [0.0338;  0.0459] 0.0122 0.1103
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3280 [0.1091;  0.9857] 1.8910 1.3751
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0844 [0.0467;  0.1525] 0.3645 0.6037
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0642 [0.0640;  0.0643]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   498841.13   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.1275 [ 0.1273;  0.1277]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1241 [ 0.1240;  0.1243]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.5571 [ 0.5567;  0.5576]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 1.9951 [ 1.9936;  1.9967]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0798 [ 0.0795;  0.0801]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 0.8834 [ 0.8825;  0.8843]        0.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3009 [ 0.3000;  0.3019]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1148 [ 0.1148;  0.1149]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.5112 [ 0.5103;  0.5120]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  4.6415 [ 4.6404;  4.6427]        3.4        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0198 [ 0.0197;  0.0200]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0036 [ 0.0036;  0.0036]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0119 [ 0.0118;  0.0119]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1228 [ 0.1223;  0.1234]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.5995 [ 1.5983;  1.6008]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0520 [ 0.0519;  0.0522]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1489 [ 0.1488;  0.1491]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.1053 [ 1.1024;  1.1083]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 2.5507 [ 2.5485;  2.5529]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.2946 [ 1.2941;  1.2951]        1.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6232 [ 1.6228;  1.6237]        2.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  1.0026 [ 1.0016;  1.0036]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.7423 [ 0.7414;  0.7432]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0472 [ 0.0472;  0.0472]        1.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.1361 [ 1.1345;  1.1377]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.4773 [ 0.4770;  0.4776]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.0479 [ 0.0478;  0.0479]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.1192 [ 0.1189;  0.1196]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0220 [ 0.0219;  0.0221]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.9078 [ 0.9062;  0.9093]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.9407 [ 1.9375;  1.9439]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.4970 [ 0.4962;  0.4979]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.5030 [ 0.5017;  0.5044]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6295 [ 0.6261;  0.6328]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.0982 [ 0.0981;  0.0983]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0369 [ 0.0368;  0.0370]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.7541 [ 0.7534;  0.7548]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.6822 [ 3.6794;  3.6851]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  2.9019 [ 2.8995;  2.9043]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0311 [ 0.0310;  0.0311]        0.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0733 [ 0.0732;  0.0735]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0235 [ 0.0235;  0.0236]        0.0        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.4565 [ 0.4562;  0.4569]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.3906 [ 1.3894;  1.3918]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            14.4217 [14.4148; 14.4287]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.2827 [ 1.2819;  1.2835]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.1499 [ 0.1498;  0.1500]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.5669 [ 0.5665;  0.5673]        0.4        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.1059 [ 0.1055;  0.1062]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.5497 [ 1.5480;  1.5515]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3402 [ 0.3389;  0.3415]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0655 [ 0.0654;  0.0656]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.9343 [ 0.9339;  0.9348]        1.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   2.1164 [ 2.1157;  2.1171]        2.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  3.8220 [ 3.8200;  3.8240]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.4715 [ 0.4708;  0.4723]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 0.0891 [ 0.0888;  0.0894]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5680 [ 2.5674;  2.5685]        4.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0593 [ 0.0590;  0.0595]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.9464 [ 5.9454;  5.9474]        8.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          10.0405 [10.0399; 10.0410]       66.0        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.3376 [ 0.3365;  0.3386]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.0634 [ 0.0633;  0.0636]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.6304 [5.6301; 5.6307] 73476.95        0
## Random effects model 0.3628 [0.2484; 0.5299]    -5.25 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.3541 [1.8752; 6.1372]; tau = 1.5343 [1.3694; 2.4773]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6164.17
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2355815692.57   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 9.6632 [9.6626; 9.6637]  35232875.84 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 1.1270 [1.1266; 1.1273] 212243825.84 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.2553 [5.2545; 5.2561]  18449966.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6511 [0.6509; 0.6513]  30894308.37 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.3981 [1.3977; 1.3984]  23610661.91 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.4122 [1.4120; 1.4125]   6447447.37 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.5991 [1.5981; 1.6000]   9961180.67 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.4245 [0.4243; 0.4246]  63916761.36 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0220 [0.0219; 0.0221]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0235 [0.0235; 0.0236]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0454 [0.0454; 0.0454]    374095.06 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.1360 [2.1355; 2.1364]  24445469.52 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1289 [0.1288; 0.1290]    910307.82 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0655 [0.0654; 0.0656]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1929328792.42   13       0
## Within groups   426486900.15   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.8266 [3.2049; 14.5410] 0.2977 0.5456
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1145 [0.0177;  0.7388] 9.0481 3.0080
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.9467 [1.2867;  2.9452] 0.3571 0.5975
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5338 [0.2655;  1.0731] 1.0154 1.0077
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4562 [0.2499;  0.8326] 0.7539 0.8683
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.9736 [0.7643;  1.2400] 0.1067 0.3266
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.4323 [0.2251;  9.1152] 1.7831 1.3353
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0544 [0.0018;  1.6543] 9.1111 3.0185
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0220 [0.0219;  0.0221]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0235 [0.0235;  0.0236]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0383 [0.0254;  0.0577] 0.0874 0.2957
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4084 [0.1623;  1.0279] 1.3305 1.1535
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0889 [0.0560;  0.1412] 0.2227 0.4719
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0655 [0.0654;  0.0656]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   636195.38   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.0899 [ 0.0898;  0.0901]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1258 [ 0.1257;  0.1260]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.6078 [ 0.6073;  0.6083]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 1.9698 [ 1.9682;  1.9713]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.1144 [ 0.1140;  0.1148]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 0.8532 [ 0.8523;  0.8541]        0.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3650 [ 0.3640;  0.3661]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1201 [ 0.1201;  0.1202]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.4250 [ 0.4242;  0.4258]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  4.7363 [ 4.7351;  4.7374]        3.5        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0214 [ 0.0213;  0.0215]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0045 [ 0.0045;  0.0045]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0146 [ 0.0145;  0.0146]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1161 [ 0.1155;  0.1166]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.6328 [ 1.6316;  1.6341]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0512 [ 0.0510;  0.0513]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1647 [ 0.1646;  0.1648]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.2831 [ 1.2799;  1.2862]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 2.9751 [ 2.9727;  2.9775]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.3025 [ 1.3020;  1.3029]        1.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6220 [ 1.6215;  1.6224]        2.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  0.9888 [ 0.9878;  0.9898]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.8046 [ 0.8036;  0.8055]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0519 [ 0.0519;  0.0519]        1.4        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.1971 [ 1.1955;  1.1987]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.4811 [ 0.4808;  0.4814]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.0469 [ 0.0469;  0.0470]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.3329 [ 0.3323;  0.3335]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0243 [ 0.0242;  0.0244]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.9165 [ 0.9150;  0.9180]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  2.2963 [ 2.2928;  2.2999]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.4987 [ 0.4978;  0.4996]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.5684 [ 0.5669;  0.5699]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6434 [ 0.6400;  0.6467]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.1002 [ 0.1001;  0.1003]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0402 [ 0.0401;  0.0403]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.7875 [ 0.7868;  0.7882]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.9262 [ 3.9233;  3.9292]        0.4        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  3.1466 [ 3.1441;  3.1490]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0328 [ 0.0328;  0.0328]        0.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0703 [ 0.0701;  0.0704]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0290 [ 0.0289;  0.0290]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.4943 [ 0.4940;  0.4947]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.4597 [ 1.4585;  1.4609]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            13.5416 [13.5347; 13.5484]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.3647 [ 1.3638;  1.3656]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.2081 [ 0.2079;  0.2082]        0.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.7810 [ 0.7805;  0.7815]        0.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.1066 [ 0.1063;  0.1070]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.6975 [ 1.6957;  1.6993]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3713 [ 0.3700;  0.3727]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0662 [ 0.0661;  0.0663]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.9307 [ 0.9303;  0.9312]        0.9        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   2.1714 [ 2.1707;  2.1721]        2.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  4.3111 [ 4.3090;  4.3133]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.4772 [ 0.4765;  0.4780]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 0.0896 [ 0.0893;  0.0899]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5078 [ 2.5072;  2.5084]        4.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0566 [ 0.0563;  0.0568]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.9441 [ 5.9431;  5.9450]        7.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          10.2334 [10.2328; 10.2340]       65.8        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.3050 [ 0.3040;  0.3059]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.0258 [ 0.0257;  0.0259]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.6548 [5.6545; 5.6551] 74666.12        0
## Random effects model 0.3819 [0.2606; 0.5599]    -4.93 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.3989 [1.8489; 6.0041]; tau = 1.5488 [1.3598; 2.4503]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6319.03
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2475665138.86   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 9.8479 [9.8474; 9.8484]  36169181.91 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.9581 [0.9578; 0.9584] 196183386.82 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.3043 [5.3036; 5.3051]  16197114.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6703 [0.6701; 0.6705]  30226339.71 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.4363 [1.4359; 1.4367]  24381684.51 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.4130 [1.4127; 1.4133]   6274253.29 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.7012 [1.7002; 1.7021]  10613264.01 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.3918 [0.3917; 0.3920]  69467816.63 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0243 [0.0242; 0.0244]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0290 [0.0289; 0.0290]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0498 [0.0498; 0.0498]    486754.28 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.0529 [2.0525; 2.0534]  21980793.08 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1320 [0.1319; 0.1321]   1298474.84 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0662 [0.0661; 0.0663]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2062386075.72   13       0
## Within groups   413279063.15   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.9619 [3.2722; 14.8120] 0.2968 0.5448
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1061 [0.0173;  0.6509] 8.5652 2.9266
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.1640 [1.4989;  3.1242] 0.2808 0.5299
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5927 [0.3081;  1.1399] 0.8909 0.9439
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4736 [0.2584;  0.8678] 0.7639 0.8740
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.9784 [0.7713;  1.2412] 0.1031 0.3210
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.5448 [0.2482;  9.6132] 1.7402 1.3192
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0580 [0.0019;  1.7646] 9.1090 3.0181
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0243 [0.0242;  0.0244]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0290 [0.0289;  0.0290]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0413 [0.0263;  0.0647] 0.1052 0.3243
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.5064 [0.2359;  1.0868] 0.9109 0.9544
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0855 [0.0477;  0.1532] 0.3545 0.5954
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0662 [0.0661;  0.0663]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   489013.70   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    2
##                          rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0000               0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000               0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000               0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
## 
##                      rate 95%-CI  z p-value
## Common effect model    NA        --      --
## Random effects model   NA        --      --
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k rate 95%-CI  Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      0   NA        --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0   NA        --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0   NA        --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0   NA        --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0   NA        --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0   NA        --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                   Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   NA    0      --
## Within groups  0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      0   NA           --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0   NA           --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0   NA           --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0   NA           --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0   NA           --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0   NA           --  --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    2
##                          rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0000               0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000               0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000               0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
## 
##                      rate 95%-CI  z p-value
## Common effect model    NA        --      --
## Random effects model   NA        --      --
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k rate 95%-CI  Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      0   NA        --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0   NA        --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0   NA        --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0   NA        --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0   NA        --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0   NA        --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                   Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   NA    0      --
## Within groups  0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      0   NA           --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0   NA           --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0   NA           --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0   NA           --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0   NA           --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0   NA           --  --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    2
##                          rate 95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0000               0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000               0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000               0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000               0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000               0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000               0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000               0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 0
## 
##                      rate 95%-CI  z p-value
## Common effect model    NA        --      --
## Random effects model   NA        --      --
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k rate 95%-CI  Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      0   NA        --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0   NA        --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0   NA        --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0   NA        --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0   NA        --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0   NA        --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0   NA        --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0   NA        --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                   Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   NA    0      --
## Within groups  0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k rate 95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      0   NA           --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0   NA           --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0   NA           --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0   NA           --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0   NA           --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0   NA           --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0   NA           --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0   NA           --  --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006]      100.0      100.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 1
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006] -1968.68       0
## Random effects model 0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006] -1968.68       0
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = NA; tau = NA; I^2 = NA; H = NA
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006] 0.00  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                   Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 0.00    0      --
## Within groups  0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006]    --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                     Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   0.00    0      --
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0019 [0.0019; 0.0019]       26.9       48.5                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]        0.0        2.9 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0021 [0.0021; 0.0021]       73.1       48.6                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  0.0021 [0.0021; 0.0021] -3571.38       0
## Random effects model 0.0017 [0.0015; 0.0019]  -105.98       0
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.0074 [0.0472; 41.4383]; tau = 0.0861 [0.2172; 6.4373]
##  I^2 = 99.8% [99.7%; 99.8%]; H = 22.10 [19.16; 25.49]
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##       Q d.f.  p-value
##  976.60    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0021 [0.0021; 0.0021] 0.00  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   1 0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000] 0.00  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0019 [0.0019; 0.0019] 0.00  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                     Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups 976.60    2 < 0.0001
## Within groups    0.00    0       --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0021 [0.0021; 0.0021]    --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   1 0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]    --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0019 [0.0019; 0.0019]    --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   976.60    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0060 [0.0060; 0.0061]       55.6       34.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]        0.0       31.9 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0020 [0.0019; 0.0020]       44.4       34.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  0.0037 [0.0037; 0.0037] -4004.02        0
## Random effects model 0.0007 [0.0003; 0.0017]   -15.68 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.6382 [0.1769; >100.0000]; tau = 0.7989 [0.4206; >10.0000]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 283.34
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##          Q d.f. p-value
##  160558.46    2       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0020 [0.0019; 0.0020] 0.00  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   1 0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000] 0.00  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0060 [0.0060; 0.0061] 0.00  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                        Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 160558.46    2       0
## Within groups       0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0020 [0.0019; 0.0020]    --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   1 0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]    --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0060 [0.0060; 0.0061]    --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   160558.46    2       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0085 [0.0085; 0.0086]       48.8       50.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0036 [0.0036; 0.0036]       51.2       50.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  0.0055 [0.0055; 0.0055] -4711.60        0
## Random effects model 0.0055 [0.0024; 0.0129]   -12.05 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.3713; tau = 0.6094; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 389.95
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##          Q d.f. p-value
##  152064.21    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0036 [0.0036; 0.0036] 0.00  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0085 [0.0085; 0.0086] 0.00  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                        Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 152064.21    1       0
## Within groups       0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0036 [0.0036; 0.0036]    --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0085 [0.0085; 0.0086]    --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   152064.21    1       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0095 [0.0095; 0.0096]       40.3       38.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]        0.0       24.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0056 [0.0056; 0.0057]       59.7       38.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 3
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  0.0070 [0.0070; 0.0070] -5225.65        0
## Random effects model 0.0016 [0.0010; 0.0025]   -28.13 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.1383 [0.0659; 72.5316]; tau = 0.3719 [0.2567; 8.5165]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 191.92
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##         Q d.f. p-value
##  73667.56    2       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0056 [0.0056; 0.0057] 0.00  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   1 0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000] 0.00  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0095 [0.0095; 0.0096] 0.00  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                       Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 73667.56    2       0
## Within groups      0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0056 [0.0056; 0.0057]    --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   1 0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]    --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0095 [0.0095; 0.0096]    --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                         Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   73667.56    2       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0103 [0.0102; 0.0103]       33.6       50.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0080 [0.0080; 0.0080]       66.4       50.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  0.0087 [0.0087; 0.0087] -5663.04       0
## Random effects model 0.0091 [0.0071; 0.0116]   -38.20       0
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.0303; tau = 0.1741; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 138.84
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##         Q d.f. p-value
##  19276.59    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0080 [0.0080; 0.0080] 0.00  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0103 [0.0102; 0.0103] 0.00  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                       Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 19276.59    1       0
## Within groups      0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0080 [0.0080; 0.0080]    --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0103 [0.0102; 0.0103]    --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                         Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   19276.59    1       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0108 [0.0108; 0.0109]       33.4       50.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0085 [0.0085; 0.0085]       66.6       50.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  0.0092 [0.0092; 0.0092] -5765.41       0
## Random effects model 0.0096 [0.0075; 0.0122]   -37.84       0
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.0302; tau = 0.1736; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 142.46
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##         Q d.f. p-value
##  20295.86    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0085 [0.0085; 0.0085] 0.00  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0108 [0.0108; 0.0109] 0.00  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                       Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 20295.86    1       0
## Within groups      0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0085 [0.0085; 0.0085]    --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0108 [0.0108; 0.0109]    --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                         Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   20295.86    1       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## JAPAN                  0.0118 [0.0118; 0.0118]       38.5       50.0                                Eastern Asia
## PUERTO RICO            0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## UNITED STATES          0.0073 [0.0073; 0.0074]       61.5       50.0                            Northern America
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## JORDAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## ROMANIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Europe
## URUGUAY                0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 2
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  0.0088 [0.0088; 0.0088] -5650.01        0
## Random effects model 0.0093 [0.0058; 0.0148]   -19.71 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 0.1126; tau = 0.3355; I^2 = 100.0%; H = 275.67
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##         Q d.f. p-value
##  75991.60    1       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI    Q I^2
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0073 [0.0073; 0.0074] 0.00  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0118 [0.0118; 0.0118] 0.00  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                    --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                       Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 75991.60    1       0
## Within groups      0.00    0      --
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI tau^2 tau
## Region = Northern America                      1 0.0073 [0.0073; 0.0074]    --  --
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Europe                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Europe                        0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.0118 [0.0118; 0.0118]    --  --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Asia                         0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Western Asia                          0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Northern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## Region = Southern Africa                       0     NA                     --  --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                         Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   75991.60    1       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1063 [0.1061; 0.1065]        0.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.3953 [0.3948; 0.3957]        0.6        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.6969 [0.6960; 0.6979]        0.4        1.8                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0007 [0.0007; 0.0008]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.9189 [0.9179; 0.9198]        0.7        1.8                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0176 [0.0175; 0.0178]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 1.5870 [1.5863; 1.5877]        3.6        1.8                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.1689 [0.1685; 0.1692]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0536 [0.0535; 0.0537]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0229 [0.0227; 0.0232]        0.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.2781 [0.2776; 0.2787]        0.2        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.1220 [0.1217; 0.1223]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0305 [0.0305; 0.0306]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.1266 [0.1256; 0.1276]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                3.1430 [3.1405; 3.1455]        1.1        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 2.1012 [2.1006; 2.1018]        8.8        1.8                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.4550 [1.4545; 1.4554]        8.0        1.8                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 1.4149 [1.4138; 1.4161]        1.1        1.8                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.4858 [0.4851; 0.4865]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0782 [0.0782; 0.0782]        6.3        1.8                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                1.8513 [1.8492; 1.8534]        0.6        1.8                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.8724 [0.8720; 0.8728]        3.5        1.8                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0510 [0.0507; 0.0513]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0877 [0.0871; 0.0883]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0843 [0.0837; 0.0849]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.1605 [0.1599; 0.1611]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.1279 [0.1273; 0.1286]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             2.3963 [2.3891; 2.4035]        0.1        1.8                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2075 [0.2074; 0.2077]        1.6        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0162 [0.0161; 0.0163]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0115 [0.0113; 0.0116]        0.0        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.2509 [2.2487; 2.2531]        0.7        1.8                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0431 [0.0430; 0.0431]        0.5        1.8                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0255 [0.0254; 0.0256]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0258 [0.0258; 0.0259]        0.2        1.8                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0042 [0.0042; 0.0043]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.8127 [1.8114; 1.8140]        1.3        1.8                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2283 [1.2264; 1.2302]        0.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2445 [0.2441; 0.2448]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0135 [0.0135; 0.0135]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.2557 [0.2553; 0.2560]        0.4        1.8                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.7817 [0.7804; 0.7829]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.0760 [1.0736; 1.0784]        0.1        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645]        0.2        1.8                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055]        1.0        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  2.0244 [2.0237; 2.0250]        6.3        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 2.1038 [2.1022; 2.1053]        1.3        1.8                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.2317 [1.2304; 1.2330]        0.6        1.8                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.0578 [0.0575; 0.0580]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.2043 [0.2041; 0.2045]        1.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.2101 [0.2095; 0.2106]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.2962 [1.2957; 1.2966]        5.4        1.8                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.0094 [2.0091; 2.0096]       41.2        1.8                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.0582 [0.0578; 0.0586]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.2297 [0.2294; 0.2300]        0.4        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 56
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.2026 [1.2025; 1.2027] 4290.49        0
## Random effects model 0.2044 [0.1516; 0.2757]  -10.41 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3028 [1.2174; 3.7643]; tau = 1.1414 [1.1034; 1.9402]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3205.04
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  564975736.42   55       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 1.9719 [1.9716; 1.9721]   990147.50 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   9 0.2038 [0.2037; 0.2039]  8930691.07 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.6295 [1.6291; 1.6300]  7059955.53 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2706 [0.2704; 0.2708] 10187164.29 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.5140 [1.5136; 1.5143]  9566111.67 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.6720 [1.6717; 1.6723]  6623371.79 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.3873 [0.3868; 0.3877]   223316.60 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055]        0.00     --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0258 [0.0258; 0.0259]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0749 [0.0748; 0.0749]   889690.32 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2102 [0.2101; 0.2103]   427199.49 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0436 [0.0435; 0.0436]   526000.68 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 519552087.47   12       0
## Within groups   45423648.95   43       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 1.7857 [1.4170; 2.2503] 0.0278 0.1669
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   9 0.1294 [0.0733; 0.2284] 0.7562 0.8696
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.6855 [0.4903; 0.9584] 0.2339 0.4836
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.0458 [0.0179; 0.1171] 1.8368 1.3553
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.6942 [0.4746; 1.0153] 0.2258 0.4752
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.3396 [1.0244; 1.7517] 0.1124 0.3352
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.0674 [0.0021; 2.1612] 6.2632 2.5026
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055]     --     --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0258 [0.0258; 0.0259]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0580 [0.0324; 0.1041] 0.1776 0.4215
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1411 [0.1112; 0.1791] 0.0888 0.2979
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0377 [0.0208; 0.0684] 0.3684 0.6069
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   5998739.24   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.6        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1721 [0.1719; 0.1723]        0.4        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.5211 [0.5206; 0.5216]        0.6        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.8998 [0.8987; 0.9009]        0.4        1.8                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0047 [0.0047; 0.0048]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                1.1686 [1.1675; 1.1696]        0.7        1.8                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0149 [0.0149; 0.0149]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0978 [0.0975; 0.0982]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.0856 [2.0848; 2.0864]        4.0        1.8                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.1928 [0.1924; 0.1931]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0553 [0.0552; 0.0554]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0616 [0.0612; 0.0619]        0.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.3950 [0.3944; 0.3956]        0.2        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.1724 [0.1721; 0.1728]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0666 [0.0665; 0.0667]        0.3        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.1453 [0.1442; 0.1463]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                3.7363 [3.7336; 3.7391]        1.1        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 2.4658 [2.4652; 2.4665]        8.8        1.8                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.7548 [1.7543; 1.7552]        8.1        1.8                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 1.8254 [1.8241; 1.8267]        1.1        1.8                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.5582 [0.5574; 0.5589]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.1138 [0.1138; 0.1139]        7.9        1.8                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                2.4820 [2.4796; 2.4844]        0.6        1.8                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.0462 [1.0457; 1.0466]        3.5        1.8                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0665 [0.0662; 0.0669]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1249 [0.1242; 0.1256]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.1286 [0.1278; 0.1294]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.2201 [0.2194; 0.2208]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.1812 [0.1805; 0.1820]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             2.6071 [2.5997; 2.6145]        0.1        1.8                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2079 [0.2077; 0.2080]        1.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0335 [0.0334; 0.0336]        0.1        1.8                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0275 [0.0272; 0.0277]        0.0        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.1133 [2.1111; 2.1154]        0.6        1.8                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0910 [0.0909; 0.0911]        0.9        1.8                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0375 [0.0374; 0.0376]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0362 [0.0361; 0.0363]        0.2        1.8                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0070 [0.0070; 0.0070]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               2.2539 [2.2525; 2.2554]        1.4        1.8                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2289 [1.2270; 1.2308]        0.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.4241 [0.4236; 0.4245]        0.5        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0280 [0.0280; 0.0281]        0.2        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3084 [0.3081; 0.3088]        0.5        1.8                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.0966 [1.0951; 1.0980]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.3641 [1.3615; 1.3668]        0.2        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132]        0.3        1.8                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701]        1.3        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  2.5800 [2.5793; 2.5808]        6.8        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 2.6356 [2.6338; 2.6373]        1.4        1.8                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.4282 [1.4268; 1.4296]        0.6        1.8                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.1176 [0.1172; 0.1179]        0.1        1.8                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.2942 [0.2940; 0.2944]        1.2        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3381 [0.3374; 0.3387]        0.2        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.7332 [1.7327; 1.7337]        6.2        1.8                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.0289 [2.0286; 2.0292]       35.3        1.8                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.1756 [0.1748; 0.1763]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.2484 [0.2480; 0.2487]        0.4        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 57
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.2583 [1.2582; 1.2584] 5823.64        0
## Random effects model 0.2933 [0.2185; 0.3935]   -8.18 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.2830 [1.1623; 3.4173]; tau = 1.1327 [1.0781; 1.8486]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3519.69
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  693739157.31   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.0346 [2.0344; 2.0349]    17557.16 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1870 [0.1869; 0.1871] 15160642.26 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.0458 [2.0453; 2.0463]  6968713.75 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3408 [0.3406; 0.3410] 14987022.46 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.9110 [1.9106; 1.9114] 13674077.35 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.9849 [1.9846; 1.9853]  6933448.81 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.5054 [0.5050; 0.5059]   371810.77 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701]        0.00     --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0362 [0.0361; 0.0363]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1112 [0.1112; 0.1112]   262268.17 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2896 [0.2894; 0.2897]   519752.69 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1467 [0.1466; 0.1468]  3512657.89 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 631331206.01   12       0
## Within groups   62407951.31   44       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.0571 [2.0022; 2.1134] 0.0004 0.0195
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1347 [0.0726; 0.2498] 0.9931 0.9965
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.8614 [0.6377; 1.1636] 0.1882 0.4339
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.0992 [0.0396; 0.2480] 1.7501 1.3229
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.9885 [0.6582; 1.4845] 0.2584 0.5083
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.6026 [1.2477; 2.0583] 0.0978 0.3128
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.1197 [0.0067; 2.1393] 4.3287 2.0805
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701]     --     --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0362 [0.0361; 0.0363]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1018 [0.0817; 0.1267] 0.0251 0.1583
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1956 [0.1567; 0.2444] 0.0772 0.2778
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0922 [0.0356; 0.2389] 0.9445 0.9719
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   9117078.93   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.2832 [0.2829; 0.2835]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.6228 [0.6222; 0.6233]        0.7        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.2242 [1.2230; 1.2254]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0055 [0.0055; 0.0056]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                1.7016 [1.7003; 1.7029]        0.9        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0598 [0.0597; 0.0598]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1600 [0.1596; 0.1605]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.4841 [2.4832; 2.4850]        4.2        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2310 [0.2307; 0.2314]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0525 [0.0524; 0.0526]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.1835 [0.1828; 0.1842]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.5302 [0.5294; 0.5309]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.2196 [0.2193; 0.2200]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1329 [0.1327; 0.1330]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.1949 [0.1936; 0.1961]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.1791 [4.1762; 4.1820]        1.1        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 2.8205 [2.8198; 2.8211]        8.8        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.0536 [2.0531; 2.0541]        8.2        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.0220 [2.0206; 2.0234]        1.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.6560 [0.6551; 0.6568]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.1435 [0.1434; 0.1435]        8.8        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                2.9483 [2.9457; 2.9509]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.2133 [1.2128; 1.2137]        3.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1013 [0.1012; 0.1014]        0.6        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0748 [0.0744; 0.0751]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1322 [0.1315; 0.1329]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0932 [0.0925; 0.0939]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.2822 [0.2814; 0.2830]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2760 [0.2750; 0.2769]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             2.8977 [2.8900; 2.9055]        0.1        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2123 [0.2122; 0.2124]        1.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0373]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0421 [0.0418; 0.0424]        0.0        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.0804 [2.0783; 2.0825]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1127 [0.1127; 0.1128]        1.0        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0528 [0.0527; 0.0530]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0385 [0.0384; 0.0386]        0.2        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0089 [0.0089; 0.0090]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               2.6481 [2.6465; 2.6497]        1.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2056 [1.2038; 1.2075]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.3370 [0.3366; 0.3374]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0706 [0.0705; 0.0707]        0.5        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3637 [0.3633; 0.3641]        0.5        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.4645 [1.4628; 1.4662]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.6411 [1.6382; 1.6440]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371]        0.3        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.5801 [0.5797; 0.5804]        1.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  3.0276 [3.0268; 3.0284]        7.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 2.9378 [2.9360; 2.9396]        1.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.7455 [1.7440; 1.7471]        0.7        1.7                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.1599 [0.1595; 0.1603]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.3858 [0.3855; 0.3860]        1.4        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6148 [0.6140; 0.6157]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.2840 [2.2834; 2.2846]        7.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          1.9869 [1.9866; 1.9872]       30.4        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.3082 [0.3073; 0.3092]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.2893 [0.2890; 0.2896]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 58
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.2982 [1.2981; 1.2983] 7090.67        0
## Random effects model 0.3685 [0.2747; 0.4944]   -6.66 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3030 [1.1119; 3.1385]; tau = 1.1415 [1.0545; 1.7716]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3832.98
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  837430559.77   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.0415 [2.0412; 2.0417]  1357885.84 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1952 [0.1951; 0.1953] 14912693.26 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.5001 [2.4996; 2.5007]  6042384.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3398 [0.3397; 0.3400] 18962005.49 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.2241 [2.2237; 2.2245] 16896588.66 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.3110 [2.3106; 2.3114]  5991199.04 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.6011 [0.6005; 0.6016]   481257.74 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.3366 [0.3365; 0.3368]  9966720.79 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0385 [0.0384; 0.0386]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1400 [0.1399; 0.1400]   385144.30 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3867 [0.3865; 0.3869]  1179131.79 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2047 [0.2045; 0.2048]  3543122.42 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 757712425.93   12       0
## Within groups   79718133.84   45       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.2216 [1.7849; 2.7652] 0.0249 0.1579
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1877 [0.1119; 0.3148] 0.6960 0.8342
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.9817 [0.7567; 1.2735] 0.1411 0.3756
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1326 [0.0542; 0.3244] 1.6657 1.2906
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.3451 [0.8849; 2.0446] 0.2738 0.5233
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.9842 [1.6049; 2.4531] 0.0703 0.2651
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.1619 [0.0115; 2.2698] 3.6302 1.9053
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.2424 [0.0438; 1.3403] 1.5225 1.2339
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0385 [0.0384; 0.0386]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1272 [0.1004; 0.1611] 0.0290 0.1704
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2494 [0.1876; 0.3315] 0.1266 0.3558
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1297 [0.0604; 0.2788] 0.6096 0.7808
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1404741.92   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.4871 [0.4868; 0.4875]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.7498 [0.7492; 0.7503]        0.7        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.5245 [1.5231; 1.5258]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0049 [0.0048; 0.0050]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.0732 [2.0718; 2.0746]        1.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0047 [0.0046; 0.0048]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0849 [0.0848; 0.0849]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.2639 [0.2633; 0.2645]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.7564 [2.7555; 2.7573]        4.0        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2907 [0.2903; 0.2912]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0001 [0.0001; 0.0001]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0601 [0.0600; 0.0602]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2403 [0.2396; 0.2411]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7926 [0.7917; 0.7935]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.2650 [0.2645; 0.2654]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.2101 [0.2100; 0.2103]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2309 [0.2295; 0.2322]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.4782 [4.4752; 4.4811]        1.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.0134 [3.0127; 3.0141]        8.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.2494 [2.2488; 2.2499]        7.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.1845 [2.1831; 2.1860]        1.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.7797 [0.7788; 0.7806]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.1776 [0.1776; 0.1777]        9.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                3.6375 [3.6346; 3.6404]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.3872 [1.3867; 1.3877]        3.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.6315 [0.6313; 0.6317]        3.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0969 [0.0965; 0.0972]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1977 [0.1969; 0.1985]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0698 [0.0692; 0.0703]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.4274 [0.4265; 0.4283]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.4824 [0.4812; 0.4837]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.0533 [3.0455; 3.0612]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.1896 [0.1894; 0.1897]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0429 [0.0428; 0.0430]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            1.6853 [1.6843; 1.6863]        1.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0543 [0.0540; 0.0547]        0.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.3768 [2.3745; 2.3790]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1482 [0.1481; 0.1483]        1.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0621 [0.0619; 0.0622]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0444 [0.0443; 0.0444]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0169 [0.0168; 0.0170]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               2.7574 [2.7557; 2.7591]        1.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2517 [1.2498; 1.2536]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.3103 [0.3099; 0.3107]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.1395 [0.1394; 0.1396]        0.8        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4245 [0.4241; 0.4249]        0.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0287 [0.0285; 0.0289]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.9608 [1.9589; 1.9628]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.8618 [1.8587; 1.8649]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6952 [0.6948; 0.6956]        1.5        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  3.4853 [3.4845; 3.4862]        6.9        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.1335 [3.1316; 3.1353]        1.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.0182 [2.0166; 2.0198]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.1873 [0.1868; 0.1877]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.5211 [0.5209; 0.5214]        1.6        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6845 [0.6836; 0.6854]        0.3        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.8221 [2.8214; 2.8228]        7.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          1.9860 [1.9858; 1.9863]       26.0        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.3948 [0.3937; 0.3959]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.3710 [0.3706; 0.3713]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.3469 [1.3468; 1.3470] 8774.60        0
## Random effects model 0.3427 [0.2619; 0.4484]   -7.81 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1852 [1.0698; 2.8934]; tau = 1.0887 [1.0343; 1.7010]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3852.87
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  920366783.13   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.0748 [2.0745; 2.0750]  3237946.68 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2385 [0.2384; 0.2386] 19265303.16 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.9588 [2.9582; 2.9594]  5428532.91 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4143 [0.4141; 0.4145] 23542571.09 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 2.5057 [2.5052; 2.5062] 21673467.75 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.4536 [2.4532; 2.4540]  6447060.32 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.7227 [0.7221; 0.7233]   595521.73 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.6459 [0.6457; 0.6461]  2513406.02 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0444 [0.0443; 0.0444]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1742 [0.1741; 0.1742]   289433.49 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4950 [0.4948; 0.4952]  1306823.39 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2961 [0.2960; 0.2963]  4712195.11 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 831354521.47   13       0
## Within groups   89012261.66   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.3397 [1.6969; 3.2260] 0.0537 0.2318
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2299 [0.1361; 0.3884] 0.7158 0.8461
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.1302 [0.8977; 1.4229] 0.1105 0.3324
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1810 [0.0777; 0.4214] 1.4873 1.2196
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4529 [0.3073; 0.6677] 0.3136 0.5600
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.1643 [1.8068; 2.5926] 0.0594 0.2437
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.2018 [0.0154; 2.6431] 3.4453 1.8562
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0289 [0.0189; 0.0443] 0.1415 0.3761
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0444 [0.0443; 0.0444]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1623 [0.1359; 0.1937] 0.0164 0.1279
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3278 [0.2513; 0.4275] 0.1103 0.3321
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1706 [0.0818; 0.3560] 0.5631 0.7504
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1993716.68   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.6692 [0.6688; 0.6696]        1.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.8732 [0.8725; 0.8738]        0.7        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.8363 [1.8348; 1.8378]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0060 [0.0059; 0.0061]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.1765 [2.1751; 2.1780]        0.9        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0084 [0.0082; 0.0085]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1127 [0.1126; 0.1128]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0620 [0.0617; 0.0623]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.0424 [3.0415; 3.0434]        4.0        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.3808 [0.3804; 0.3813]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0004 [0.0004; 0.0004]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0711 [0.0710; 0.0712]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.3116 [0.3107; 0.3125]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7861 [0.7852; 0.7869]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3125 [0.3120; 0.3129]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.3476 [0.3474; 0.3478]        1.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2598 [0.2584; 0.2613]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.7950 [4.7920; 4.7981]        1.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.3218 [3.3211; 3.3226]        7.9        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.4802 [2.4797; 2.4808]        7.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.1222 [2.1208; 2.1237]        0.9        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.9152 [0.9142; 0.9162]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.2018 [0.2018; 0.2019]        9.5        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                4.6540 [4.6507; 4.6573]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.4848 [1.4843; 1.4853]        3.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  1.0941 [1.0938; 1.0944]        5.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1713 [0.1709; 0.1718]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.3129 [0.3119; 0.3139]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0739 [0.0733; 0.0745]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.4941 [0.4931; 0.4951]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.5821 [0.5807; 0.5835]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3108 [3.3027; 3.3189]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.1834 [0.1833; 0.1835]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0481 [0.0479; 0.0482]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            1.9627 [1.9616; 1.9638]        1.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0595 [0.0591; 0.0599]        0.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.5317 [2.5294; 2.5340]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1655 [0.1654; 0.1656]        1.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0764 [0.0762; 0.0766]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0498 [0.0498; 0.0499]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0124 [0.0123; 0.0124]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.1571 [3.1554; 3.1589]        1.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2526 [1.2506; 1.2545]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2265 [0.2262; 0.2269]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.2953 [0.2951; 0.2954]        1.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.6099 [0.6094; 0.6103]        0.7        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0514 [0.0512; 0.0517]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.1352 [2.1332; 2.1373]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.0907 [2.0875; 2.0940]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.0076 [1.0072; 1.0081]        1.9        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  3.8469 [3.8460; 3.8478]        6.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.1038 [3.1020; 3.1057]        1.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.2407 [2.2390; 2.2424]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.2878 [0.2873; 0.2883]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.7664 [0.7661; 0.7668]        2.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.2766 [0.2760; 0.2772]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.3444 [3.3437; 3.3452]        8.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          1.9036 [1.9033; 1.9038]       22.3        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.6758 [0.6743; 0.6772]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.4633 [0.4629; 0.4637]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.4251 [1.4250; 1.4252] 11094.47        0
## Random effects model 0.4100 [0.3159; 0.5320]    -6.71 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1140 [1.0445; 2.7933]; tau = 1.0555 [1.0220; 1.6713]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4006.04
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  994998790.95   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.0432 [2.0429; 2.0434]  7245470.29 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2943 [0.2942; 0.2944] 25272668.71 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.4118 [3.4111; 3.4124]  6072037.93 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4811 [0.4809; 0.4813] 19533119.80 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 2.7379 [2.7374; 2.7384] 26041096.89 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.7107 [2.7103; 2.7111]  6574831.18 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.8430 [0.8423; 0.8436]   691427.78 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 1.0485 [1.0483; 1.0488] 11690011.97 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0498 [0.0498; 0.0499]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1975 [0.1975; 0.1976]   397673.65 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.6721 [0.6719; 0.6724]  2413932.18 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3829 [0.3828; 0.3831]  3620116.99 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 885446403.57   13       0
## Within groups  109552387.37   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.4065 [1.5199; 3.8104] 0.1099 0.3316
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2848 [0.1656; 0.4896] 0.7643 0.8742
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.2650 [1.0039; 1.5940] 0.1113 0.3336
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1620 [0.0788; 0.3327] 1.0795 1.0390
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.5673 [0.3769; 0.8538] 0.3482 0.5901
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.4153 [2.0324; 2.8703] 0.0543 0.2330
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.2279 [0.0164; 3.1704] 3.6087 1.8997
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0735 [0.0351; 0.1538] 0.4265 0.6531
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0498 [0.0498; 0.0499]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1828 [0.1505; 0.2220] 0.0197 0.1403
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3882 [0.2794; 0.5395] 0.1691 0.4112
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2261 [0.1299; 0.3936] 0.3200 0.5657
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2407596.41   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.8307 [0.8302; 0.8311]        1.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              2.9087 [2.9076; 2.9099]        2.1        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.0392 [2.0376; 2.0408]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0122 [0.0121; 0.0124]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.0065 [2.0051; 2.0078]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0126 [0.0124; 0.0128]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1486 [0.1485; 0.1487]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0796 [0.0793; 0.0799]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.6217 [3.6207; 3.6228]        4.1        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.4682 [0.4676; 0.4687]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0005 [0.0005; 0.0005]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0892 [0.0891; 0.0893]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.3609 [0.3599; 0.3618]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.9899 [0.9889; 0.9909]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3316 [0.3311; 0.3320]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.4690 [0.4688; 0.4693]        1.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.3397 [0.3381; 0.3414]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.1196 [5.1165; 5.1228]        0.9        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.5752 [3.5744; 3.5760]        7.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.6646 [2.6640; 2.6652]        6.9        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.3245 [2.3230; 2.3260]        0.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.0646 [1.0635; 1.0657]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.2227 [0.2227; 0.2228]        9.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                5.8241 [5.8205; 5.8277]        0.9        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.6107 [1.6102; 1.6112]        3.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  1.4798 [1.4795; 1.4802]        6.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.3112 [0.3106; 0.3118]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0284 [0.0283; 0.0285]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.6898 [0.6884; 0.6913]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0910 [0.0904; 0.0917]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.5122 [0.5112; 0.5131]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.7040 [0.7024; 0.7056]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3751 [3.3670; 3.3832]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.1822 [0.1821; 0.1823]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0512 [0.0510; 0.0513]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.1733 [2.1722; 2.1745]        1.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0746 [0.0742; 0.0751]        0.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.5846 [2.5823; 2.5869]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1842 [0.1841; 0.1843]        1.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0920 [0.0918; 0.0922]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0567 [0.0567; 0.0568]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0158 [0.0158; 0.0159]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.1227 [3.1210; 3.1245]        1.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2474 [1.2455; 1.2494]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1936 [0.1933; 0.1939]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.6942 [0.6940; 0.6945]        3.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.9389 [0.9383; 0.9395]        0.9        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.1583 [0.1578; 0.1587]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.2169 [2.2148; 2.2190]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.2580 [2.2546; 2.2614]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.1367 [1.1362; 1.1372]        1.8        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.1742 [4.1732; 4.1751]        6.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.1872 [3.1853; 3.1890]        1.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.4526 [2.4508; 2.4544]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.3460 [0.3454; 0.3466]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.0245 [1.0241; 1.0248]        2.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.4835 [0.4828; 0.4843]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.0399 [4.0391; 4.0407]        8.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.0294 [2.0291; 2.0297]       20.4        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.7672 [0.7657; 0.7688]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.6107 [0.6102; 0.6111]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.5987 [1.5986; 1.5988] 15907.38        0
## Random effects model 0.5116 [0.3978; 0.6580]    -5.22 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0389 [0.9866; 2.6080]; tau = 1.0192 [0.9933; 1.6149]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4207.49
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1097583593.60   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.2343 [2.2340; 2.2345] 13063391.86 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3528 [0.3527; 0.3529] 31034425.65 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.0153 [4.0146; 4.0160]  7808471.64 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7636 [0.7633; 0.7638] 13797338.59 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 2.9205 [2.9200; 2.9210] 29632164.80 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.9080 [2.9076; 2.9084]  7451029.55 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.8564 [2.8552; 2.8575]  1644434.71 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 1.3601 [1.3598; 1.3604] 17673550.07 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0284 [0.0283; 0.0285]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0567 [0.0567; 0.0568]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2181 [0.2181; 0.2182]   412951.29 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9257 [0.9254; 0.9260]  2594261.09 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4775 [0.4773; 0.4776]  3819424.35 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 968652149.98   13       0
## Within groups  128931443.62   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.7111 [1.5368;  4.7825] 0.1677 0.4096
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3330 [0.1926;  0.5757] 0.7807 0.8835
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.4684 [1.1461;  1.8814] 0.1279 0.3576
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2166 [0.1267;  0.3703] 0.5991 0.7740
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.7283 [0.4781;  1.1094] 0.3688 0.6073
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.5501 [2.1356;  3.0449] 0.0573 0.2394
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.4660 [0.0129; 16.8744] 6.7080 2.5900
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0960 [0.0417;  0.2210] 0.5428 0.7367
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0284 [0.0283;  0.0285]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0567 [0.0567;  0.0568]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2026 [0.1682;  0.2440] 0.0180 0.1343
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.6092 [0.4631;  0.8015] 0.1175 0.3428
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2670 [0.1596;  0.4468] 0.2760 0.5254
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1957 [0.1955;  0.1959]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2435197.14   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.8746 [0.8741; 0.8750]        0.9        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.9517 [0.9512; 0.9522]        1.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              5.2042 [5.2027; 5.2057]        3.4        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.2212 [2.2196; 2.2229]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0145 [0.0144; 0.0146]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.0464 [2.0450; 2.0478]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0180 [0.0177; 0.0182]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1909 [0.1908; 0.1910]        1.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1036 [0.1032; 0.1040]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 4.1094 [4.1083; 4.1105]        4.0        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.5657 [0.5651; 0.5663]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1081 [0.1080; 0.1083]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.4212 [0.4202; 0.4222]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.1031 [1.1020; 1.1041]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3778 [0.3774; 0.3783]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.6020 [0.6018; 0.6023]        1.5        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.4430 [0.4412; 0.4449]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.6536 [4.6506; 4.6566]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.8924 [3.8916; 3.8932]        6.9        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.8672 [2.8666; 2.8678]        6.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.3194 [2.3179; 2.3209]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.1741 [1.1730; 1.1752]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.2489 [0.2488; 0.2489]        8.9        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                6.3788 [6.3750; 6.3826]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.7371 [1.7366; 1.7377]        2.9        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  1.9536 [1.9532; 1.9540]        6.9        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.4901 [0.4893; 0.4909]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0394 [0.0393; 0.0396]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.5753 [0.5740; 0.5766]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0989 [0.0982; 0.0996]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.5807 [0.5797; 0.5817]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.8657 [0.8639; 0.8674]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.5380 [3.5298; 3.5462]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2060 [0.2059; 0.2062]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0550]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.4586 [2.4574; 2.4599]        1.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0862 [0.0858; 0.0867]        0.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.7973 [2.7949; 2.7997]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2062 [0.2061; 0.2063]        1.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0660 [0.0659; 0.0661]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0386 [0.0385; 0.0387]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.6046 [3.6027; 3.6065]        1.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2377 [1.2358; 1.2396]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1583 [0.1580; 0.1585]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.8927 [0.8925; 0.8930]        3.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.2680 [1.2673; 1.2687]        1.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.3061 [0.3055; 0.3067]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.2800 [2.2779; 2.2821]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.6181 [2.6145; 2.6218]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.2171 [1.2166; 1.2176]        1.7        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.4074 [4.4064; 4.4084]        5.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.1711 [3.1693; 3.1730]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.6923 [2.6904; 2.6941]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.3867 [0.3861; 0.3873]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.5111 [1.5106; 1.5115]        3.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7207 [0.7198; 0.7216]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.8630 [4.8621; 4.8638]        8.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.1150 [2.1147; 2.1153]       18.6        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.9316 [0.9299; 0.9333]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.7561 [0.7556; 0.7566]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.8065 [1.8064; 1.8066] 21535.80        0
## Random effects model 0.6042 [0.4709; 0.7752]    -3.96 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0189 [0.9601; 2.5252]; tau = 1.0094 [0.9798; 1.5891]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4490.67
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1250296969.24   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.3814 [2.3811; 2.3817] 19398460.10 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4111 [0.4110; 0.4112] 34686592.86 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.6286 [4.6279; 4.6293]  9223835.75 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.9191 [0.9188; 0.9193] 15313342.45 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.0928 [3.0923; 3.0933] 31858792.57 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.1542 [3.1538; 3.1546]  8395205.08 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 5.1364 [5.1349; 5.1379]  2410634.26 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 1.7433 [1.7430; 1.7436] 22814356.28 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0394 [0.0393; 0.0396]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0660 [0.0659; 0.0661]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2437 [0.2437; 0.2438]   462913.50 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.3284 [1.3281; 1.3288]  4685385.28 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.6437 [0.6434; 0.6439]  5816750.46 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1095230700.65   13       0
## Within groups   155066268.59   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.9481 [1.5376;  5.6524] 0.2206 0.4697
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3888 [0.2291;  0.6600] 0.7288 0.8537
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.6248 [1.2489;  2.1140] 0.1442 0.3798
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2649 [0.1548;  0.4533] 0.6013 0.7754
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.8886 [0.5844;  1.3511] 0.3657 0.6047
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.7495 [2.2959;  3.2929] 0.0592 0.2434
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.6699 [0.0120; 37.2447] 8.4060 2.8993
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.1106 [0.0452;  0.2701] 0.6233 0.7895
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0394 [0.0393;  0.0396]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0660 [0.0659;  0.0661]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2265 [0.1884;  0.2724] 0.0177 0.1330
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.7805 [0.5714;  1.0662] 0.1519 0.3898
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3250 [0.1878;  0.5625] 0.3132 0.5597
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2145 [0.2143;  0.2147]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2536931.33   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                1.0163 [1.0158; 1.0168]        1.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              1.1057 [1.1052; 1.1062]        1.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              6.5685 [6.5668; 6.5702]        3.9        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.3459 [2.3443; 2.3476]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0132 [0.0131; 0.0133]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.3114 [2.3100; 2.3129]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0204 [0.0202; 0.0207]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.2552 [0.2551; 0.2553]        1.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1436 [0.1432; 0.1441]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 4.6887 [4.6875; 4.6899]        4.2        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.6778 [0.6772; 0.6785]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1500 [0.1498; 0.1502]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.5326 [0.5314; 0.5337]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.4366 [1.4354; 1.4378]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.4372 [0.4367; 0.4377]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.8155 [0.8152; 0.8158]        1.9        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.6044 [0.6022; 0.6066]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.5624 [4.5594; 4.5654]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.0923 [4.0915; 4.0931]        6.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.1020 [3.1013; 3.1026]        6.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.3751 [2.3736; 2.3766]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.1020 [1.1009; 1.1031]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.2845 [0.2844; 0.2845]        9.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                8.0270 [8.0227; 8.0312]        0.9        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.8267 [1.8261; 1.8273]        2.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  2.0991 [2.0987; 2.0995]        6.7        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.5068 [0.5060; 0.5075]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0626 [0.0624; 0.0628]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.6329 [0.6316; 0.6342]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0847 [0.0840; 0.0854]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.6932 [0.6922; 0.6943]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.9018 [0.9000; 0.9036]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.4906 [3.4825; 3.4986]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2250 [0.2249; 0.2252]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0612 [0.0611; 0.0613]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.6687 [2.6674; 2.6700]        1.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0988 [0.0984; 0.0993]        0.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.9604 [2.9579; 2.9628]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2419 [0.2418; 0.2420]        1.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1435 [0.1433; 0.1437]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0760 [0.0759; 0.0761]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0663 [0.0662; 0.0665]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.7457 [3.7438; 3.7477]        1.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.1744 [1.1725; 1.1763]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1620 [0.1617; 0.1622]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.7880 [0.7878; 0.7882]        2.8        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.0275 [1.0269; 1.0281]        0.8        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.6683 [0.6674; 0.6692]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.5188 [2.5166; 2.5210]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.9286 [2.9248; 2.9325]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.3430 [1.3425; 1.3435]        1.7        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.4202 [4.4192; 4.4212]        5.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.1973 [3.1954; 3.1991]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.9807 [2.9788; 2.9826]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.4564 [0.4558; 0.4571]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.0684 [2.0679; 2.0689]        4.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.9940 [0.9929; 0.9951]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.6856 [5.6847; 5.6866]        9.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.1958 [2.1955; 2.1960]       17.5        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.1259 [1.1241; 1.1278]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.7361 [0.7356; 0.7366]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  1.9581 [1.9580; 1.9582] 25742.87       0
## Random effects model 0.6935 [0.5385; 0.8931]    -2.84  0.0046
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0497 [0.9520; 2.4871]; tau = 1.0245 [0.9757; 1.5770]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4802.12
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1429742318.53   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.5427 [2.5425; 2.5430] 28640726.02 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4607 [0.4606; 0.4608] 35411489.58 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.3679 [5.3671; 5.3687] 13476511.12 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.8653 [0.8651; 0.8655] 19137685.71 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.1118 [3.1113; 3.1123] 30261172.06 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.3672 [3.3668; 3.3676]  7635979.14 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 6.4893 [6.4876; 6.4910]  2925122.58 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 1.8628 [1.8624; 1.8631] 31253078.87 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0626 [0.0624; 0.0628]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0760 [0.0759; 0.0761]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2792 [0.2792; 0.2793]   409610.53 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.6872 [1.6868; 1.6875] 10973255.14 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.8184 [0.8181; 0.8186]  6538075.45 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1243079612.33   13       0
## Within groups   186662706.20   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.2086 [1.5256;  6.7482] 0.2878 0.5364
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4567 [0.2789;  0.7477] 0.6328 0.7955
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.7575 [1.2976;  2.3804] 0.1917 0.4378
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2991 [0.1684;  0.5313] 0.6870 0.8289
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.0546 [0.7084;  1.5700] 0.3298 0.5743
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.9428 [2.4941;  3.4722] 0.0499 0.2233
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.8057 [0.0132; 49.2354] 8.8060 2.9675
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.1369 [0.0507;  0.3698] 0.7709 0.8780
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0626 [0.0624;  0.0628]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0760 [0.0759;  0.0761]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2623 [0.2238;  0.3075] 0.0131 0.1146
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.8817 [0.5526;  1.4067] 0.3409 0.5839
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3901 [0.2316;  0.6569] 0.2829 0.5319
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2358 [0.2356;  0.2360]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2594345.88   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                1.3989 [1.3983; 1.3995]        1.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              1.1449 [1.1443; 1.1454]        1.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              7.7014 [7.6996; 7.7032]        4.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.3197 [3.3177; 3.3217]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0210 [0.0208; 0.0211]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                3.5944 [3.5926; 3.5963]        0.9        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0389 [0.0386; 0.0393]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.3278 [0.3277; 0.3280]        1.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.4194 [0.4186; 0.4202]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 5.2954 [5.2942; 5.2966]        4.4        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.7712 [0.7705; 0.7719]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0011 [0.0011; 0.0011]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1520 [0.1518; 0.1521]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.8785 [0.8770; 0.8800]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.2297 [2.2282; 2.2312]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.4496 [0.4491; 0.4501]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  1.1842 [1.1839; 1.1846]        2.6        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.8538 [0.8512; 0.8564]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.7260 [4.7230; 4.7290]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.1885 [4.1877; 4.1893]        6.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.3860 [3.3854; 3.3867]        6.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.9066 [2.9049; 2.9083]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.1824 [1.1813; 1.1836]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.3135 [0.3135; 0.3136]        9.5        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                8.6626 [8.6582; 8.6670]        0.9        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.8764 [1.8759; 1.8770]        2.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  2.2892 [2.2887; 2.2896]        6.7        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.8144 [0.8134; 0.8153]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0466 [0.0464; 0.0467]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.8609 [0.8594; 0.8624]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.1226 [0.1218; 0.1234]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.8859 [0.8847; 0.8870]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              1.2160 [1.2139; 1.2181]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.6592 [3.6511; 3.6674]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2381 [0.2379; 0.2382]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0617 [0.0615; 0.0618]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.8536 [2.8523; 2.8549]        1.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1128 [0.1123; 0.1133]        0.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.0757 [3.0733; 3.0782]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2771 [0.2770; 0.2773]        1.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1565 [0.1563; 0.1567]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0904 [0.0904; 0.0905]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.3295 [0.3292; 0.3298]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.5641 [3.5622; 3.5660]        0.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.1502 [1.1483; 1.1521]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1850 [0.1847; 0.1853]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.1759 [0.1758; 0.1760]        0.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.8962 [0.8957; 0.8968]        0.7        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 1.0159 [1.0148; 1.0170]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.5201 [3.5175; 3.5227]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               3.3094 [3.3053; 3.3135]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.5523 [1.5517; 1.5529]        1.8        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.6644 [4.6634; 4.6655]        5.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.1920 [3.1902; 3.1939]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            3.2221 [3.2201; 3.2242]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.5180 [0.5173; 0.5187]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.5199 [2.5194; 2.5205]        4.6        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7037 [0.7028; 0.7046]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         6.5755 [6.5745; 6.5766]       10.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.2399 [2.2396; 2.2401]       16.5        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.1942 [1.1923; 1.1961]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.5555 [0.5550; 0.5559]        0.4        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.1645 [2.1644; 2.1646] 30878.87       0
## Random effects model 0.8119 [0.6269; 1.0514]    -1.58  0.1141
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0962 [0.9772; 2.5308]; tau = 1.0470 [0.9885; 1.5909]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5127.50
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1630057280.74   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.6841 [2.6838; 2.6844] 41141097.88 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4770 [0.4769; 0.4771] 31951435.75 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 6.1016 [6.1008; 6.1024] 17193453.66 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7946 [0.7943; 0.7949] 54383936.47 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.2520 [3.2515; 3.2526] 30867904.72 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.6380 [3.6376; 3.6385]  3768091.85 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 7.6107 [7.6089; 7.6125]  3415082.90 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 2.0415 [2.0411; 2.0418] 36003248.11 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0466 [0.0464; 0.0467]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0904 [0.0904; 0.0905]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.3089 [0.3089; 0.3090]   276129.56 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.0123 [2.0119; 2.0127] 18007570.78 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 1.1723 [1.1720; 1.1725]  8939569.16 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1384109759.90   13       0
## Within groups   245947520.85   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.4440 [1.4821;  8.0031] 0.3702 0.6084
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4731 [0.3005;  0.7449] 0.5363 0.7324
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.0694 [1.4861;  2.8818] 0.2283 0.4778
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4148 [0.1614;  1.0661] 1.8558 1.3623
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.3404 [0.9089;  1.9768] 0.3143 0.5606
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.4394 [3.0827;  3.8375] 0.0219 0.1478
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.9322 [0.0149; 58.4699] 8.9181 2.9863
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.1581 [0.0584;  0.4281] 0.7750 0.8804
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0466 [0.0464;  0.0467]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0904 [0.0904;  0.0905]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2948 [0.2612;  0.3327] 0.0076 0.0872
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9978 [0.5532;  1.7999] 0.5436 0.7373
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4796 [0.2855;  0.8058] 0.2803 0.5294
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2596 [0.2594;  0.2599]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2822177.71   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                2.9210 [2.9202; 2.9219]        2.5        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              1.2095 [1.2090; 1.2101]        1.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              8.3465 [8.3446; 8.3484]        4.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.5100 [3.5080; 3.5121]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0380 [0.0377; 0.0382]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                4.2151 [4.2131; 4.2170]        1.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0747 [0.0742; 0.0752]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.4008 [0.4007; 0.4010]        1.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.6915 [0.6905; 0.6925]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 5.8582 [5.8569; 5.8594]        4.4        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.8596 [0.8589; 0.8603]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0019 [0.0019; 0.0019]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1610 [0.1608; 0.1612]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                1.0545 [1.0529; 1.0561]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.6821 [2.6804; 2.6837]        0.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.4751 [0.4746; 0.4757]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  1.9074 [1.9069; 1.9078]        3.7        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                1.1673 [1.1643; 1.1704]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.8979 [4.8948; 4.9009]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.2756 [4.2747; 4.2764]        5.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.5403 [3.5397; 3.5410]        6.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 3.2721 [3.2703; 3.2740]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.2680 [1.2668; 1.2692]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.3421 [0.3421; 0.3422]        9.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                8.7375 [8.7331; 8.7419]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.0769 [2.0763; 2.0775]        2.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  2.5718 [2.5714; 2.5723]        6.7        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 1.0108 [1.0097; 1.0118]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0649 [0.0648; 0.0651]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 1.7104 [1.7083; 1.7125]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.1880 [0.1870; 0.1890]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.9871 [0.9858; 0.9883]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              1.1781 [1.1760; 1.1802]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.8108 [3.8026; 3.8190]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2819 [0.2817; 0.2820]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.1094 [0.1092; 0.1095]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            3.0097 [3.0083; 3.0110]        1.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1245 [0.1240; 0.1250]        0.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.3128 [3.3103; 3.3154]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.3093 [0.3092; 0.3094]        1.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1504 [0.1501; 0.1506]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.1034 [0.1033; 0.1035]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.7188 [0.7183; 0.7192]        0.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.5659 [3.5640; 3.5678]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.1639 [1.1619; 1.1658]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2287 [0.2284; 0.2291]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.2144 [0.2142; 0.2145]        0.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.3068 [1.3061; 1.3074]        0.9        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 1.3730 [1.3717; 1.3743]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.1333 [3.1309; 3.1358]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               3.4915 [3.4873; 3.4957]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.8268 [1.8262; 1.8274]        1.9        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.8410 [4.8400; 4.8421]        4.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.1877 [3.1859; 3.1896]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            3.3115 [3.3095; 3.3136]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.7289 [0.7281; 0.7297]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                3.2579 [3.2573; 3.2586]        5.4        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6187 [0.6179; 0.6196]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.2109 [7.2099; 7.2120]        9.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.2482 [2.2479; 2.2485]       14.9        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.3737 [1.3716; 1.3757]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.3986 [0.3983; 0.3990]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.3498 [2.3497; 2.3499] 36200.01       0
## Random effects model 0.9674 [0.7509; 1.2462]    -0.26  0.7973
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0519 [0.9369; 2.4027]; tau = 1.0256 [0.9679; 1.5501]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5337.85
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1766541551.85   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.7954 [2.7951; 2.7957] 55690747.39 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5160 [0.5159; 0.5161] 31610238.35 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 6.6151 [6.6142; 6.6159] 19620101.14 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.8803 [0.8801; 0.8806] 51116462.59 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.4090 [3.4085; 3.4095] 28712137.89 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.7933 [3.7929; 3.7938]  3413748.15 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 8.2473 [8.2454; 8.2491]  3770642.30 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 2.2798 [2.2795; 2.2802] 52329636.30 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0649 [0.0648; 0.0651]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.1034 [0.1033; 0.1035]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.3379 [0.3379; 0.3380]   209938.85 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.6206 [2.6201; 2.6210] 22775699.97 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 2.1125 [2.1121; 2.1129] 21245845.00 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1476046353.93   13       0
## Within groups   290495197.92   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.6291 [1.4197;  9.2768] 0.4586 0.6772
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4937 [0.3203;  0.7612] 0.4876 0.6983
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.3211 [1.6410;  3.2830] 0.2504 0.5004
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5613 [0.2495;  1.2626] 1.3686 1.1699
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.6063 [1.1207;  2.3021] 0.2698 0.5194
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.6424 [3.2912;  4.0311] 0.0187 0.1369
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0194 [0.0165; 62.8198] 8.8419 2.9735
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.2062 [0.0681;  0.6238] 0.9572 0.9784
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0649 [0.0648;  0.0651]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.1034 [0.1033;  0.1035]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.3253 [0.2947;  0.3591] 0.0051 0.0714
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.2847 [0.7275;  2.2685] 0.5050 0.7107
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.8164 [0.4554;  1.4634] 0.3547 0.5956
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2695 [0.2693;  0.2697]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2568862.05   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                2.8536 [2.8528; 2.8544]        2.2        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              1.2643 [1.2638; 1.2649]        1.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              8.4291 [8.4272; 8.4310]        3.9        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.8288 [3.8266; 3.8309]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0642 [0.0639; 0.0645]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                4.5974 [4.5954; 4.5995]        1.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1682 [0.1675; 0.1690]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.5116 [0.5115; 0.5118]        2.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.9371 [0.9359; 0.9383]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 5.8958 [5.8945; 5.8971]        4.0        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.9066 [0.9059; 0.9073]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0022 [0.0022; 0.0022]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1810 [0.1808; 0.1812]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                1.2204 [1.2186; 1.2221]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         3.0335 [3.0318; 3.0352]        0.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.4963 [0.4958; 0.4969]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  3.7870 [3.7864; 3.7876]        6.9        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                1.7170 [1.7133; 1.7207]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.0209 [5.0178; 5.0240]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.5106 [4.5098; 4.5115]        5.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.7680 [3.7673; 3.7687]        5.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 3.6452 [3.6433; 3.6471]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.3354 [1.3342; 1.3366]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.3854 [0.3853; 0.3855]        9.6        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                7.0576 [7.0537; 7.0616]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.1269 [2.1263; 2.1276]        2.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  2.7661 [2.7657; 2.7666]        6.5        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.3184 [0.3178; 0.3190]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0771 [0.0769; 0.0773]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 2.3085 [2.3061; 2.3110]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.2739 [0.2727; 0.2751]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                1.0700 [1.0688; 1.0713]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              1.4094 [1.4071; 1.4118]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.7805 [3.7724; 3.7886]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.3123 [0.3121; 0.3124]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.1609 [0.1607; 0.1611]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            3.1648 [3.1634; 3.1662]        1.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.0211 [1.0196; 1.0226]        0.1        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.3764 [3.3738; 3.3790]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.3663 [0.3661; 0.3664]        1.4        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1859 [0.1856; 0.1861]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.1243 [0.1242; 0.1245]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 1.1450 [1.1444; 1.1455]        0.8        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.6571 [3.6551; 3.6590]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.1902 [1.1882; 1.1923]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2424 [0.2420; 0.2427]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.2850 [0.2848; 0.2851]        0.8        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3547 [0.3544; 0.3550]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 1.8492 [1.8478; 1.8507]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.4195 [3.4169; 3.4220]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               3.6286 [3.6243; 3.6329]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            2.1687 [2.1681; 2.1694]        2.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  5.0047 [5.0036; 5.0057]        4.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.1316 [3.1297; 3.1334]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            3.4301 [3.4281; 3.4322]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                1.9236 [1.9223; 1.9250]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                3.5703 [3.5696; 3.5709]        5.4        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6074 [0.6066; 0.6082]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.5390 [7.5379; 7.5401]        9.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.2628 [2.2625; 2.2630]       13.7        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.2352 [1.2333; 1.2372]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.3925 [0.3921; 0.3928]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.4970 [2.4969; 2.4971] 40706.74       0
## Random effects model 1.1088 [0.8654; 1.4205]     0.82  0.4141
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0067 [0.8943; 2.2890]; tau = 1.0033 [0.9457; 1.5129]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5487.45
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1866953365.69   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.8149 [2.8146; 2.8152] 56525382.23 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5719 [0.5717; 0.5720] 29335900.50 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 6.7696 [6.7688; 6.7705] 20129504.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 1.0479 [1.0476; 1.0482] 54462258.60 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.5405 [3.5400; 3.5411] 28988184.15 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 4.0263 [4.0258; 4.0267]  3675643.58 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 8.0372 [8.0354; 8.0390]  7703957.06 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 2.4876 [2.4872; 2.4880] 58994268.91 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0771 [0.0769; 0.0773]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.1243 [0.1242; 0.1245]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.3829 [0.3828; 0.3829]    64192.39 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.9919 [2.9914; 2.9925] 37525610.43 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 3.3272 [3.3267; 3.3277] 25185712.92 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1544362750.56   13       0
## Within groups   322590615.13   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.6525 [1.4289;  9.3361] 0.4585 0.6772
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5305 [0.3575;  0.7871] 0.4054 0.6367
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.5648 [1.7954;  3.6639] 0.2649 0.5147
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7118 [0.3372;  1.5025] 1.1623 1.0781
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.9337 [1.3609;  2.7476] 0.2570 0.5069
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.8385 [3.4668;  4.2500] 0.0189 0.1375
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.9338 [0.3707; 23.2160] 2.2277 1.4926
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.2365 [0.0794;  0.7038] 0.9291 0.9639
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0771 [0.0769;  0.0773]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.1243 [0.1242;  0.1245]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.3757 [0.3574;  0.3949] 0.0013 0.0360
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9197 [0.3498;  2.4176] 1.4591 1.2079
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 1.3523 [0.7869;  2.3240] 0.3053 0.5525
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.3076 [0.3074;  0.3079]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2770795.24   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.2110 [0.2108; 0.2113]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.8473 [0.8467; 0.8480]        0.5        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.0535 [2.0519; 2.0551]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0050 [0.0049; 0.0051]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                1.2565 [1.2554; 1.2576]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0991 [0.0987; 0.0994]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.9297 [3.9286; 3.9308]        3.8        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2113 [0.2110; 0.2117]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0876 [0.0874; 0.0877]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.3042 [0.3033; 0.3050]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7856 [0.7847; 0.7865]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.1948 [0.1944; 0.1951]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1066]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2020 [0.2007; 0.2032]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.0004 [3.9976; 4.0032]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.3969 [3.3961; 3.3976]        6.2        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.6368 [2.6362; 2.6374]        6.3        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.2484 [2.2470; 2.2499]        0.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.7084 [0.7075; 0.7092]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0951 [0.0951; 0.0952]        3.4        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                2.7226 [2.7200; 2.7251]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.3687 [1.3682; 1.3692]        2.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0512 [0.0511; 0.0513]        0.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1265 [0.1261; 0.1270]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1175 [0.1168; 0.1182]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.4164 [0.4150; 0.4178]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.4021 [0.4012; 0.4031]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.3440 [0.3430; 0.3451]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.2514 [3.2430; 3.2598]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2788 [0.2786; 0.2789]        0.9        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0236 [0.0235; 0.0237]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.9582 [0.9566; 0.9597]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.3147 [3.3120; 3.3174]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0973 [0.0972; 0.0974]        0.5        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0497 [0.0495; 0.0498]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0511 [0.0511; 0.0512]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1501 [0.1499; 0.1503]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.1225 [3.1207; 3.1243]        1.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            4.7194 [4.7157; 4.7231]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.3023 [0.3019; 0.3026]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0259 [0.0258; 0.0259]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3616 [0.3612; 0.3620]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.3743 [1.3727; 1.3760]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.5309 [1.5280; 1.5337]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.9479 [0.9475; 0.9484]        1.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  3.7663 [3.7654; 3.7673]        5.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2751 [3.2731; 3.2770]        0.9        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.7979 [1.7963; 1.7995]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.1223 [0.1220; 0.1227]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.3790 [1.3785; 1.3794]        2.8        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3101 [0.3094; 0.3108]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.8783 [2.8776; 2.8790]        5.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          5.7693 [5.7689; 5.7698]       51.4        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.2539 [0.2530; 0.2548]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.6793 [0.6788; 0.6798]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 58
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.0814 [3.0813; 3.0816] 39707.17        0
## Random effects model 0.4457 [0.3230; 0.6150]    -4.92 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5656 [1.3372; 4.1268]; tau = 1.2512 [1.1564; 2.0314]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4955.47
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1399731077.57   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.6171 [5.6167; 5.6176]  6564507.81 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4060 [0.4059; 0.4062] 64359657.99 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.9642 [2.9636; 2.9648]  4826690.68 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3993 [0.3991; 0.3995] 19548640.87 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.6879 [2.6874; 2.6884] 23843787.21 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.8359 [2.8355; 2.8363]  7908608.25 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.8668 [0.8662; 0.8674]    18440.13 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.6606 [0.6603; 0.6609] 17943112.87 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0511 [0.0511; 0.0512]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0954 [0.0954; 0.0954]     2720.27 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.1435 [1.1431; 1.1438]  9966204.51 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0916 [0.0915; 0.0917]   667802.23 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1244080904.75   12       0
## Within groups   155650172.83   45       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.7615 [3.2682; 6.9370] 0.0737 0.2715
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2318 [0.0920; 0.5843] 2.2252 1.4917
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.3310 [1.0680; 1.6588] 0.1009 0.3177
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1607 [0.0662; 0.3904] 1.6402 1.2807
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.6012 [1.0083; 2.5428] 0.3341 0.5781
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.2652 [1.8117; 2.8322] 0.0779 0.2792
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.9010 [0.7988; 1.0164] 0.0076 0.0869
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.2203 [0.0126; 3.8469] 4.2583 2.0636
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0511 [0.0511; 0.0512]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0962 [0.0941; 0.0984] 0.0003 0.0160
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3121 [0.1385; 0.7034] 1.0314 1.0156
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0683 [0.0411; 0.1137] 0.2698 0.5194
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   633663.43   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.2916 [0.2913; 0.2918]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.9923 [0.9916; 0.9930]        0.5        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.3836 [2.3819; 2.3853]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0133 [0.0132; 0.0135]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                1.5252 [1.5240; 1.5264]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0739 [0.0739; 0.0740]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.2093 [0.2088; 0.2099]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 4.5795 [4.5783; 4.5807]        3.9        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2263 [0.2259; 0.2266]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0840 [0.0839; 0.0841]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.3490 [0.3481; 0.3500]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.0415 [1.0405; 1.0425]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.2420 [0.2416; 0.2424]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1499 [0.1497; 0.1500]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2543 [0.2529; 0.2557]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.5997 [4.5967; 4.6027]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.6916 [3.6908; 3.6924]        5.9        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.0494 [3.0488; 3.0500]        6.3        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.6236 [2.6221; 2.6252]        0.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.8272 [0.8262; 0.8281]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.1316 [0.1315; 0.1316]        4.1        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                3.3455 [3.3427; 3.3483]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.4985 [1.4980; 1.4990]        2.3        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0746 [0.0745; 0.0747]        0.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1551 [0.1546; 0.1556]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1514 [0.1507; 0.1522]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.5005 [0.4989; 0.5021]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.5855 [0.5844; 0.5867]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.4013 [0.4002; 0.4025]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3859 [3.3774; 3.3943]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2704 [0.2702; 0.2706]        0.8        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0386 [0.0385; 0.0387]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.1594 [1.1577; 1.1611]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.4867 [3.4840; 3.4895]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1376 [0.1375; 0.1377]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0549]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0619 [0.0618; 0.0620]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1725 [0.1723; 0.1727]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.3821 [3.3803; 3.3840]        0.9        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            5.7197 [5.7156; 5.7238]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.5760 [0.5754; 0.5765]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0423 [0.0422; 0.0423]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4092 [0.4088; 0.4096]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.8100 [1.8082; 1.8119]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.7773 [1.7743; 1.7803]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.1294 [1.1289; 1.1299]        1.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.3576 [4.3566; 4.3586]        5.2        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.8172 [3.8152; 3.8193]        0.9        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.9673 [1.9657; 1.9690]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.2006 [0.2002; 0.2011]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.7266 [1.7261; 1.7271]        3.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.4496 [0.4488; 0.4503]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.6275 [3.6267; 3.6283]        5.8        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          6.3217 [6.3212; 6.3221]       49.3        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.4441 [0.4430; 0.4453]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.7331 [0.7326; 0.7337]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 58
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  3.3098 [3.3096; 3.3100] 45346.90       0
## Random effects model 0.5762 [0.4177; 0.7947]    -3.36  0.0008
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5612 [1.2584; 3.7974]; tau = 1.2495 [1.1218; 1.9487]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5387.53
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1654451195.40   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.1728 [6.1724; 6.1733]  5433093.26 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4554 [0.4553; 0.4555] 78707879.25 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.6268 [3.6261; 3.6274]  5250427.21 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5241 [0.5238; 0.5243] 26142167.82 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 3.0807 [3.0802; 3.0813] 29127101.50 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.1740 [3.1735; 3.1744]  7187156.76 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0219 [1.0212; 1.0225]    35976.29 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.7579 [0.7576; 0.7582] 22066634.61 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0619 [0.0618; 0.0620]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1324 [0.1323; 0.1324]    15166.17 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.4261 [1.4257; 1.4264] 13103961.72 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1817 [0.1816; 0.1818]  1865787.36 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1465515843.44   12       0
## Within groups   188935351.95   45       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.3805 [3.9230; 7.3796] 0.0520 0.2280
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2778 [0.1079; 0.7151] 2.3278 1.5257
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.5755 [1.2750; 1.9467] 0.0932 0.3053
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2557 [0.1077; 0.6070] 1.5558 1.2473
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.8167 [1.1218; 2.9421] 0.3630 0.6025
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.5464 [2.0843; 3.1109] 0.0626 0.2502
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0726 [0.9209; 1.2493] 0.0121 0.1100
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.2902 [0.0202; 4.1625] 3.6927 1.9216
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0619 [0.0618; 0.0620]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1345 [0.1288; 0.1405] 0.0010 0.0315
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4043 [0.1779; 0.9190] 1.0531 1.0262
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1337 [0.0760; 0.2351] 0.3321 0.5763
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1082697.12   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.4124 [0.4120; 0.4127]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.1396 [1.1388; 1.1403]        0.5        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.8554 [2.8535; 2.8573]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0170 [0.0168; 0.0171]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.1376 [2.1362; 2.1390]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1212 [0.1211; 0.1213]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.3133 [0.3127; 0.3140]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 5.1363 [5.1350; 5.1376]        3.8        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2580 [0.2576; 0.2584]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0760 [0.0759; 0.0762]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.4411 [0.4401; 0.4421]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.3238 [1.3226; 1.3249]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.2917 [0.2912; 0.2921]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.2397 [0.2396; 0.2399]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.4373 [0.4355; 0.4392]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.0713 [5.0681; 5.0744]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.0099 [4.0091; 4.0108]        5.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.4155 [3.4149; 3.4162]        6.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.8252 [2.8236; 2.8269]        0.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.0039 [1.0029; 1.0049]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.1634 [0.1633; 0.1634]        4.4        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                3.7614 [3.7584; 3.7643]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.6730 [1.6725; 1.6736]        2.2        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1925 [0.1924; 0.1926]        0.5        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1833 [0.1828; 0.1838]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1562 [0.1555; 0.1569]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.5646 [0.5630; 0.5663]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.6460 [0.6448; 0.6471]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.5051 [0.5037; 0.5064]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.6404 [3.6317; 3.6491]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2766 [0.2764; 0.2767]        0.7        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0432 [0.0431; 0.0433]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.3959 [1.3940; 1.3977]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.8237 [3.8209; 3.8266]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1573 [0.1572; 0.1574]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0700 [0.0698; 0.0702]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0664 [0.0663; 0.0665]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1985 [0.1982; 0.1987]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.7985 [3.7965; 3.8004]        0.9        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            6.2625 [6.2582; 6.2668]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.5799 [0.5794; 0.5805]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0856 [0.0855; 0.0857]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4869 [0.4865; 0.4873]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.3333 [2.3312; 2.3355]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.0489 [2.0457; 2.0522]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.2561 [1.2556; 1.2566]        1.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.8059 [4.8049; 4.8069]        4.9        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 4.1598 [4.1577; 4.1620]        0.8        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.2679 [2.2661; 2.2696]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.2414 [0.2409; 0.2418]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.1526 [2.1521; 2.1532]        3.4        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7453 [0.7443; 0.7462]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.5325 [4.5317; 4.5334]        6.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          7.2737 [7.2732; 7.2742]       48.9        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.5483 [0.5470; 0.5496]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.7677 [0.7672; 0.7682]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 58
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  3.7009 [3.7007; 3.7011] 53622.74       0
## Random effects model 0.7024 [0.5072; 0.9728]    -2.13  0.0335
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.6012 [1.2007; 3.5834]; tau = 1.2654 [1.0958; 1.8930]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5916.90
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1995553725.91   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.0928 [7.0924; 7.0933]  7194068.25 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4811 [0.4810; 0.4813] 83882255.83 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.3741 [4.3734; 4.3748]  6297674.72 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5872 [0.5870; 0.5874] 34154520.10 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 3.4035 [3.4030; 3.4041] 31963263.00 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.5208 [3.5203; 3.5212]  5415106.21 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.1855 [1.1848; 1.1862]    73847.21 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.7367 [0.7365; 0.7370] 22752488.59 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0664 [0.0663; 0.0665]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1626 [0.1626; 0.1626]    12973.75 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.7734 [1.7730; 1.7739] 16736384.77 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2588 [0.2586; 0.2589]  2181537.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1784889605.71   12       0
## Within groups   210664120.20   45       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.1123 [4.3463; 8.5958] 0.0605 0.2460
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3284 [0.1345; 0.8017] 2.0737 1.4400
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.9024 [1.5307; 2.3643] 0.0984 0.3137
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3360 [0.1408; 0.8018] 1.5755 1.2552
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.0670 [1.2805; 3.3364] 0.3581 0.5984
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.9728 [2.5260; 3.4986] 0.0414 0.2035
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.2612 [1.0339; 1.5386] 0.0206 0.1434
## Region = Eastern Asia                          2 0.4917 [0.0782; 3.0907] 1.7593 1.3264
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0664 [0.0663; 0.0665]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1603 [0.1545; 0.1664] 0.0007 0.0268
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4935 [0.2197; 1.1088] 1.0234 1.0116
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1730 [0.1029; 0.2911] 0.2816 0.5307
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1401530.61   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.6236 [0.6232; 0.6240]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.2870 [1.2863; 1.2878]        0.6        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.2696 [3.2676; 3.2716]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0177 [0.0175; 0.0178]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.5505 [2.5490; 2.5521]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0490 [0.0486; 0.0494]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1618 [0.1617; 0.1619]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.4756 [0.4748; 0.4764]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 5.6068 [5.6055; 5.6081]        3.8        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3146]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0002 [0.0002; 0.0002]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0820 [0.0819; 0.0821]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.4605 [0.4594; 0.4616]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.7416 [1.7403; 1.7429]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3322 [0.3317; 0.3327]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.3250 [0.3248; 0.3252]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.5211 [0.5191; 0.5231]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.4366 [5.4334; 5.4399]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.1623 [4.1614; 4.1631]        5.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.6956 [3.6949; 3.6963]        5.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 3.0761 [3.0744; 3.0778]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.1992 [1.1981; 1.2003]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.2009 [0.2009; 0.2009]        4.9        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                4.4967 [4.4935; 4.4999]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.8488 [1.8482; 1.8494]        2.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.7095 [0.7093; 0.7097]        1.8        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.2052 [0.2047; 0.2057]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.2263 [0.2254; 0.2271]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.6788 [0.6770; 0.6807]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.7612 [0.7600; 0.7625]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.7170 [0.7154; 0.7186]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.7951 [3.7863; 3.8039]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2523 [0.2522; 0.2525]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0533 [0.0531; 0.0534]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.3112 [2.3100; 2.3124]        0.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.6199 [1.6180; 1.6219]        0.1        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 4.3460 [4.3430; 4.3490]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1948 [0.1947; 0.1949]        0.7        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0813 [0.0811; 0.0815]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0713 [0.0712; 0.0714]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2352 [0.2350; 0.2355]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.8604 [3.8585; 3.8624]        0.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            8.0259 [8.0210; 8.0308]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.7046 [0.7040; 0.7052]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.1567 [0.1566; 0.1568]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.5929 [0.5924; 0.5933]        0.3        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0947 [0.0944; 0.0950]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.9189 [2.9166; 2.9213]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.2320 [2.2286; 2.2354]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.3683 [1.3677; 1.3688]        1.3        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  5.3064 [5.3053; 5.3075]        4.9        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 4.4881 [4.4859; 4.4903]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.5087 [2.5069; 2.5106]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.2704 [0.2699; 0.2709]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.7104 [2.7098; 2.7111]        3.9        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.8151 [0.8141; 0.8160]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.4146 [5.4136; 5.4155]        6.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          7.4165 [7.4160; 7.4170]       45.1        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.6987 [0.6973; 0.7002]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.8805 [0.8799; 0.8810]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  3.6917 [3.6916; 3.6919] 56511.61       0
## Random effects model 0.6577 [0.4857; 0.8906]    -2.71  0.0067
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5068 [1.1983; 3.4186]; tau = 1.2275 [1.0947; 1.8489]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5944.70
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2191046711.28   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.2578 [7.2574; 7.2583]   5106698.56 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5975 [0.5973; 0.5976] 110002139.68 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.1261 [5.1253; 5.1268]   7601034.30 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7023 [0.7020; 0.7025]  41950260.49 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.6908 [3.6902; 3.6913]  40643266.39 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.6506 [3.6502; 3.6511]   7085239.73 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.3470 [1.3463; 1.3477]    110974.42 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.9266 [0.9264; 0.9268]  13021147.15 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0713 [0.0712; 0.0714]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2001 [0.2001; 0.2002]     10965.05 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.2266 [2.2261; 2.2271]  22519261.11 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3540 [0.3538; 0.3542]   3261434.58 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1939734289.83   13       0
## Within groups   251312421.46   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.4485 [4.9024; 8.4823] 0.0391 0.1978
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3928 [0.1553; 0.9935] 2.2415 1.4972
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.2492 [1.7974; 2.8145] 0.1047 0.3236
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4370 [0.1900; 1.0049] 1.4442 1.2017
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.9292 [0.5939; 1.4540] 0.4174 0.6461
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.1114 [2.6628; 3.6354] 0.0442 0.2101
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.4439 [1.1525; 1.8090] 0.0265 0.1627
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0568 [0.0265; 0.1220] 0.4549 0.6745
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0713 [0.0712; 0.0714]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1978 [0.1919; 0.2039] 0.0005 0.0219
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.5992 [0.2570; 1.3973] 1.1198 1.0582
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2202 [0.1274; 0.3805] 0.3115 0.5581
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2197444.44   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.8075 [0.8071; 0.8080]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.4720 [1.4712; 1.4729]        0.6        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.6998 [3.6977; 3.7020]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0198 [0.0196; 0.0199]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.7344 [2.7328; 2.7360]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1042 [0.1036; 0.1047]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.2003 [0.2002; 0.2004]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.3382 [0.3376; 0.3389]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 6.1915 [6.1901; 6.1929]        3.9        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.4029 [0.4024; 0.4033]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0011 [0.0011; 0.0011]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0904 [0.0902; 0.0905]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.5082 [0.5071; 0.5094]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.8445 [1.8431; 1.8458]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3715 [0.3710; 0.3720]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.4519 [0.4517; 0.4522]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.6499 [0.6477; 0.6522]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.8920 [5.8886; 5.8954]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.4897 [4.4888; 4.4906]        5.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.9894 [3.9886; 3.9901]        5.9        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.9461 [2.9444; 2.9478]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.3768 [1.3756; 1.3780]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.2273 [0.2273; 0.2274]        5.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                5.5402 [5.5366; 5.5437]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.9265 [1.9260; 1.9271]        2.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  1.1633 [1.1630; 1.1636]        2.7        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.2711 [0.2705; 0.2717]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.3421 [0.3411; 0.3431]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.8875 [0.8853; 0.8896]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.7933 [0.7921; 0.7945]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.8401 [0.8384; 0.8418]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             4.0584 [4.0494; 4.0674]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2523 [0.2522; 0.2525]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0653 [0.0651; 0.0654]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.5953 [2.5940; 2.5966]        0.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.8964 [1.8943; 1.8985]        0.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 4.6307 [4.6276; 4.6338]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2124 [0.2123; 0.2125]        0.7        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0954 [0.0952; 0.0955]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0757 [0.0756; 0.0758]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2148 [0.2146; 0.2151]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               4.3366 [4.3345; 4.3387]        0.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            9.1711 [9.1658; 9.1763]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.7315 [0.7309; 0.7321]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.3161 [0.3160; 0.3163]        0.8        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.7378 [0.7373; 0.7383]        0.4        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.1341 [0.1337; 0.1345]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.1828 [3.1803; 3.1852]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.4452 [2.4416; 2.4487]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.7305 [1.7299; 1.7311]        1.6        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  5.6183 [5.6172; 5.6194]        4.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 4.5816 [4.5793; 4.5838]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.7129 [2.7110; 2.7148]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.3903 [0.3897; 0.3909]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                3.1355 [3.1348; 3.1361]        4.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3576 [0.3569; 0.3582]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         6.4225 [6.4215; 6.4235]        7.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          7.2485 [7.2480; 7.2490]       41.3        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.0938 [1.0920; 1.0957]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              1.0497 [1.0491; 1.0503]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  3.6708 [3.6707; 3.6710] 58348.67       0
## Random effects model 0.7803 [0.5820; 1.0460]    -1.66  0.0971
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4089 [1.1742; 3.2897]; tau = 1.1870 [1.0836; 1.8137]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6076.22
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2289070223.06   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.1501 [7.1496; 7.1505]   1791795.79 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.7023 [0.7021; 0.7024] 126943082.98 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.9706 [5.9697; 5.9714]  10103293.53 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7384 [0.7382; 0.7386]  39320067.55 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.8908 [3.8902; 3.8914]  45412468.67 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.9507 [3.9503; 3.9512]   7196636.10 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.5489 [1.5481; 1.5496]    158711.88 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 1.2851 [1.2849; 1.2854]  31386326.86 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0757 [0.0756; 0.0758]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2255 [0.2254; 0.2255]     58685.24 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.5782 [2.5777; 2.5787]  28232380.07 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4447 [0.4445; 0.4448]   3247126.04 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1995219648.34   13       0
## Within groups   293850574.72   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.6992 [5.7404; 7.8182] 0.0124 0.1115
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4725 [0.1894; 1.1787] 2.1757 1.4750
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.6103 [2.0425; 3.3359] 0.1253 0.3540
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4772 [0.2282; 0.9979] 1.1335 1.0647
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.1157 [0.7035; 1.7695] 0.4430 0.6656
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.3931 [2.9202; 3.9425] 0.0411 0.2026
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.6708 [1.3035; 2.1416] 0.0321 0.1791
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.1310 [0.0486; 0.3529] 0.7671 0.8758
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0757 [0.0756; 0.0758]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2198 [0.2056; 0.2349] 0.0023 0.0479
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.6272 [0.2513; 1.5650] 1.3060 1.1428
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2812 [0.1728; 0.4578] 0.2472 0.4972
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2645107.88   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    4
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.9655 [0.9650; 0.9660]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              3.4622 [3.4610; 3.4635]        1.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                4.0037 [4.0015; 4.0059]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0324 [0.0322; 0.0326]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.7919 [2.7903; 2.7936]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1485 [0.1479; 0.1492]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.2464 [0.2463; 0.2465]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.4681 [0.4673; 0.4690]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 7.1289 [7.1274; 7.1304]        3.9        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.4888 [0.4882; 0.4893]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0017 [0.0017; 0.0017]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1060 [0.1058; 0.1062]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.5424 [0.5413; 0.5436]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.1942 [2.1927; 2.1956]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3806 [0.3801; 0.3811]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.5793 [0.5791; 0.5796]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.8479 [0.8453; 0.8505]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                6.4343 [6.4307; 6.4378]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.7527 [4.7518; 4.7536]        4.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                4.2557 [4.2550; 4.2565]        5.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 3.2543 [3.2525; 3.2561]        0.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.5987 [1.5974; 1.6000]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.2505 [0.2505; 0.2506]        5.0        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                6.7554 [6.7515; 6.7593]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.0471 [2.0465; 2.0477]        1.9        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  1.5478 [1.5474; 1.5481]        3.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.4185 [0.4177; 0.4192]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0482 [0.0480; 0.0484]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.7306 [0.7291; 0.7321]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 1.1133 [1.1109; 1.1157]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.8309 [0.8297; 0.8321]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              1.0096 [1.0078; 1.0115]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             4.0818 [4.0729; 4.0907]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2577 [0.2575; 0.2578]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0783]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.8055 [2.8042; 2.8068]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            2.1611 [2.1589; 2.1634]        0.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 4.7693 [4.7661; 4.7724]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2292 [0.2291; 0.2293]        0.7        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1101 [0.1099; 0.1103]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0888 [0.0887; 0.0889]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2773 [0.2770; 0.2776]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               4.3293 [4.3272; 4.3313]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            9.3276 [9.3223; 9.3329]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.8751 [0.8744; 0.8758]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.7221 [0.7219; 0.7223]        1.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.0581 [1.0575; 1.0587]        0.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.2477 [0.2471; 0.2482]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.3849 [3.3824; 3.3875]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.6081 [2.6045; 2.6118]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.8725 [1.8719; 1.8731]        1.5        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  5.9619 [5.9607; 5.9631]        4.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 5.0218 [5.0194; 5.0241]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.9200 [2.9181; 2.9220]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                0.4522 [0.4516; 0.4529]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                3.5587 [3.5580; 3.5594]        4.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.5663 [0.5655; 0.5671]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.7446 [7.7435; 7.7458]        7.9        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          8.2649 [8.2644; 8.2654]       41.0        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.1789 [1.1770; 1.1809]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              1.2948 [1.2941; 1.2954]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.1114 [4.1112; 4.1115] 68259.90       0
## Random effects model 0.9449 [0.7062; 1.2642]    -0.38  0.7027
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3902 [1.1236; 3.1214]; tau = 1.1791 [1.0600; 1.7667]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6507.87
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2625846329.56   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.1583 [8.1578; 8.1588]   1832881.74 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.7639 [0.7637; 0.7641] 129329270.61 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 7.0984 [7.0975; 7.0993]  13977848.83 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.9720 [0.9718; 0.9723]  28950420.17 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 4.0878 [4.0872; 4.0884]  49095628.09 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 4.2000 [4.1995; 4.2005]   7595850.76 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 3.2901 [3.2890; 3.2913]    706491.97 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 1.5585 [1.5582; 1.5588]  40945277.64 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0482 [0.0480; 0.0484]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0888 [0.0887; 0.0889]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2478 [0.2478; 0.2479]    111782.79 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.8831 [2.8826; 2.8837]  30484373.70 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.5437 [0.5435; 0.5439]   3878500.47 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2318938002.79   13       0
## Within groups   306908326.77   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.6759 [6.6405; 8.8727] 0.0109 0.1046
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5343 [0.2258; 1.2640] 1.9304 1.3894
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.0598 [2.3330; 4.0130] 0.1532 0.3914
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6493 [0.3774; 1.1172] 0.6133 0.7831
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.3152 [0.8256; 2.0951] 0.4516 0.6720
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.5816 [3.0852; 4.1578] 0.0406 0.2014
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.7354 [1.7236; 4.3410] 0.1111 0.3332
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.1693 [0.0595; 0.4814] 0.8527 0.9234
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0482 [0.0480; 0.0484]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0888 [0.0887; 0.0889]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2396 [0.2196; 0.2615] 0.0040 0.0630
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9029 [0.4095; 1.9908] 0.9765 0.9882
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3346 [0.2059; 0.5439] 0.2457 0.4957
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2589535.99   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.8777 [ 0.8772;  0.8782]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.0803 [ 1.0798;  1.0808]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               5.7009 [ 5.6993;  5.7025]        1.9        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 4.2938 [ 4.2915;  4.2961]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0433 [ 0.0431;  0.0436]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 3.0329 [ 3.0312;  3.0346]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1600 [ 0.1593;  0.1607]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.2972 [ 0.2971;  0.2973]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.5793 [ 0.5784;  0.5802]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  7.8131 [ 7.8116;  7.8146]        3.9        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.5859 [ 0.5853;  0.5865]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0023 [ 0.0023;  0.0023]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1232 [ 0.1230;  0.1233]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.6006 [ 0.5994;  0.6018]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          2.4782 [ 2.4766;  2.4797]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.4213 [ 0.4207;  0.4218]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.7263 [ 0.7261;  0.7266]        0.9        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.0802 [ 1.0772;  1.0831]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 6.1984 [ 6.1950;  6.2019]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.1064 [ 5.1055;  5.1074]        4.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 4.4998 [ 4.4991;  4.5006]        5.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  3.2833 [ 3.2815;  3.2851]        0.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 1.7801 [ 1.7787;  1.7815]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.2825 [ 0.2824;  0.2825]        5.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 7.3382 [ 7.3342;  7.3423]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.1941 [ 2.1935;  2.1947]        1.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   2.0216 [ 2.0211;  2.0220]        3.6        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.5784 [ 0.5776;  0.5793]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0660 [ 0.0658;  0.0662]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.6781 [ 0.6767;  0.6794]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.3425 [ 1.3398;  1.3451]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.9179 [ 0.9167;  0.9192]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.1894 [ 1.1874;  1.1915]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.2040 [ 4.1951;  4.2129]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.2806 [ 0.2804;  0.2807]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0859 [ 0.0858;  0.0861]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.1296 [ 3.1282;  3.1310]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             2.4664 [ 2.4640;  2.4688]        0.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  4.9606 [ 4.9574;  4.9638]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.2485 [ 0.2483;  0.2486]        0.7        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.1205 [ 0.1203;  0.1207]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0921 [ 0.0920;  0.0922]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.3655 [ 0.3652;  0.3659]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                4.8523 [ 4.8501;  4.8545]        0.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            11.1148 [11.1090; 11.1207]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 0.9854 [ 0.9847;  0.9861]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.9267 [ 0.9264;  0.9270]        1.9        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.3930 [ 1.3923;  1.3936]        0.6        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.3969 [ 0.3962;  0.3976]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                3.6777 [ 3.6750;  3.6803]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                2.9582 [ 2.9543;  2.9621]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.2727 [ 0.2724;  0.2729]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             2.0337 [ 2.0331;  2.0344]        1.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   6.2468 [ 6.2456;  6.2480]        4.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  5.4543 [ 5.4518;  5.4567]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             3.1593 [ 3.1573;  3.1613]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 0.5052 [ 0.5045;  0.5059]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 4.0545 [ 4.0538;  4.0553]        4.4        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.8103 [ 0.8094;  0.8113]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          9.2028 [ 9.2016;  9.2040]        8.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES           8.9822 [ 8.9816;  8.9827]       39.8        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.3733 [ 1.3712;  1.3753]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               1.5927 [ 1.5919;  1.5934]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.4896 [4.4895; 4.4898] 76993.91       0
## Random effects model 1.0961 [0.8222; 1.4612]     0.63  0.5316
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3554 [1.0967; 3.0254]; tau = 1.1642 [1.0472; 1.7394]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6860.96
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2918514866.22   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.8717 [8.8712; 8.8722]   1803287.05 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.8989 [0.8988; 0.8991] 154751428.55 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 8.2788 [8.2778; 8.2798]  19777798.40 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 1.1443 [1.1440; 1.1445]  28181191.95 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 4.2919 [4.2913; 4.2925]  51463330.46 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 4.4880 [4.4875; 4.4885]   7611716.54 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 5.3435 [5.3421; 5.3450]   2665384.74 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 1.9073 [1.9069; 1.9076]  53681510.74 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0660 [0.0658; 0.0662]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0921 [0.0920; 0.0922]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2783 [0.2782; 0.2783]    257394.51 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 3.2699 [3.2694; 3.2705]  33356117.53 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.7142 [0.7139; 0.7144]   5594254.46 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2727 [0.2724; 0.2729]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2559371451.29   13       0
## Within groups   359143414.93   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.3773 [7.3073; 9.6039] 0.0097 0.0986
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6172 [0.2587; 1.4724] 1.9679 1.4028
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.4384 [2.5192; 4.6928] 0.2015 0.4489
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7793 [0.4752; 1.2780] 0.5096 0.7139
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.4927 [0.9418; 2.3656] 0.4416 0.6645
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.8456 [3.3308; 4.4400] 0.0376 0.1940
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 3.7498 [1.6497; 8.5232] 0.3510 0.5925
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.2117 [0.0697; 0.6430] 0.9643 0.9820
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0660 [0.0658; 0.0662]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0921 [0.0920; 0.0922]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.2649 [0.2336; 0.3004] 0.0082 0.0907
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.0868 [0.5273; 2.2399] 0.8169 0.9038
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4079 [0.2459; 0.6766] 0.2667 0.5164
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2727 [0.2724; 0.2729]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2859740.86   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 1.0435 [ 1.0430;  1.0440]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.2359 [ 1.2353;  1.2364]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               7.0913 [ 7.0895;  7.0931]        2.1        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 4.4185 [ 4.4162;  4.4209]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0582 [ 0.0579;  0.0585]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 3.3759 [ 3.3741;  3.3777]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.2186 [ 0.2178;  0.2194]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.3671 [ 0.3669;  0.3672]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.6741 [ 0.6731;  0.6751]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  8.6784 [ 8.6768;  8.6800]        3.9        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.6971 [ 0.6964;  0.6977]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0033 [ 0.0033;  0.0033]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1650 [ 0.1648;  0.1652]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.6814 [ 0.6801;  0.6827]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          2.9326 [ 2.9309;  2.9343]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.4820 [ 0.4815;  0.4826]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.9495 [ 0.9492;  0.9498]        1.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.3609 [ 1.3576;  1.3642]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 6.3539 [ 6.3504;  6.3574]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.3377 [ 5.3367;  5.3386]        4.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 4.7284 [ 4.7276;  4.7292]        4.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  3.3903 [ 3.3884;  3.3921]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 1.7637 [ 1.7624;  1.7651]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.3226 [ 0.3226;  0.3227]        5.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 9.0513 [ 9.0468;  9.0559]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.2942 [ 2.2936;  2.2949]        1.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   2.1633 [ 2.1628;  2.1637]        3.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.5796 [ 0.5788;  0.5804]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0875 [ 0.0873;  0.0877]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.7833 [ 0.7818;  0.7847]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.6132 [ 1.6103;  1.6162]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 1.0485 [ 1.0472;  1.0498]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.2640 [ 1.2619;  1.2661]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.1852 [ 4.1764;  4.1940]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.3045 [ 0.3043;  0.3046]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.1033 [ 0.1032;  0.1035]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.3640 [ 3.3626;  3.3655]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             2.8854 [ 2.8828;  2.8880]        0.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  5.5764 [ 5.5731;  5.5798]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.2817 [ 0.2816;  0.2818]        0.7        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.1993 [ 0.1991;  0.1996]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.1023 [ 0.1022;  0.1024]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.4600 [ 0.4596;  0.4603]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                5.0420 [ 5.0397;  5.0443]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            12.5561 [12.5499; 12.5624]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.1013 [ 1.1005;  1.1020]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.8314 [ 0.8312;  0.8316]        1.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.2320 [ 1.2313;  1.2326]        0.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.7818 [ 0.7808;  0.7827]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                4.0659 [ 4.0631;  4.0688]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                3.2621 [ 3.2581;  3.2662]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.2909 [ 0.2907;  0.2912]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             2.1810 [ 2.1803;  2.1817]        1.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   6.3410 [ 6.3398;  6.3422]        3.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  5.8676 [ 5.8651;  5.8701]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             3.4499 [ 3.4478;  3.4520]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 0.5492 [ 0.5485;  0.5500]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 4.6726 [ 4.6718;  4.6734]        4.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    1.0947 [ 1.0936;  1.0958]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         10.6487 [10.6474; 10.6500]        8.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          10.2533 [10.2527; 10.2539]       40.7        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.4897 [ 1.4876;  1.4919]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               1.0882 [ 1.0875;  1.0888]        0.4        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  5.0430 [5.0428; 5.0432] 87899.72       0
## Random effects model 1.2485 [0.9298; 1.6765]     1.48  0.1400
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4248 [1.1061; 3.0518]; tau = 1.1936 [1.0517; 1.7469]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7420.41
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3413869920.28   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 10.1060 [10.1055; 10.1066]   2900196.48 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.8984 [ 0.8982;  0.8986] 163243851.64 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  9.5467 [ 9.5457;  9.5478]  24964519.74 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.1700 [ 1.1698;  1.1703]  36258124.70 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  4.3490 [ 4.3484;  4.3496]  51107122.64 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.7155 [ 4.7149;  4.7160]   6951798.29 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  6.6423 [ 6.6407;  6.6439]   3646191.65 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3  2.0071 [ 2.0068;  2.0075]  70888952.62 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0875 [ 0.0873;  0.0877]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1023 [ 0.1022;  0.1024]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3175 [ 0.3175;  0.3176]    333334.87 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  3.7610 [ 3.7605;  3.7616]  43376178.93 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.9003 [ 0.9001;  0.9006]   7099460.60 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.2909 [ 0.2907;  0.2912]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3003100188.12   13       0
## Within groups   410769732.15   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 9.4331 [8.0108; 11.1078] 0.0139 0.1179
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.7067 [0.2997;  1.6666] 1.9160 1.3842
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.9187 [2.8180;  5.4494] 0.2264 0.4758
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.8762 [0.5105;  1.5040] 0.6078 0.7796
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.7657 [1.1285;  2.7626] 0.4173 0.6460
## Region = Western Europe                        7 4.0633 [3.5563;  4.6425] 0.0324 0.1799
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 4.5234 [1.8740; 10.9186] 0.4043 0.6358
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.2503 [0.0735;  0.8520] 1.1715 1.0824
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0875 [0.0873;  0.0877]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.1023 [0.1022;  0.1024]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.3015 [0.2639;  0.3443] 0.0092 0.0959
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.2009 [0.5331;  2.7053] 1.0302 1.0150
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4870 [0.2914;  0.8138] 0.2746 0.5241
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2909 [0.2907;  0.2912]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2864194.65   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 1.4666 [ 1.4659;  1.4672]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.2701 [ 1.2696;  1.2707]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               8.2225 [ 8.2206;  8.2244]        2.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 5.3320 [ 5.3295;  5.3345]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0716 [ 0.0713;  0.0719]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 4.5408 [ 4.5387;  4.5428]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3015 [ 0.3006;  0.3025]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.4401 [ 0.4399;  0.4402]        1.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.9641 [ 0.9629;  0.9653]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  9.6974 [ 9.6957;  9.6990]        4.0        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.7907 [ 0.7900;  0.7914]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0040 [ 0.0040;  0.0040]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1667 [ 0.1665;  0.1669]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 1.0166 [ 1.0150;  1.0182]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          3.7812 [ 3.7793;  3.7832]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.4980 [ 0.4975;  0.4986]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   1.3411 [ 1.3407;  1.3414]        1.4        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.7473 [ 1.7435;  1.7510]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 6.8436 [ 6.8400;  6.8473]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.4613 [ 5.4604;  5.4623]        4.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 5.0195 [ 5.0187;  5.0203]        4.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  3.9338 [ 3.9318;  3.9358]        0.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 1.8921 [ 1.8906;  1.8935]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.3561 [ 0.3561;  0.3562]        5.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 9.7384 [ 9.7338;  9.7431]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.3378 [ 2.3372;  2.3384]        1.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   2.3501 [ 2.3496;  2.3505]        3.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.8999 [ 0.8989;  0.9009]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0714 [ 0.0712;  0.0716]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  1.3133 [ 1.3114;  1.3152]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.7704 [ 1.7673;  1.7735]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 1.3224 [ 1.3210;  1.3239]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.6307 [ 1.6283;  1.6331]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.3268 [ 4.3179;  4.3357]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.3293 [ 0.3291;  0.3295]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.1130 [ 0.1129;  0.1132]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.5819 [ 3.5805;  3.5834]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.3928 [ 3.3901;  3.3956]        0.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  5.7756 [ 5.7722;  5.7790]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.3136 [ 0.3135;  0.3137]        0.7        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.2131 [ 0.2128;  0.2134]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.1168 [ 0.1167;  0.1169]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.7640 [ 0.7635;  0.7645]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                4.8934 [ 4.8911;  4.8956]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            13.9333 [13.9267; 13.9400]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.2775 [ 1.2767;  1.2783]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.2668 [ 0.2667;  0.2670]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.3045 [ 1.3039;  1.3052]        0.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  1.1215 [ 1.1203;  1.1226]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                5.0019 [ 4.9988;  5.0050]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                3.6342 [ 3.6299;  3.6385]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3238 [ 0.3236;  0.3241]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             2.4374 [ 2.4367;  2.4381]        1.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   6.6803 [ 6.6791;  6.6816]        3.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  6.5158 [ 6.5132;  6.5185]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             3.6917 [ 3.6895;  3.6938]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 0.6111 [ 0.6103;  0.6118]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 5.0059 [ 5.0051;  5.0067]        4.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.7763 [ 0.7753;  0.7772]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         12.1779 [12.1766; 12.1793]        9.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          11.2585 [11.2579; 11.2591]       41.0        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.5550 [ 1.5528;  1.5572]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.6046 [ 0.6041;  0.6051]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  5.5956 [5.5954; 5.5958] 98027.99       0
## Random effects model 1.3912 [1.0338; 1.8721]     2.18  0.0293
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4457 [1.1301; 3.1146]; tau = 1.2024 [1.0631; 1.7648]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7820.17
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3791612176.28   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.1109 [11.1103; 11.1114]   2617427.91 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9142 [ 0.9140;  0.9144] 175833610.61 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 10.8464 [10.8453; 10.8475]  30714888.95 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.3368 [ 1.3364;  1.3371]  76467356.42 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  4.5342 [ 4.5336;  4.5348]  53679792.55 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  5.0040 [ 5.0035;  5.0046]   4782393.09 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  7.7051 [ 7.7034;  7.7068]   4192267.71 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3  2.1842 [ 2.1839;  2.1846]  83115511.94 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0714 [ 0.0712;  0.0716]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1168 [ 0.1167;  0.1169]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3508 [ 0.3507;  0.3508]    332427.46 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.0158 [ 4.0152;  4.0164]  47199680.38 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  1.2751 [ 1.2748;  1.2754]  10422605.53 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3238 [ 0.3236;  0.3241]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3302254213.73   13       0
## Within groups   489357962.54   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 10.4488 [9.0269; 12.0948] 0.0111 0.1055
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7125 [0.2957;  1.7168] 2.0131 1.4188
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  4.4511 [3.1411;  6.3074] 0.2530 0.5030
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  0.9464 [0.4238;  2.1133] 1.3440 1.1593
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  2.0982 [1.3429;  3.2782] 0.4147 0.6440
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.5104 [4.0571;  5.0143] 0.0204 0.1430
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  5.2818 [2.2184; 12.5757] 0.3918 0.6259
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3  0.2839 [0.0808;  0.9971] 1.2326 1.1102
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0714 [0.0712;  0.0716]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1168 [0.1167;  0.1169]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3342 [0.2950;  0.3785] 0.0081 0.0900
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.4119 [0.6342;  3.1433] 1.0004 1.0002
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.6071 [0.3571;  1.0322] 0.2933 0.5415
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3238 [0.3236;  0.3241]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   3311947.05   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 3.0485 [ 3.0476;  3.0494]        1.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.3337 [ 1.3331;  1.3342]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               8.9037 [ 8.9017;  8.9056]        2.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 5.5051 [ 5.5026;  5.5077]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.1178 [ 0.1174;  0.1181]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 5.0984 [ 5.0963;  5.1006]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3756 [ 0.3746;  0.3767]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.5157 [ 0.5155;  0.5158]        1.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                1.2027 [ 1.2013;  1.2040]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 10.4997 [10.4979; 10.5014]        3.9        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.8795 [ 0.8788;  0.8802]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0055 [ 0.0054;  0.0055]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1728 [ 0.1727;  0.1730]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 1.1773 [ 1.1756;  1.1790]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          4.2816 [ 4.2796;  4.2837]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.5272 [ 0.5266;  0.5277]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   2.0563 [ 2.0558;  2.0568]        2.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 2.2727 [ 2.2684;  2.2769]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 7.4485 [ 7.4448;  7.4523]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.5702 [ 5.5692;  5.5711]        3.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 5.1636 [ 5.1627;  5.1644]        4.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  4.2748 [ 4.2727;  4.2768]        0.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 2.0103 [ 2.0088;  2.0117]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.3893 [ 0.3893;  0.3894]        5.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 9.8736 [ 9.8689;  9.8783]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.5542 [ 2.5536;  2.5549]        1.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   2.6306 [ 2.6301;  2.6310]        3.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  1.1300 [ 1.1289;  1.1311]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0869 [ 0.0867;  0.0871]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  2.6181 [ 2.6155;  2.6207]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  2.1287 [ 2.1253;  2.1320]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 1.4841 [ 1.4826;  1.4856]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.6811 [ 1.6786;  1.6836]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.4402 [ 4.4314;  4.4491]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.3801 [ 0.3799;  0.3803]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.1463 [ 0.1461;  0.1465]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.7637 [ 3.7622;  3.7653]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.8068 [ 3.8038;  3.8097]        0.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  6.2148 [ 6.2112;  6.2183]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.3403 [ 0.3402;  0.3405]        0.7        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.2237 [ 0.2234;  0.2239]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.1269 [ 0.1268;  0.1271]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  1.1753 [ 1.1747;  1.1759]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                4.9566 [ 4.9543;  4.9588]        0.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            15.5856 [15.5784; 15.5928]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.5114 [ 1.5105;  1.5123]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.3643 [ 0.3641;  0.3645]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.8736 [ 1.8729;  1.8744]        0.6        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  1.4789 [ 1.4775;  1.4802]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                4.6831 [ 4.6801;  4.6861]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                3.8317 [ 3.8273;  3.8361]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3350 [ 0.3347;  0.3352]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             2.7612 [ 2.7604;  2.7619]        1.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   6.9574 [ 6.9561;  6.9586]        3.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  7.0097 [ 7.0070;  7.0125]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             3.7831 [ 3.7809;  3.7852]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 0.8180 [ 0.8172;  0.8189]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 5.8259 [ 5.8250;  5.8267]        4.8        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.6780 [ 0.6771;  0.6789]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         13.1573 [13.1559; 13.1588]        8.9        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          12.2972 [12.2965; 12.2978]       40.5        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.7113 [ 1.7090;  1.7135]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.4621 [ 0.4617;  0.4625]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  6.0150 [6.0148; 6.0152] 107724.07       0
## Random effects model 1.6002 [1.1929; 2.1466]      3.14  0.0017
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4152 [1.0873; 2.9732]; tau = 1.1896 [1.0427; 1.7243]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8182.65
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4151261459.33   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 12.1274 [12.1268; 12.1280]   3208182.93 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9845 [ 0.9844;  0.9847] 191239700.44 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 11.6881 [11.6869; 11.6892]  33359941.54 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.4492 [ 1.4489;  1.4495]  73438413.96 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  4.7352 [ 4.7346;  4.7358]  52356478.85 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  5.1591 [ 5.1586;  5.1596]   4326178.34 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  8.3498 [ 8.3480;  8.3515]   4363285.29 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3  2.4167 [ 2.4164;  2.4171] 106931092.62 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0869 [ 0.0867;  0.0871]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1269 [ 0.1268;  0.1271]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3831 [ 0.3831;  0.3832]    411378.19 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.6865 [ 4.6858;  4.6871]  50370956.04 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  2.2287 [ 2.2283;  2.2291]  22525917.33 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3350 [ 0.3347;  0.3352]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3608729933.79   13       0
## Within groups   542531525.54   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.3629 [9.7327; 13.2662] 0.0125 0.1117
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7519 [0.3118;  1.8129] 2.0164 1.4200
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  4.9191 [3.4656;  6.9821] 0.2554 0.5054
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.1774 [0.5758;  2.4078] 1.0657 1.0323
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  2.3542 [1.5384;  3.6027] 0.3770 0.6140
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.7050 [4.2629;  5.1928] 0.0177 0.1332
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  5.8219 [2.5318; 13.3872] 0.3610 0.6008
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3  0.3409 [0.0898;  1.2940] 1.3895 1.1788
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0869 [0.0867;  0.0871]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1269 [0.1268;  0.1271]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.3640 [0.3191;  0.4153] 0.0090 0.0951
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.7864 [0.8790;  3.6303] 0.7855 0.8863
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.9307 [0.5208;  1.6630] 0.3509 0.5924
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3350 [0.3347;  0.3352]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   3203352.44   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    4
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 2.9435 [ 2.9427;  2.9444]        1.2        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.3902 [ 1.3896;  1.3907]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               9.0369 [ 9.0350;  9.0389]        2.1        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 5.7985 [ 5.7959;  5.8011]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.1786 [ 0.1781;  0.1790]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 5.4506 [ 5.4484;  5.4529]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.5333 [ 0.5320;  0.5346]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.6318 [ 0.6316;  0.6320]        1.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                1.3621 [ 1.3607;  1.3636]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 10.6320 [10.6303; 10.6338]        3.8        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.9280 [ 0.9273;  0.9288]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0067 [ 0.0067;  0.0067]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1955 [ 0.1953;  0.1957]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 1.3364 [ 1.3346;  1.3383]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          4.6664 [ 4.6642;  4.6685]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.5475 [ 0.5469;  0.5481]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   3.9517 [ 3.9510;  3.9523]        3.7        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 3.0000 [ 2.9952;  3.0049]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 7.9960 [ 7.9921;  7.9999]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.8131 [ 5.8121;  5.8141]        3.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 5.3900 [ 5.3892;  5.3908]        4.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  4.6340 [ 4.6318;  4.6361]        0.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 2.1400 [ 2.1385;  2.1415]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.4373 [ 0.4372;  0.4374]        5.6        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 8.2547 [ 8.2505;  8.2590]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.6081 [ 2.6074;  2.6088]        1.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   2.8249 [ 2.8244;  2.8254]        3.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.6513 [ 0.6504;  0.6521]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.1014 [ 0.1011;  0.1016]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  3.2250 [ 3.2222;  3.2279]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  2.5702 [ 2.5665;  2.5740]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 1.5687 [ 1.5672;  1.5703]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.9779 [ 1.9751;  1.9806]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.4238 [ 4.4151;  4.4326]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.4125 [ 0.4123;  0.4127]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.2011 [ 0.2009;  0.2014]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.9523 [ 3.9507;  3.9538]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             4.9473 [ 4.9440;  4.9507]        0.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  6.5230 [ 6.5194;  6.5266]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.3991 [ 0.3989;  0.3992]        0.8        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.2562 [ 0.2559;  0.2565]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.1533 [ 0.1532;  0.1535]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  1.6393 [ 1.6386;  1.6400]        0.6        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                5.1168 [ 5.1145;  5.1191]        0.5        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            14.7318 [14.7247; 14.7390]        0.4        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.6071 [ 1.6061;  1.6080]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.4930 [ 0.4928;  0.4932]        0.7        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.1357 [ 1.1351;  1.1363]        0.4        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  1.9559 [ 1.9543;  1.9574]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                5.1169 [ 5.1138;  5.1201]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                3.9999 [ 3.9954;  4.0044]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3738 [ 0.3736;  0.3741]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             3.0995 [ 3.0987;  3.1003]        1.5        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   7.1761 [ 7.1748;  7.1773]        3.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  7.4427 [ 7.4399;  7.4455]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             3.9074 [ 3.9052;  3.9096]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## TUNISIA                 2.0132 [ 2.0119;  2.0146]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 6.0781 [ 6.0772;  6.0790]        4.8        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.6640 [ 0.6631;  0.6648]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         13.4831 [13.4816; 13.4845]        8.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          12.5035 [12.5029; 12.5041]       38.9        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.5402 [ 1.5380;  1.5424]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.4182 [ 0.4178;  0.4186]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 63
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z  p-value
## Common effect model  6.0486 [6.0484; 6.0488] 111497.04        0
## Random effects model 1.7680 [1.3269; 2.3558]      3.89 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3511 [1.0326; 2.8023]; tau = 1.1624 [1.0162; 1.6740]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8310.19
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4281669857.99   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 12.3266 [12.3260; 12.3272]   3452123.95 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9768 [ 0.9767;  0.9770] 165816016.07 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 11.9234 [11.9223; 11.9246]  33737832.45 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.6209 [ 1.6206;  1.6212]  74664015.45 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  4.8924 [ 4.8917;  4.8930]  52910959.26 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  5.3944 [ 5.3939;  5.3950]   4558791.04 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  8.5371 [ 8.5353;  8.5388]   2817142.96 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3  2.6042 [ 2.6039;  2.6046] 126490248.29 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.1014 [ 0.1011;  0.1016]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1533 [ 0.1532;  0.1535]         0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.4323 [ 0.4323;  0.4324]    226652.20 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.9699 [ 4.9692;  4.9705]  63261548.05 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  3.4496 [ 3.4491;  3.4501]  27610768.77 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3738 [ 0.3736;  0.3741]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3726123759.50   13       0
## Within groups   555546098.49   49       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.5299 [9.8360; 13.5154] 0.0131 0.1146
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7838 [0.3545;  1.7329] 1.6386 1.2801
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  5.3377 [3.7702;  7.5570] 0.2517 0.5017
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.4158 [0.7314;  2.7408] 0.9087 0.9532
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  2.6557 [1.7498;  4.0306] 0.3625 0.6021
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.8983 [4.4377;  5.4066] 0.0178 0.1333
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  6.6865 [3.7050; 12.0672] 0.1815 0.4260
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3  0.3880 [0.0982;  1.5335] 1.4749 1.2145
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.1014 [0.1011;  0.1016]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1  0.1533 [0.1532;  0.1535]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.4177 [0.3819;  0.4569] 0.0042 0.0647
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.5722 [0.6404;  3.8595] 1.2597 1.1224
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  1.4732 [0.8461;  2.5650] 0.3202 0.5659
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3738 [0.3736;  0.3741]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   3255284.69   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
#Multinational
gaba_global2<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(5:9)] 
gaba_global2$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$Year)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID`)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - lower`)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - upper`)
gaba_global2$Area<-"Multinational"

gaba_global2$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentin"), 11),
                     rep(("Gabapentin Enacarbil"), 11),
                     rep(("Pregabalin"), 11),
                     rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 11))

gaba_global3<-subset(gaba_global2,Drug!="MIROGABALIN")

a<-ggplot(gaba_global3, aes(x = Year, y = `DDD/TID`*10, group=Drug, colour=Drug, fill=Drug))+ 
  geom_line() + 
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = `DDD/TID - lower`*10, ymax = `DDD/TID - upper`*10), alpha = 0.1, colour = NA) + 
scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(2008:2018))+
  ggtitle("Pooled multinational gabapentinoids consumption over time")+
  ylab("Defined daily dose per 10000 inhabitants per day")+
  theme(axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"),
    panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
    panel.border = element_blank(),
    panel.background = element_blank()) 
a

ggsave(filename="Figure_2_pooled_by year drug.png", plot=a, height =7, width=11,device="png", 
       path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
       dpi=500)

##Regional
gaba_regional<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(14:18)] 

gaba_regional$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_regional$Year)
out <- unlist(gaba_regional)
Year<-out[1:44]
Drug<-out[45:88]
DDDTID<-out[89:704]
lower<-out[705:1320]
upper<-out[1321:1936]

out2<-data.frame(Year,Drug)
out3<-do.call("rbind", replicate(14, out2, simplify = FALSE))
newdata <- out3%>% arrange(Drug, Year)

newdata$DDDTID<-DDDTID
newdata$lower<-lower
newdata$upper<-upper

region_name<-(rep(c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"),44))
newdata$Area<-region_name
newdata$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentin"), 154),
                     rep(("Gabapentin Enacarbil"), 154),
                     rep(("Pregabalin"), 154),
                     rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 154))
gaba_regional2<-newdata
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID`<-gaba_regional2$DDDTID
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-gaba_regional2$lower
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-gaba_regional2$upper

gaba_regional3<-gaba_regional2[c(1,2,6:9)]
pool_Global_region<-rbind(gaba_global3,gaba_regional3)
pool_Global_region$Drug<- factor(pool_Global_region$Drug, levels = c("Gabapentinoids","Gabapentin","Gabapentin Enacarbil","Pregabalin"))
pool_Global_region$Area<-factor(pool_Global_region$Area,levels=c("Multinational","Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"))
pool_Global_region$Year<-as.numeric(pool_Global_region$Year)
pool_Global_region[is.na(pool_Global_region)]<-0
library(ggbreak)
a<-ggplot(pool_Global_region, aes(x = Year, y = `DDD/TID`, group=Drug, colour=Drug, fill=Drug))+ 
  geom_line() + 
  facet_wrap(.~Area,nrow=1)+
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = `DDD/TID - lower`, ymax = `DDD/TID - upper`), alpha = 0.1, colour = NA) +
  scale_y_break(c(20,62),scales = 0.1)+
  theme_classic()+
scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(2008:2018))+ 
  theme(panel.border=element_blank(), 
        panel.grid.major = element_blank(), 
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background=element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
        axis.line=element_line(),axis.ticks.x = element_blank())+
  ggtitle("Pooled multinational gabapentinoids consumption over time")
a

ggsave(filename="Reference_1_pooled_by Region year drug.png", plot=a, height =7, width=40,device="png", 
       path="D:/R/midas gaba/figures",
       dpi=500)
write.csv(pool_Global_region,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_3_Pooled_Gaba_consumption_CI_sens2.csv")

library(DT)
datatable(pool_Global_region[c(6,1:5)], options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

10 Sensitivity analysis 3: withou imputed data

10.1 Reading data

Data inclusion criteria: variable name “MOL”= “PREGABALIN”,“GABAPENTIN”,“GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL”,“MIROGABALIN”

library(readxl)
library(dplyr)
# data <- read.csv("D:/MIDAS ADHD/midas_adhd/adhd/MIDAS 2019.csv")
# data
getwd()
## [1] "D:/R/midas gaba"
setwd("D:/R/midas gaba")
gaba<-subset(read.csv("D:/R/midas benzo/raw/gaba_extract.csv"),MOL=="PREGABALIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL"|
                       MOL=="MIROGABALIN")

10.2 Drug inspection

Inspect data for combination product with more than one active molecule (Gabapentinoids)
The remaining products that may contain more than one drug of interest are:

library(dplyr)
library(stringr)

data.1.nodup<-gaba
#Check for combination product i.e. other than drug name, all numbers are the same
exam2<-data.1.nodup[duplicated(data.1.nodup[,-(1:10)]) | duplicated(data.1.nodup[,-(1:10)], fromLast = TRUE),]
exam2
gaba$Class<-"Gabapentinoids"

We assume that the DDD units provided only refer to that specific drug ingredient in the data row

10.3 Keep SU and DDD data

master<-gaba

10.4 Separate data into with DDD units and without DDD units (INTWHODDDDESC NOT ASSIGNED)

  1. For products without DDD data, the conversion ratio is based on standard units sold, WHO-ATC defined daily dose, and product strength (539 observations)
  2. For products without drug strength AND DDD, we will impute the conversion ratio based on the most commonly used strength

Two pharmacists have assigned strength of products without DDD units for conversion SU units.
667 observations were read from the conversion file for gabapentinoids since a product may have more than one strength. Median imputation was conducted for products with more than one identified strength. 470/539 observations with strengths identified after median imputation.
- Liquid formulations were removed (15/539 unique metadata combination in missing DDD file)
- Strength information of 54/539 country-product combinations cannot be identified

library(dplyr)
#Identify products that need conversion from SU to INTDDD
missing_DDD<-subset(master,INTWHODDDDESC=="INTWHODDD DESC NOT ASSIGNED")
with_DDD<-subset(master,INTWHODDDDESC!="INTWHODDD DESC NOT ASSIGNED")

# #Export list for conversion factor identification
# miss_DDD<-unique(missing_DDD[c(1:8)])
# write.csv(miss_DDD,"D:/R/midas benzo/dosage_convert.csv")

#Daniel and Andrew has done the conversion
convert <- read.table(
  "D:/R/midas benzo/convert_20221114_removed.txt",
  sep="\t", header=TRUE)
convert2<-subset(convert, !is.na(convert$Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA) & (MOL=="PREGABALIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN"|
                       MOL=="GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL"|
                       MOL=="MIROGABALIN"))
convert_missing<-subset(convert, is.na(convert$Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA))

convert_medianimpute_strength <- convert2[c(1:10)] %>% group_by (CTY,SEC, MNF, ATC3,INTPRD,NFC123,INTWHODDDDESC,MOL,INTWHODDDDESC_2) %>% mutate(median=median(Strength.of.BZD.or.GABA, na.rm = TRUE)) 
convert_medianimpute_strength2<-unique(convert_medianimpute_strength[c(1:8,10,11)])
#left join convert to data
missing_DDD_convert <- left_join(missing_DDD,convert_medianimpute_strength2,by = c("CTY","SEC","MNF","ATC3","INTPRD","NFC123",  
"INTWHODDDDESC","MOL") )
write.csv(missing_DDD,"D:/R/midas gaba/withoutddd_539.csv")
missing_DDD_remain<-subset(missing_DDD_convert, !is.na(median) & Class=="Gabapentinoids")


missing_DDD_agg<-missing_DDD %>% group_by (CTY, SEC,MNF,ATC3,INTPRD,NFC123,INTWHODDDDESC,MOL,X_TYPE_,X_FREQ_,Class) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1:857),sum)

10.5 Results of median imputed strengths:

library(DT)
datatable(subset(convert_medianimpute_strength2), options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

10.6 Aggregate separately for DDD and missing DDD dataframes

10.6.1 DDD

library(tidyr)
library(zoo)
library(dplyr)


ddd <-with_DDD

## Remove columns of other sales data e.g. LC, LCD, USD, CU, SU
ddd.2 <- ddd[-c(9:10)]%>%select(-contains(c("LC_MNF","LCD_MNF","USD_MNF","CU_MTH","SU_MTH")))
ddd.3 <- pivot_longer(ddd.2, cols=9:151, 
                        names_to = "Month", values_to = "DDD")
## Format date
ddd.3$Month<-str_remove(ddd.3$Month, "INTDDD_MTH_")
ddd.3<-ddd.3 %>% separate(Month, c("Month","Year"), 
                              sep = "([_])")
ddd.3$Year <- paste0("20", ddd.3$Year, sep = "")
ddd.3$Year<-as.numeric(ddd.3$Year)
ddd.3$Month<-as.numeric(ddd.3$Month)
ddd.3$Date <- as.yearmon(paste(ddd.3$Year, 
                               ddd.3$Month), "%Y %m")
ddd.4<-ddd.3[-c(10)]
ddd.4$DDD[is.na(ddd.4$DDD)]<-0

10.7 Aggregate the consumption data by country, drug name, date

ddd.5<-ddd.4

bind<-rbind(ddd.5)

aggregate<-bind[-c(2:7)]
#Step 1. Clean city names
aggregate$CTY = sub(pattern = "(RETAIL)|(COMBINED)|(COMBINE)|(COMBIN)|(COMBI)|(RET)|(R.MUTUALES)|(HOSPITAL)|(TOTAL SALES)", 
                replacement = "", x = aggregate$CTY, perl = TRUE)
aggregate.2<-aggregate %>% group_by (CTY, MOL,Class,Year, Date) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)

10.8 Merge rx data with UN population data

We excluded data where Country==“FRENCH WEST AFRICA” or Country==“CENTRAL AMERICA” as national level data was not available. The included countries/regions were divided into the following areas: Northern America, Central and South America, Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, Oceania, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, South-eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Africa, based on their geographical regions according to United Nations (UN)’ “Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use”.

library(readxl)
library(dplyr)
#population size from UN====
pop <- read_excel(path = "D:/R/midas adhd/ref data/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx",
                  sheet = "ESTIMATES",
                  range = "B17:DE18122")
pop.2<-subset(pop, Type=="Country/Area")
pop.4<-pop.2[-c(1,3:63,77:108)]
names(pop.4)[names(pop.4) == 'Region, subregion, country or area *'] <- 'Country'

pop.5 <- pivot_longer(pop.4, cols=2:14,
                      names_to = "Year", values_to = "Population")

pop.5$Country <- toupper(pop.5$Country)
names(aggregate.2)[names(aggregate.2) == 'CTY'] <- 'Country'
aggregate.2$Country <-trimws(aggregate.2$Country)
'%ni%' <- Negate('%in%')

ddd.set.2<- subset(aggregate.2, !Country=="C. AMERICA"&
                     !Country=="FR. W. AFRICA"&
                     !Country=="FRENCH WEST AFRICA"&
                     !Country=="CENTRAL AMERICA")
pop.7<-pop.5
rename <- pop.7 %>%filter(Country %ni% ddd.set.2$Country) 
rename<-unique(rename$Country)

ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "CZECH", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "NETHERLNDS", "Country"] <- "NETHERLANDS"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "RUSSIAN FED.", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "UAE", "Country"] <- "UNITED ARAB EMIRATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "UK", "Country"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "USA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "US", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "S. AFRICA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH AFRICA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "BOSNIA", "Country"] <- "BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA"
ddd.set.2[ddd.set.2$Country == "KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
pop.7<-pop.5
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "CZECHIA", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "REPUBLIC OF KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "CHINA, TAIWAN PROVINCE OF CHINA", "Country"] <- "TAIWAN"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)", "Country"] <- "VENEZUELA"
pop.7[pop.7$Country == "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"

pop.8<-as.data.frame(pop.7)
ddd.set.2$Year<-as.numeric(ddd.set.2$Year)
pop.8$Year<-as.numeric(pop.8$Year)
ddd.set.3.1<-ddd.set.2
ddd.set.3 <- left_join(ddd.set.3.1,pop.8,by = c("Country","Year") )

## Merge data with Region categorisation====
Region <- read_excel(path = "D:/R/midas adhd/ref data/UNSD — Methodology.xlsx")
Region.2<-Region[c(6,9,16)]
names(Region.2)[names(Region.2) == 'Country or Area'] <- 'Country'
Region.2$Country <- toupper(Region.2$Country)
rename <- ddd.set.3%>%filter(Country %ni% Region.2$Country) 
rename<-unique(rename$Country)
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "CZECHIA", "Country"] <- "CZECH REPUBLIC"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "REPUBLIC OF KOREA", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "CHINA, TAIWAN PROVINCE OF CHINA", "Country"] <- "TAIWAN"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)", "Country"] <- "VENEZUELA"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Country"] <- "UNITED STATES"
Region.2[Region.2$Country == "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND", "Country"] <- "UNITED KINGDOM"

Region.3<-Region.2%>%filter(Country %in% ddd.set.3$Country) 
ddd.set.4 <- left_join(ddd.set.3,Region.3,by = c("Country") )
names(ddd.set.4)[names(ddd.set.4) == 'Sub-region Name'] <- 'Region'
ddd.set.4[ddd.set.4$Country == "TAIWAN", "Region"] <- "Eastern Asia"

ddd.set.5<-ddd.set.4[-c(9)]

## 1.9 Dave comment: change Latin America 
ddd.set.5[ddd.set.5$Region == "Latin America and the Caribbean", "Region"] <- "Central and South America and the Caribbean"
ddd.set.5[ddd.set.5$Region == "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Region"] <- "Southern Africa"

population<-pop.8
population$Population<-as.numeric(population$Population)

options(scipen=999)

10.9 Final analytic dataset

  • Data from 2007 and 2019 were removed due to missing months
  • DDD data were aggregated by Drug, Country, Year
  • DDD data were combined with population data
  • zeros were added to countries were there were no record in that year
  • Outcome metric = DDD per thousand population per day (DDD/(population in thousand*365.25))
  • Final cleaned analytic dataset is cleaned as below with variables specification:
library(dplyr)
cty.all<-ddd.set.5

names(cty.all)[names(cty.all) == 'MOL'] <- 'Drug'
## create one df of monthly data just in case
cty.all.3<-cty.all[-c(7)] %>% group_by (Year,Date,Class,Drug, Country, Region) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)

## numerator
cty.ddd.2<-cty.all[-c(5,7)] %>% group_by (Year,Class,Drug, Country, Region) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)
##denominator
cty.pop<-population

#Aggregate benzos and gaba
#gaba
new_gaba<-subset(cty.ddd.2)
new_gaba<-new_gaba[-c(3)]
new_gaba<-new_gaba %>% group_by (Year,Country, Region,Class) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(1),sum, na.rm = TRUE)
new_gaba$Drug<-"Gabapentinoids"
new_gaba$DDD[is.na(new_gaba$DDD)]<-0
cty.ddd.2<-rbind(cty.ddd.2,new_gaba)

#Add zeros
Drug<-sort(rep(c("Gabapentinoids","PREGABALIN","GABAPENTIN"),715))
Country<-(rep(unique(cty.ddd.2$Country),11))
Year<-sort(rep(c(2008:2018),65))

merge_zero <- data.frame(Country, Year)
merge_zero2<-do.call("rbind", replicate(3, merge_zero, simplify = FALSE))
merge_zero2$Drug<-Drug
cty.ddd.3 <- right_join(x=cty.ddd.2,y=merge_zero2, 
        by=c("Year","Country","Drug"))

cty.ddd.4 <- left_join(x=cty.ddd.3,y=cty.pop, 
        by=c("Year","Country"))

cty.ddd.5 <- distinct(left_join(x=cty.ddd.4[-c(2,5)],y=ddd.set.5[c(1,3,8)], 
        by=c("Country")))

cty.ddd.5$DDD[is.na(cty.ddd.5$DDD)]<-0

#Divide
cty.ddd.5$DDDPTPD <-(cty.ddd.5$DDD/cty.ddd.5$Population)/365.25
cty.ddd.5$Drug<-str_to_title(cty.ddd.5$Drug)
analy<-subset(cty.ddd.5,Year!=2007 & Year!=2019 & Drug!="Vigbatrin"&Drug!="Mirogabalin")

library(DT)
datatable(analy, options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))
str(analy,give.attr=FALSE)
## grouped_df [2,145 x 8] (S3: grouped_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ Year      : num [1:2145] 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 ...
##  $ Drug      : chr [1:2145] "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" "Gabapentin" ...
##  $ Country   : chr [1:2145] "ALGERIA" "ARGENTINA" "AUSTRALIA" "AUSTRIA" ...
##  $ DDD       : num [1:2145] 0 1532866 5911624 4399525 16780 ...
##  $ Population: num [1:2145] 34731 40080 21332 8342 9453 ...
##  $ Class     : chr [1:2145] "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" "Gabapentinoids" ...
##  $ Region    : chr [1:2145] "Northern Africa" "Central and South America and the Caribbean" "Australia and New Zealand" "Western Europe" ...
##  $ DDDPTPD   : num [1:2145] 0 0.10471 0.75872 1.44401 0.00486 ...
write.csv(analy,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_11_Analytic_dataset_sens3.csv")

10.11 Overview of gabapentinoids consumption by Drug, Country, and Year

*MIROGABALIN is only available in Japan in 2019 which is not covered in our analysis

library(ggplot2)
library(RColorBrewer)
new_set.2<-analy

10.12 Calculate CIs of consumption in DDD/TID per year

The function pois.approx from R package epitools is used to calculation the Confidence intervals for Poisson rates with normal approximation

library(epitools)
CIs<-pois.approx(new_set.2$DDD, pt = new_set.2$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
pool.new_set<-cbind(new_set.2,CIs)
pool.new_set.2<-subset(pool.new_set)
pool.new_set.2$DDD<-round(pool.new_set.2$DDD, digits = 5)  
write.csv(pool.new_set.2,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_12_Gaba_consumption_CI_sens3.csv")

10.13 Meta-analysis of DDD/TID by Year

When DDD=0 or extremely small, Country data wont be counted as number of studies in the meta analysis

Drug indices: [1] “Gabapentin”, [2] “Gabapentin Enacarbil”, [3] “Pregabalin”, [4]“Gabapentinoids”

options(width=800)
library(Rcpp)
library(meta)
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
set_subzero<-subset(analy, Drug!="MIROGABALIN")
set_subzero$DDD_dum=set_subzero$DDD
set_subzero$DDD_dum[set_subzero$DDD==0]<-0.00001
CIs<-pois.approx(set_subzero$DDD_dum, set_subzero$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
meta.gaba<-cbind(set_subzero,CIs)
meta.gaba$Region <- factor(meta.gaba$Region, levels =
                             c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"
                             ))

meta <- function(rho, iseed){
meta.gaba_1<-  subset(meta.gaba,  Year==rho & Drug==iseed)

m1_var<-metagen(log(meta.gaba_1$rate),
            lower = log(meta.gaba_1$lower), 
            upper = log(meta.gaba_1$upper),
            studlab = meta.gaba_1$Country, 
            sm = "IRLN", method.tau = "DL", 
            comb.fixed = TRUE, 
            byvar = meta.gaba_1$Region)

print(c(rho, iseed))
print(summary(m1_var), digits=4)
est.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
  est.random$Year<-rho
  est.random$Drug<-iseed
  est.random$`DDD/TID`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$TE.random)
  est.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$lower.random)
  est.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-exp(summary(m1_var)$upper.random)

  est.by.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
  est.by.random$Year<-rho
  est.by.random$Drug<-iseed
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$TE)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$lower)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$upper)))))
  return(c(est.random,est.by.random))
}


datin <- expand.grid(rho = unique(meta.gaba$Year), iseed = unique(meta.gaba$Drug))
i <- 1:nrow(datin)
datout <- with(datin,
                lapply(i, function(j){meta(rho[j],  iseed[j])}))
## [1] 2008    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.7587 [0.7581; 0.7593]        0.7        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.4440 [1.4427; 1.4454]        0.6        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0049 [0.0048; 0.0049]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.3490 [0.3484; 0.3495]        0.2        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0867 [0.0863; 0.0870]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.4878 [2.4870; 2.4887]        3.8        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0425 [0.0423; 0.0426]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0340 [0.0339; 0.0341]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2926 [0.2918; 0.2935]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7153 [0.7145; 0.7162]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0727 [0.0725; 0.0730]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0759 [0.0758; 0.0760]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.0754 [0.0746; 0.0761]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.9593 [0.9579; 0.9607]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.3793 [1.3788; 1.3798]        3.9        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.2294 [1.2290; 1.2298]        4.6        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.8335 [0.8326; 0.8344]        0.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.2259 [0.2254; 0.2264]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0096 [0.0096; 0.0096]        0.5        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.9193 [0.9178; 0.9207]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.5709 [0.5706; 0.5712]        1.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017]        0.6        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0755 [0.0751; 0.0758]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0298 [0.0294; 0.0301]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.3321 [0.3308; 0.3334]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.2416 [0.2409; 0.2424]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2187 [0.2179; 0.2195]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.8551 [0.8508; 0.8595]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0713 [0.0712; 0.0713]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0074 [0.0073; 0.0074]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.9749 [0.9734; 0.9765]        0.2        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 1.1055 [1.1040; 1.1071]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543]        0.4        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0242 [0.0241; 0.0243]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0260 [0.0260; 0.0261]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1470 [0.1468; 0.1472]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.3098 [1.3087; 1.3109]        0.6        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            3.7459 [3.7426; 3.7492]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.0597 [0.0595; 0.0599]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0152 [0.0152; 0.0152]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1059 [0.1057; 0.1061]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.5982 [0.5971; 0.5993]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.4548 [0.4533; 0.4564]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6427 [0.6424; 0.6431]        1.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.7859 [1.7853; 1.7866]        3.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.2074 [1.2063; 1.2086]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.6300 [0.6291; 0.6309]        0.2        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753]        0.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.0646 [0.0643; 0.0648]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.1817 [1.1813; 1.1821]        3.8        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1005]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.6870 [1.6864; 1.6875]        4.8        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          4.4760 [4.4756; 4.4764]       62.1        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.1957 [0.1949; 0.1964]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.4496 [0.4492; 0.4500]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 59
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.4562 [2.4561; 2.4564] 25402.37        0
## Random effects model 0.2042 [0.1450; 0.2876]    -9.10 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7993 [1.6079; 5.2238]; tau = 1.3414 [1.2680; 2.2856]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3867.50
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  867537160.53   58       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.3273 [4.3269; 4.3276]  9848134.09 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2870 [0.2869; 0.2871] 57037395.75 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.5146 [1.5141; 1.5150]  3503305.53 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2359 [0.2358; 0.2361] 12165172.49 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.2249 [1.2245; 1.2252] 13237522.89 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.2517 [1.2514; 1.2520]  3487176.91 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.7987 [0.7981; 0.7993]    76160.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.3027 [0.3026; 0.3029] 28145086.76 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0260 [0.0260; 0.0261]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0208 [0.0208; 0.0208]  5649936.23 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.0335 [1.0331; 1.0339]  9645206.33 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0691 [0.0691; 0.0692]   445938.84 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 724296124.21   12       0
## Within groups  143241036.32   46       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.3370 [1.8767; 5.9336] 0.1725 0.4153
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1125 [0.0344; 0.3679] 3.6518 1.9110
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.5683 [0.4158; 0.7767] 0.2033 0.4509
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.0927 [0.0360; 0.2386] 1.8636 1.3651
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.7274 [0.4290; 1.2333] 0.4354 0.6598
## Region = Western Europe                        6 0.8787 [0.7024; 1.0993] 0.0784 0.2799
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.8601 [0.6727; 1.0996] 0.0314 0.1773
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.0572 [0.0107; 0.3072] 2.9416 1.7151
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0260 [0.0260; 0.0261]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0228 [0.0042; 0.1247] 1.5039 1.2263
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1376 [0.0374; 0.5071] 2.6562 1.6298
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0331 [0.0124; 0.0883] 0.7542 0.8685
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   211324.56   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1194 [0.1193; 0.1196]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.7770 [0.7764; 0.7776]        0.7        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.5762 [1.5748; 1.5776]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0093 [0.0092; 0.0094]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.3669 [0.3663; 0.3675]        0.2        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0590 [0.0590; 0.0591]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1204 [0.1200; 0.1208]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.6364 [2.6355; 2.6373]        3.6        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0335 [0.0333; 0.0336]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0287 [0.0286; 0.0288]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2979 [0.2971; 0.2988]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.8909 [0.8900; 0.8918]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0696 [0.0693; 0.0698]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0833 [0.0832; 0.0834]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.1091 [0.1081; 0.1100]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.9637 [0.9623; 0.9650]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.2998 [1.2993; 1.3003]        3.3        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.3422 [1.3418; 1.3426]        4.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.7983 [0.7974; 0.7991]        0.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.2731 [0.2725; 0.2736]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0099 [0.0099; 0.0099]        0.5        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.9042 [0.9028; 0.9057]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.5370 [0.5367; 0.5373]        1.3        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479]        0.8        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0886 [0.0882; 0.0889]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0266 [0.0263; 0.0269]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.3719 [0.3705; 0.3732]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3655 [0.3646; 0.3664]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2225 [0.2216; 0.2234]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7788 [0.7747; 0.7829]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0599 [0.0598; 0.0600]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0051 [0.0050; 0.0051]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.1650 [1.1633; 1.1667]        0.2        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 1.4251 [1.4233; 1.4268]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0466 [0.0465; 0.0466]        0.3        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0173 [0.0173; 0.0174]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0266 [0.0265; 0.0266]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1674 [0.1672; 0.1676]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.1282 [1.1271; 1.1292]        0.5        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            4.7038 [4.7000; 4.7075]        0.7        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1543 [0.1540; 0.1546]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0166 [0.0166; 0.0166]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1008 [0.1006; 0.1010]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.7215 [0.7203; 0.7227]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.4132 [0.4117; 0.4146]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6597 [0.6593; 0.6601]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.8188 [1.8181; 1.8194]        3.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.2153 [1.2141; 1.2165]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.5953 [0.5944; 0.5962]        0.2        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781]        0.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.0831 [0.0828; 0.0834]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.4377 [1.4372; 1.4381]        4.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1115 [0.1111; 0.1119]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.0046 [2.0040; 2.0052]        5.1        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          5.1806 [5.1802; 5.1811]       63.7        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.2686 [0.2677; 0.2695]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.4848 [0.4844; 0.4852]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 59
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.8470 [2.8469; 2.8472] 31556.37        0
## Random effects model 0.2235 [0.1569; 0.3183]    -8.30 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.9211 [1.6536; 5.4182]; tau = 1.3860 [1.2859; 2.3277]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4193.46
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1019937617.68   58       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.9981 [4.9977; 4.9985] 14040867.96 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3685 [0.3684; 0.3687] 71856417.21 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.7810 [1.7805; 1.7814]  5007049.74 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2945 [0.2943; 0.2947] 14394809.46 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.2236 [1.2232; 1.2239] 14640133.22 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.2828 [1.2825; 1.2831]  3594821.16 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.8527 [0.8521; 0.8533]   232452.36 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2827 [0.2826; 0.2829] 35978409.65 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0266 [0.0265; 0.0266]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0185 [0.0185; 0.0185]  4275621.07 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.2660 [1.2656; 1.2664] 11764429.76 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0785 [0.0785; 0.0786]   453736.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 843698869.31   12       0
## Within groups  176238748.38   46       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.6957 [1.9064; 7.1646] 0.2282 0.4777
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1116 [0.0310; 0.4014] 4.2651 2.0652
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.6376 [0.4455; 0.9124] 0.2675 0.5172
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1305 [0.0528; 0.3223] 1.7037 1.3053
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.6904 [0.3904; 1.2209] 0.5076 0.7125
## Region = Western Europe                        6 0.8811 [0.7034; 1.1036] 0.0792 0.2814
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.9514 [0.6397; 1.4149] 0.0820 0.2864
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.0765 [0.0143; 0.4097] 2.9324 1.7124
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0266 [0.0265; 0.0266]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0215 [0.0047; 0.0981] 1.2023 1.0965
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1550 [0.0408; 0.5888] 2.7809 1.6676
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0328 [0.0129; 0.0831] 0.6774 0.8231
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   128255.83   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1292 [0.1290; 0.1294]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.8366 [0.8360; 0.8373]        0.6        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.7240 [1.7225; 1.7255]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0122 [0.0121; 0.0124]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.4468 [0.4461; 0.4475]        0.2        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0614 [0.0614; 0.0615]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1616 [0.1611; 0.1621]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.7823 [2.7814; 2.7832]        3.2        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0269 [0.0268; 0.0271]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0235 [0.0234; 0.0236]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2668 [0.2660; 0.2676]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.0463 [1.0452; 1.0473]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0720 [0.0718; 0.0723]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1069 [0.1067; 0.1070]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2425 [0.2411; 0.2439]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                0.9824 [0.9810; 0.9837]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.2534 [1.2529; 1.2538]        2.7        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.4106 [1.4101; 1.4110]        3.9        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.8032 [0.8023; 0.8041]        0.3        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.3559 [0.3553; 0.3565]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0114 [0.0114; 0.0114]        0.5        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.8461 [0.8447; 0.8475]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.5452 [0.5449; 0.5455]        1.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1810 [0.1809; 0.1811]        0.8        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1086 [0.1082; 0.1090]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0240 [0.0237; 0.0243]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.4715 [0.4699; 0.4730]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3637 [0.3629; 0.3646]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2311 [0.2302; 0.2320]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7427 [0.7388; 0.7466]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0597 [0.0596; 0.0597]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0060 [0.0060; 0.0061]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.3931 [1.3913; 1.3950]        0.2        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 1.8065 [1.8046; 1.8085]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0446 [0.0445; 0.0446]        0.3        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0290 [0.0289; 0.0291]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1920 [0.1917; 0.1922]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.1608 [1.1597; 1.1618]        0.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            5.5328 [5.5288; 5.5368]        0.7        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2463 [0.2459; 0.2466]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0159 [0.0159; 0.0160]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1232 [0.1230; 0.1234]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.8791 [0.8778; 0.8805]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.4079 [0.4064; 0.4093]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6761 [0.6757; 0.6765]        1.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.8213 [1.8206; 1.8219]        2.9        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.2623 [1.2611; 1.2635]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.5748 [0.5739; 0.5757]        0.2        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973]        0.2        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.1721 [0.1720; 0.1723]        0.4        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.0815 [0.0812; 0.0818]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.7746 [1.7740; 1.7751]        4.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1305 [0.1301; 0.1309]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.3586 [2.3580; 2.3592]        5.1        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          6.3255 [6.3250; 6.3260]       66.0        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.2401 [0.2392; 0.2409]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.4784 [0.4780; 0.4788]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.4476 [3.4474; 3.4478] 40696.65        0
## Random effects model 0.2445 [0.1685; 0.3549]    -7.41 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.1673 [1.7147; 5.6231]; tau = 1.4722 [1.3094; 2.3713]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4694.40
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1300205778.35   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.0892 [6.0888; 6.0896] 22322857.16 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4334 [0.4332; 0.4336] 84203729.38 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.0853 [2.0848; 2.0858]  6851246.20 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3698 [0.3696; 0.3700] 16162172.26 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.2310 [1.2306; 1.2313] 14580988.44 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.3086 [1.3083; 1.3089]  3905460.33 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.9491 [0.9484; 0.9497]   435233.77 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2746 [0.2744; 0.2747] 42693447.47 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1226 [0.1225; 0.1227]  2555118.07 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0187 [0.0187; 0.0187]  3458367.58 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.5620 [1.5615; 1.5624] 15136013.33 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0986 [0.0985; 0.0987]   588757.35 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1087312386.99   12       0
## Within groups   212893391.36   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.1952 [1.8759; 9.3820] 0.3373 0.5807
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1090 [0.0282; 0.4213] 4.7612 2.1820
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.7657 [0.5139; 1.1407] 0.3311 0.5754
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1625 [0.0685; 0.3859] 1.5564 1.2476
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.6821 [0.3875; 1.2008] 0.4995 0.7067
## Region = Western Europe                        6 0.9136 [0.7246; 1.1519] 0.0839 0.2897
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0796 [0.6550; 1.7795] 0.1300 0.3606
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.0929 [0.0172; 0.5003] 2.9520 1.7181
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0706 [0.0123; 0.4047] 1.5861 1.2594
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0225 [0.0059; 0.0857] 0.9285 0.9636
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1732 [0.0433; 0.6927] 3.0006 1.7322
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0375 [0.0133; 0.1054] 0.8352 0.9139
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                        Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   1213.16   12 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1364 [0.1363; 0.1366]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.8668 [0.8662; 0.8675]        0.6        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.8391 [1.8376; 1.8406]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0139 [0.0138; 0.0140]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.4884 [0.4878; 0.4891]        0.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0443 [0.0439; 0.0447]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0770 [0.0769; 0.0770]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.2211 [0.2206; 0.2217]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.9905 [2.9896; 2.9915]        3.3        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0234 [0.0233; 0.0235]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0047 [0.0047; 0.0047]        0.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2282 [0.2275; 0.2290]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.2108 [1.2097; 1.2119]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0672 [0.0670; 0.0675]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1148 [0.1147; 0.1149]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2902 [0.2887; 0.2917]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                1.0435 [1.0420; 1.0449]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.2042 [1.2038; 1.2047]        2.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.4962 [1.4957; 1.4966]        3.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.8916 [0.8906; 0.8925]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.4230 [0.4223; 0.4236]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0135 [0.0135; 0.0136]        0.5        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.8952 [0.8938; 0.8967]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.5448 [0.5445; 0.5451]        1.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1505 [0.1504; 0.1506]        0.6        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1083 [0.1079; 0.1087]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0285 [0.0282; 0.0288]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.6091 [0.6073; 0.6108]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3338 [0.3330; 0.3346]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2378 [0.2369; 0.2387]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7418 [0.7379; 0.7456]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0580 [0.0579; 0.0581]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0104 [0.0103; 0.0104]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.6528 [0.6522; 0.6534]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.6064 [1.6045; 1.6084]        0.2        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.0397 [2.0376; 2.0418]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0465 [0.0465; 0.0466]        0.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0192 [0.0192; 0.0193]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0279 [0.0279; 0.0280]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2211 [0.2208; 0.2213]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.1147 [1.1136; 1.1157]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            7.1769 [7.1723; 7.1815]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.3992 [0.3987; 0.3996]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0184 [0.0183; 0.0184]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1683 [0.1681; 0.1686]        0.2        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0660 [0.0657; 0.0663]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.9711 [0.9697; 0.9724]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.3702 [0.3688; 0.3715]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6730 [0.6727; 0.6734]        1.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.8636 [1.8630; 1.8643]        2.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.4097 [1.4084; 1.4109]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.5369 [0.5360; 0.5377]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177]        0.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.2549 [0.2547; 0.2551]        0.5        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.0891 [0.0888; 0.0894]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.1980 [2.1975; 2.1986]        5.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1306 [0.1302; 0.1310]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.7146 [2.7139; 2.7152]        5.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          6.5599 [6.5594; 6.5604]       64.5        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.3039 [0.3029; 0.3049]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.5095 [0.5091; 0.5100]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.5448 [3.5446; 3.5450] 43059.23        0
## Random effects model 0.2490 [0.1740; 0.3565]    -7.60 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.1427 [1.7383; 5.5270]; tau = 1.4638 [1.3185; 2.3510]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4754.58
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1424179537.86   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.3167 [6.3162; 6.3171]  22159370.66 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5695 [0.5693; 0.5697] 108810655.87 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.3962 [2.3957; 2.3967]   8260655.14 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4438 [0.4436; 0.4440]  18059780.13 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.2378 [1.2375; 1.2382]  17724703.98 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.2989 [1.2986; 1.2992]   6752609.30 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0217 [1.0211; 1.0224]    723732.35 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2378 [0.2378; 0.2379]  51274998.68 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1894 [0.1893; 0.1896]   4126909.43 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0205 [0.0205; 0.0205]   3157765.53 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.9348 [1.9343; 1.9352]  19487910.69 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.1043 [0.1042; 0.1044]    703123.53 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1162937322.57   13       0
## Within groups   261242215.29   50       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.4292 [2.0512; 9.5641] 0.3085 0.5554
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1162 [0.0276; 0.4891] 5.3777 2.3190
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.8626 [0.5704; 1.3043] 0.3561 0.5967
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1991 [0.0874; 0.4539] 1.4137 1.1890
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.3545 [0.2079; 0.6045] 0.5933 0.7703
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.8837 [0.6779; 1.1519] 0.1280 0.3578
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.1800 [0.6447; 2.1600] 0.1903 0.4362
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1011 [0.0162; 0.6318] 3.4972 1.8701
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0844 [0.0097; 0.7368] 2.4447 1.5636
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0251 [0.0075; 0.0842] 0.7619 0.8729
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1919 [0.0456; 0.8063] 3.2196 1.7943
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0474 [0.0170; 0.1319] 0.8200 0.9055
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                         Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   98506.80   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1383 [0.1382; 0.1385]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.9460 [0.9453; 0.9466]        0.7        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.9626 [1.9611; 1.9642]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0148 [0.0147; 0.0150]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.5723 [0.5715; 0.5730]        0.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0958 [0.0953; 0.0964]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0876 [0.0875; 0.0876]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.2866 [0.2859; 0.2872]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.3044 [3.3034; 3.3054]        3.6        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0220 [0.0219; 0.0221]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0083 [0.0083; 0.0083]        0.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0193 [0.0192; 0.0193]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2042 [0.2035; 0.2049]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.3418 [1.3407; 1.3430]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0590 [0.0588; 0.0592]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1044 [0.1043; 0.1045]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.3901 [0.3883; 0.3919]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                1.1761 [1.1746; 1.1776]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.2173 [1.2168; 1.2177]        2.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.5603 [1.5599; 1.5608]        3.9        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.8239 [0.8230; 0.8248]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.4641 [0.4634; 0.4648]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0145 [0.0145; 0.0145]        0.6        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.9214 [0.9199; 0.9228]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.5310 [0.5307; 0.5313]        1.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1244 [0.1243; 0.1245]        0.5        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0998 [0.0994; 0.1002]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0292 [0.0289; 0.0295]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.8136 [0.8115; 0.8156]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.2992 [0.2985; 0.3000]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2617 [0.2607; 0.2626]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7475 [0.7437; 0.7514]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0640 [0.0639; 0.0641]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.6605 [0.6599; 0.6612]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.8861 [1.8840; 1.8882]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.1749 [2.1727; 2.1770]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0469 [0.0469; 0.0470]        0.3        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0190 [0.0189; 0.0191]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0268 [0.0267; 0.0268]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2055 [0.2053; 0.2058]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.1942 [1.1931; 1.1953]        0.4        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            8.2103 [8.2053; 8.2152]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.5151 [0.5146; 0.5157]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0226 [0.0225; 0.0226]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1279 [0.1277; 0.1281]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0827 [0.0823; 0.0830]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.0650 [1.0635; 1.0664]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.3544 [0.3531; 0.3558]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.7229 [0.7225; 0.7232]        1.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.8152 [1.8146; 1.8159]        2.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.5277 [1.5265; 1.5290]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.5176 [0.5168; 0.5184]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.2142 [0.2139; 0.2145]        0.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.2950 [0.2948; 0.2952]        0.6        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.1064 [0.1061; 0.1067]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.3781 [2.3775; 2.3787]        5.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0810 [0.0807; 0.0813]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.2081 [3.2074; 3.2089]        6.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          6.3591 [6.3586; 6.3595]       62.0        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.4181 [0.4169; 0.4192]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.5864 [0.5860; 0.5869]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.4442 [3.4440; 3.4444] 42403.36        0
## Random effects model 0.2674 [0.1883; 0.3797]    -7.37 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.0489 [1.7405; 5.4639]; tau = 1.4314 [1.3193; 2.3375]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4801.89
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1452664566.87   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.1357 [6.1352; 6.1361]  17075245.37 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6608 [0.6606; 0.6611] 123860258.42 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.8154 [2.8148; 2.8160]  10578709.84 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4962 [0.4960; 0.4964]  20800619.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.2063 [1.2060; 1.2066]  17661915.48 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.3442 [1.3439; 1.3444]   7340926.83 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.1476 [1.1470; 1.1483]   1055334.37 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2080 [0.2079; 0.2080]  65605634.82 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.2238 [0.2237; 0.2240]   4843774.97 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0212 [0.0212; 0.0212]   2992018.07 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.1359 [2.1353; 2.1364]  20203034.60 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0950 [0.0949; 0.0951]    644510.30 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1160002584.19   13       0
## Within groups   292661982.68   50       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 4.5840 [2.4134; 8.7067] 0.2143 0.4629
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1222 [0.0287; 0.5194] 5.4529 2.3351
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.9948 [0.6378; 1.5517] 0.4115 0.6415
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2257 [0.0979; 0.5205] 1.4535 1.2056
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.3908 [0.2287; 0.6677] 0.5977 0.7731
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.9170 [0.6991; 1.2027] 0.1341 0.3661
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.3357 [0.6793; 2.6267] 0.2381 0.4879
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1125 [0.0154; 0.8223] 4.1216 2.0302
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0889 [0.0085; 0.9334] 2.8792 1.6968
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0261 [0.0083; 0.0825] 0.6888 0.8300
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1667 [0.0334; 0.8321] 4.0376 2.0094
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0576 [0.0242; 0.1368] 0.5843 0.7644
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                         Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   94778.35   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1348 [0.1346; 0.1350]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.7847 [0.7841; 0.7853]        0.5        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.0660 [2.0644; 2.0676]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0221 [0.0219; 0.0222]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.8101 [0.8093; 0.8110]        0.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1360 [0.1353; 0.1366]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0978 [0.0977; 0.0978]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.4003 [0.3995; 0.4010]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.6682 [3.6672; 3.6693]        3.5        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.0206 [0.0205; 0.0207]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0119 [0.0119; 0.0119]        0.5        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0168 [0.0167; 0.0169]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.1891 [0.1884; 0.1897]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.5003 [1.4991; 1.5015]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.0490 [0.0488; 0.0492]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1103 [0.1102; 0.1104]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.5081 [0.5061; 0.5101]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                1.4016 [1.4000; 1.4032]        0.2        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 1.2245 [1.2240; 1.2249]        2.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.6432 [1.6427; 1.6436]        3.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 0.9298 [0.9289; 0.9308]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.5382 [0.5374; 0.5389]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0157 [0.0157; 0.0157]        0.5        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                0.9678 [0.9663; 0.9693]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.5287 [0.5284; 0.5290]        0.9        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1114 [0.1113; 0.1115]        0.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1073 [0.1069; 0.1076]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0203 [0.0202; 0.0204]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0408 [0.0404; 0.0411]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 1.0487 [1.0464; 1.0510]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.3187 [0.3180; 0.3195]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.3129 [0.3118; 0.3139]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7067 [0.7030; 0.7104]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.0705 [0.0704; 0.0705]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0271]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.6591 [0.6585; 0.6598]        0.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            2.1377 [2.1355; 2.1399]        0.3        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.2712 [2.2690; 2.2734]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0450]        0.2        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0181 [0.0180; 0.0182]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0330 [0.0330; 0.0331]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2660 [0.2658; 0.2663]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.2241 [1.2230; 1.2252]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            8.3869 [8.3819; 8.3919]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.6903 [0.6897; 0.6909]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0296 [0.0295; 0.0296]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1192 [0.1190; 0.1194]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0894 [0.0891; 0.0897]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.1862 [1.1847; 1.1877]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               0.3501 [0.3488; 0.3515]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.7358 [0.7354; 0.7362]        1.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  1.8345 [1.8339; 1.8352]        2.3        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 1.8971 [1.8957; 1.8986]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            0.5102 [0.5094; 0.5110]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.2000 [0.1997; 0.2003]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.4366 [0.4363; 0.4368]        0.8        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.1107 [0.1104; 0.1111]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.5445 [2.5439; 2.5451]        5.3        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0828 [0.0825; 0.0831]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.8409 [3.8401; 3.8417]        6.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          7.3525 [7.3520; 7.3530]       63.3        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.4117 [0.4106; 0.4128]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.6841 [0.6836; 0.6846]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.9829 [3.9827; 3.9831] 50618.55        0
## Random effects model 0.2942 [0.2051; 0.4220]    -6.65 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.1685 [1.7671; 5.5888]; tau = 1.4726 [1.3293; 2.3641]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5207.29
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1708299477.71   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.0878 [7.0873; 7.0883]  21658699.79 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6708 [0.6706; 0.6710] 126088991.84 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.3625 [3.3618; 3.3631]  12984168.11 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5736 [0.5734; 0.5739]  23620137.19 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.2226 [1.2222; 1.2229]  17899253.57 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.4001 [1.3998; 1.4004]   7634003.02 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.1101 [1.1094; 1.1108]   2316862.49 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1818 [0.1817; 0.1819]  72711690.90 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0203 [0.0202; 0.0204]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.3382 [0.3380; 0.3384]   7162697.36 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0215 [0.0215; 0.0215]   2444520.07 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.2917 [2.2912; 2.2922]  21934345.55 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0991 [0.0990; 0.0992]    608514.47 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1391235593.34   13       0
## Within groups   317063884.37   50       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.1933 [2.6273; 10.2654] 0.2417 0.4917
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1210 [0.0296;  0.4939] 5.1491 2.2692
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.1794 [0.7480;  1.8594] 0.4317 0.6570
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2869 [0.1285;  0.6406] 1.3436 1.1592
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4155 [0.2439;  0.7077] 0.5906 0.7685
## Region = Western Europe                        7 0.9687 [0.7397;  1.2686] 0.1325 0.3641
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.2952 [0.4851;  3.4582] 0.5022 0.7086
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1183 [0.0157;  0.8921] 4.2519 2.0620
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0203 [0.0202;  0.0204]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1201 [0.0096;  1.5078] 3.3337 1.8258
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0265 [0.0094;  0.0746] 0.5560 0.7457
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1809 [0.0349;  0.9365] 4.2236 2.0551
## Region = Northern Africa                       3 0.0691 [0.0322;  0.1480] 0.4536 0.6735
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0572 [0.0571;  0.0573]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   123056.79   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.0031 [ 0.0031;  0.0032]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1286 [ 0.1284;  0.1288]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.6459 [ 0.6453;  0.6464]        0.4        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 2.1770 [ 2.1754;  2.1786]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0305 [ 0.0303;  0.0307]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 1.0163 [ 1.0154;  1.0173]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1421 [ 0.1414;  0.1427]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1063 [ 0.1062;  0.1064]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.4875 [ 0.4867;  0.4884]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  3.8718 [ 3.8707;  3.8729]        3.5        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0202 [ 0.0201;  0.0203]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0158 [ 0.0158;  0.0158]        0.6        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0150 [ 0.0150;  0.0151]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1837 [ 0.1830;  0.1844]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.7140 [ 1.7127;  1.7153]        0.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0434 [ 0.0432;  0.0436]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1243 [ 0.1242;  0.1244]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 0.6371 [ 0.6349;  0.6394]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 1.6351 [ 1.6333;  1.6368]        0.2        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.2639 [ 1.2634;  1.2644]        2.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6853 [ 1.6848;  1.6858]        3.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  0.9639 [ 0.9629;  0.9649]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.6103 [ 0.6095;  0.6111]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0183 [ 0.0183;  0.0183]        0.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.0037 [ 1.0022;  1.0052]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.5519 [ 0.5516;  0.5522]        0.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.1038 [ 0.1037;  0.1039]        0.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.0884 [ 0.0880;  0.0887]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0272 [ 0.0270;  0.0273]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.1028 [ 0.1022;  0.1033]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.2957 [ 1.2931;  1.2983]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.3372 [ 0.3365;  0.3380]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.3355 [ 0.3344;  0.3366]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6660 [ 0.6625;  0.6696]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.0697 [ 0.0696;  0.0698]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0311 [ 0.0310;  0.0312]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.6984 [ 0.6977;  0.6991]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             2.4379 [ 2.4355;  2.4403]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  2.2095 [ 2.2074;  2.2116]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0423 [ 0.0422;  0.0423]        0.2        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0158 [ 0.0157;  0.0159]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0272 [ 0.0271;  0.0272]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.3332 [ 0.3329;  0.3335]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.2655 [ 1.2643;  1.2666]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            10.1429 [10.1373; 10.1484]        0.9        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 0.8419 [ 0.8412;  0.8426]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.0362 [ 0.0361;  0.0362]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.1250 [ 0.1248;  0.1252]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.0908 [ 0.0905;  0.0912]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.4205 [ 1.4189;  1.4222]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3401 [ 0.3388;  0.3414]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0581 [ 0.0580;  0.0582]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8166 [ 0.8162;  0.8170]        1.0        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   1.8863 [ 1.8856;  1.8869]        2.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  2.3524 [ 2.3508;  2.3540]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.5117 [ 0.5109;  0.5125]        0.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.1917 [ 0.1914;  0.1920]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.4858 [ 0.4856;  0.4861]        0.8        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.1231 [ 0.1227;  0.1234]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5723 [ 2.5717;  2.5729]        5.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0897 [ 0.0893;  0.0900]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          4.4910 [ 4.4902;  4.4919]        7.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES           7.9211 [ 7.9206;  7.9216]       63.3        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.4417 [ 0.4405;  0.4429]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.8366 [ 0.8360;  0.8371]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  4.2944 [4.2941; 4.2946] 55636.38        0
## Random effects model 0.2970 [0.2069; 0.4264]    -6.58 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.2140 [1.8122; 5.7187]; tau = 1.4879 [1.3462; 2.3914]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5444.97
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1897453214.78   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.6324 [7.6319; 7.6329]  24502017.82 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.8601 [0.8598; 0.8604] 150242826.57 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.9290 [3.9283; 3.9297]  15545676.98 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6699 [0.6696; 0.6701]  27464690.33 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.2578 [1.2575; 1.2582]  18217237.30 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.4488 [1.4485; 1.4491]   7395333.57 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.1316 [1.1309; 1.1323]   4146297.98 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1838 [0.1837; 0.1838]  83779536.81 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0272 [0.0270; 0.0273]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.3903 [0.3901; 0.3905]   7666743.77 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0227 [0.0227; 0.0227]   1570697.60 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.3055 [2.3050; 2.3060]  23294204.76 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1080 [0.1079; 0.1081]   1250157.76 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0581 [0.0580; 0.0582]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1532377793.55   13       0
## Within groups   365075421.23   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.5380 [2.7460; 11.1686] 0.2562 0.5062
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1222 [0.0286;  0.5224] 5.4927 2.3437
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.3434 [0.8434;  2.1398] 0.4513 0.6718
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3499 [0.1584;  0.7725] 1.3067 1.1431
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4229 [0.2493;  0.7174] 0.5814 0.7625
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.0166 [0.7852;  1.3162] 0.1216 0.3487
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.2548 [0.3414;  4.6121] 0.8822 0.9392
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1265 [0.0161;  0.9959] 4.4318 2.1052
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0272 [0.0270;  0.0273]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1149 [0.0068;  1.9386] 4.1561 2.0387
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0278 [0.0122;  0.0632] 0.3511 0.5925
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2110 [0.0417;  1.0679] 4.1071 2.0266
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0350 [0.0147;  0.0829] 0.7766 0.8813
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0581 [0.0580;  0.0582]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                         Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   87488.21   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.0272 [ 0.0271;  0.0273]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1302 [ 0.1300;  0.1303]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.6512 [ 0.6507;  0.6518]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 2.1760 [ 2.1744;  2.1777]        0.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0476 [ 0.0474;  0.0478]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 1.0938 [ 1.0927;  1.0948]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1982 [ 0.1974;  0.1990]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1118 [ 0.1118;  0.1119]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.5419 [ 0.5410;  0.5428]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  4.1539 [ 4.1528;  4.1550]        3.3        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0193 [ 0.0192;  0.0194]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0202 [ 0.0202;  0.0202]        0.6        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0150 [ 0.0149;  0.0150]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1533 [ 0.1527;  0.1539]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.8848 [ 1.8834;  1.8861]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0448 [ 0.0447;  0.0450]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1340 [ 0.1339;  0.1342]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 0.7565 [ 0.7540;  0.7589]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 1.8835 [ 1.8816;  1.8854]        0.2        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.2950 [ 1.2946;  1.2955]        1.8        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6790 [ 1.6785;  1.6794]        3.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  1.0152 [ 1.0142;  1.0162]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.6659 [ 0.6651;  0.6668]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0197 [ 0.0197;  0.0197]        0.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.0668 [ 1.0652;  1.0684]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.5614 [ 0.5610;  0.5617]        0.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.0968 [ 0.0967;  0.0969]        0.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.0728 [ 0.0725;  0.0731]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0261 [ 0.0259;  0.0262]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.1504 [ 0.1497;  0.1510]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.5928 [ 1.5899;  1.5957]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.3553 [ 0.3545;  0.3560]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.3776 [ 0.3765;  0.3788]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6946 [ 0.6910;  0.6982]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.0747 [ 0.0746;  0.0748]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0421 [ 0.0420;  0.0423]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.7221 [ 0.7215;  0.7228]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             2.8493 [ 2.8467;  2.8518]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  2.6628 [ 2.6605;  2.6651]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0398 [ 0.0397;  0.0398]        0.2        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0558 [ 0.0557;  0.0560]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0275 [ 0.0274;  0.0275]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.4023 [ 0.4020;  0.4027]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.3129 [ 1.3117;  1.3140]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            11.7963 [11.7902; 11.8024]        0.9        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 0.9553 [ 0.9545;  0.9560]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.0453 [ 0.0453;  0.0454]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.2044 [ 0.2042;  0.2047]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.1135 [ 0.1131;  0.1138]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.5663 [ 1.5645;  1.5680]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3335 [ 0.3322;  0.3348]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0551 [ 0.0550;  0.0552]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8380 [ 0.8375;  0.8384]        0.9        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   1.9664 [ 1.9657;  1.9670]        2.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  2.7401 [ 2.7384;  2.7418]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.5081 [ 0.5073;  0.5089]        0.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.2013 [ 0.2010;  0.2016]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.5087 [ 0.5084;  0.5090]        0.8        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.0958 [ 0.0955;  0.0961]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.6150 [ 2.6144;  2.6156]        4.5        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.1007 [ 0.1004;  0.1011]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.1176 [ 5.1167;  5.1185]        7.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES           9.2026 [ 9.2020;  9.2031]       65.3        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.3638 [ 0.3627;  0.3649]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.3521 [ 0.3517;  0.3524]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.0243 [5.0241; 5.0246] 65592.18        0
## Random effects model 0.3330 [0.2283; 0.4855]    -5.71 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.4074 [1.8765; 5.9757]; tau = 1.5516 [1.3699; 2.4445]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5908.92
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2234581732.27   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.8562 [8.8557; 8.8567]  32916135.44 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.8926 [0.8923; 0.8929] 178240640.75 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.4871 [4.4863; 4.4878]  17341214.90 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7319 [0.7316; 0.7321]  30772569.15 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.3070 [1.3066; 1.3073]  19356305.49 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.4589 [1.4586; 1.4592]   6901479.64 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.2795 [1.2787; 1.2803]   5674568.71 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1724 [0.1724; 0.1725]  88154541.10 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0261 [0.0259; 0.0262]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.4096 [0.4094; 0.4098]   8079936.31 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0232 [0.0232; 0.0232]   1099630.39 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.2947 [2.2942; 2.2952]  25907039.84 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1059 [0.1058; 0.1060]   1437448.83 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0551 [0.0550; 0.0552]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1818700221.72   13       0
## Within groups   415881510.56   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.1828 [2.8356; 13.4810] 0.3164 0.5625
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1281 [0.0242;  0.6780] 7.2292 2.6887
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.5547 [0.9868;  2.4496] 0.4304 0.6560
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4152 [0.1894;  0.9100] 1.2824 1.1324
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4503 [0.2636;  0.7693] 0.5972 0.7728
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.0403 [0.8128;  1.3315] 0.1110 0.3331
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.3622 [0.3207;  5.7863] 1.0892 1.0437
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1347 [0.0177;  1.0234] 4.2811 2.0691
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0261 [0.0259;  0.0262]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1182 [0.0068;  2.0651] 4.2601 2.0640
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0280 [0.0140;  0.0558] 0.2481 0.4981
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2437 [0.0564;  1.0533] 3.3466 1.8294
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0619 [0.0282;  0.1358] 0.6420 0.8012
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0551 [0.0550;  0.0552]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                         Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   82625.28   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.0677 [ 0.0676;  0.0678]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1252 [ 0.1251;  0.1254]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.6366 [ 0.6361;  0.6371]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 2.1089 [ 2.1074;  2.1105]        0.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0535 [ 0.0532;  0.0537]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 0.9712 [ 0.9703;  0.9722]        0.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.2626 [ 0.2617;  0.2635]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1122 [ 0.1121;  0.1123]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.5557 [ 0.5548;  0.5566]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  4.5476 [ 4.5464;  4.5487]        3.3        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0195 [ 0.0194;  0.0196]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0238 [ 0.0238;  0.0238]        0.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0147 [ 0.0147;  0.0148]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1439 [ 0.1433;  0.1445]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.9731 [ 1.9717;  1.9745]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0484 [ 0.0483;  0.0486]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1568 [ 0.1567;  0.1570]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 0.8935 [ 0.8908;  0.8961]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 2.2200 [ 2.2180;  2.2221]        0.2        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.3220 [ 1.3215;  1.3224]        1.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6877 [ 1.6872;  1.6881]        2.8        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  1.0272 [ 1.0262;  1.0283]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.7149 [ 0.7140;  0.7157]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0211 [ 0.0211;  0.0212]        0.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.1315 [ 1.1300;  1.1331]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.5573 [ 0.5569;  0.5576]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.0910 [ 0.0909;  0.0910]        0.2        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.0856 [ 0.0852;  0.0859]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0254 [ 0.0253;  0.0255]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.4524 [ 0.4513;  0.4535]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.7258 [ 1.7228;  1.7288]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.4366 [ 0.4357;  0.4374]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.4294 [ 0.4282;  0.4307]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6676 [ 0.6641;  0.6710]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.0878 [ 0.0877;  0.0879]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0514 [ 0.0512;  0.0515]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.7640 [ 0.7633;  0.7647]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.3486 [ 3.3459;  3.3514]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  2.7479 [ 2.7456;  2.7503]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0364 [ 0.0364;  0.0365]        0.1        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0566 [ 0.0565;  0.0568]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0275 [ 0.0274;  0.0275]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.4448 [ 0.4445;  0.4452]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.3466 [ 1.3455;  1.3478]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            13.2279 [13.2214; 13.2344]        0.9        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.1118 [ 1.1110;  1.1125]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.0930 [ 0.0930;  0.0931]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.4083 [ 0.4079;  0.4087]        0.3        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.1056 [ 0.1052;  0.1060]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.4980 [ 1.4963;  1.4997]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3248 [ 0.3235;  0.3261]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0642 [ 0.0640;  0.0643]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8851 [ 0.8847;  0.8855]        0.9        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   2.0645 [ 2.0638;  2.0652]        1.9        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  3.4050 [ 3.4031;  3.4069]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.5020 [ 0.5012;  0.5028]        0.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.2339 [ 0.2335;  0.2342]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.5326 [ 0.5324;  0.5329]        0.7        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.0939 [ 0.0936;  0.0942]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.4956 [ 2.4950;  2.4961]        4.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0726 [ 0.0723;  0.0729]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.7608 [ 5.7598;  5.7617]        7.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          10.2970 [10.2964; 10.2975]       66.5        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.3608 [ 0.3598;  0.3619]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.0491 [ 0.0490;  0.0493]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.6449 [5.6446; 5.6451] 73972.31        0
## Random effects model 0.3564 [0.2419; 0.5250]    -5.22 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.5391 [1.9112; 6.1269]; tau = 1.5934 [1.3825; 2.4753]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6297.32
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2537997217.08   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 9.9058 [9.9053; 9.9064]  38450605.61 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 1.0740 [1.0736; 1.0744] 197938956.71 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.0676 [5.0669; 5.0684]  19099065.99 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7082 [0.7080; 0.7085]  34331254.58 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.3656 [1.3652; 1.3660]  20997743.55 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.4638 [1.4635; 1.4641]   6776855.64 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.4662 [1.4653; 1.4670]   7813323.91 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1750 [0.1749; 0.1750]  94218049.76 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0254 [0.0253; 0.0255]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.4303 [0.4301; 0.4305]   8485068.19 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0237 [0.0237; 0.0237]    634637.49 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.1041 [2.1037; 2.1046]  25194165.00 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1236 [0.1235; 0.1237]   1207406.76 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0642 [0.0640; 0.0643]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2082850083.88   13       0
## Within groups   455147133.20   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.8430 [3.0720; 15.2430] 0.3340 0.5779
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1086 [0.0169;  0.6966] 8.9927 2.9988
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.7542 [1.1264;  2.7318] 0.4086 0.6392
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4815 [0.2235;  1.0374] 1.2270 1.1077
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4617 [0.2654;  0.8030] 0.6380 0.7988
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.0227 [0.8012;  1.3054] 0.1085 0.3294
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.4601 [0.2870;  7.4289] 1.3780 1.1739
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1455 [0.0195;  1.0886] 4.2167 2.0535
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0254 [0.0253;  0.0255]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1210 [0.0066;  2.2101] 4.3942 2.0962
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0278 [0.0163;  0.0473] 0.1481 0.3848
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3282 [0.1090;  0.9884] 1.8984 1.3778
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0846 [0.0469;  0.1527] 0.3634 0.6028
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0642 [0.0640;  0.0643]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   127148.10   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.1275 [ 0.1273;  0.1277]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1241 [ 0.1240;  0.1243]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.6583 [ 0.6578;  0.6589]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 2.0880 [ 2.0864;  2.0896]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0843 [ 0.0840;  0.0846]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 0.9062 [ 0.9053;  0.9071]        0.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3009 [ 0.3000;  0.3019]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1148 [ 0.1148;  0.1149]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.5224 [ 0.5215;  0.5233]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  4.7693 [ 4.7681;  4.7705]        3.2        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0198 [ 0.0197;  0.0200]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0293 [ 0.0293;  0.0293]        0.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0119 [ 0.0118;  0.0119]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1282 [ 0.1276;  0.1288]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          2.0591 [ 2.0577;  2.0606]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0520 [ 0.0519;  0.0522]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1489 [ 0.1488;  0.1491]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.1053 [ 1.1024;  1.1083]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 2.6654 [ 2.6631;  2.6676]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.3419 [ 1.3415;  1.3424]        1.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6769 [ 1.6765;  1.6774]        2.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  1.0026 [ 1.0016;  1.0036]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.7477 [ 0.7468;  0.7486]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0231 [ 0.0231;  0.0232]        0.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.1919 [ 1.1903;  1.1936]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.5694 [ 0.5691;  0.5698]        0.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.0856 [ 0.0855;  0.0857]        0.2        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.1192 [ 0.1189;  0.1196]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0230 [ 0.0229;  0.0231]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.9078 [ 0.9062;  0.9093]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  2.0008 [ 1.9975;  2.0041]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.4970 [ 0.4962;  0.4979]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.5211 [ 0.5197;  0.5225]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6295 [ 0.6261;  0.6328]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.0978 [ 0.0977;  0.0979]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0369 [ 0.0368;  0.0370]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.7887 [ 0.7880;  0.7894]        0.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.7529 [ 3.7500;  3.7558]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  2.9508 [ 2.9484;  2.9532]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0311 [ 0.0310;  0.0311]        0.1        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0733 [ 0.0732;  0.0735]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0243 [ 0.0242;  0.0243]        0.0        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.4682 [ 0.4678;  0.4685]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.4084 [ 1.4072;  1.4096]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            14.8281 [14.8211; 14.8351]        0.9        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.3080 [ 1.3072;  1.3089]        0.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.1532 [ 0.1531;  0.1533]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.5669 [ 0.5665;  0.5673]        0.3        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.1059 [ 0.1055;  0.1062]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.5627 [ 1.5609;  1.5644]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3402 [ 0.3389;  0.3415]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0655 [ 0.0654;  0.0656]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.9343 [ 0.9339;  0.9348]        0.9        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   2.1655 [ 2.1648;  2.1662]        1.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  3.9049 [ 3.9029;  3.9070]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.5067 [ 0.5059;  0.5075]        0.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.2404 [ 0.2401;  0.2407]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.6236 [ 0.6233;  0.6239]        0.8        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.0915 [ 0.0912;  0.0918]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5773 [ 2.5767;  2.5779]        3.8        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0593 [ 0.0590;  0.0595]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          6.1083 [ 6.1073;  6.1093]        7.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          11.4514 [11.4508; 11.4520]       67.5        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.3376 [ 0.3365;  0.3386]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.0634 [ 0.0633;  0.0636]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  6.2513 [6.2510; 6.2515] 82240.06        0
## Random effects model 0.3841 [0.2583; 0.5714]    -4.72 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.6674 [1.9187; 6.1656]; tau = 1.6332 [1.3852; 2.4831]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6695.71
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2869284786.03   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.0094 [11.0088; 11.0099]  46885844.31 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  1.1832 [ 1.1828;  1.1836] 217633247.51 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  5.3963 [ 5.3955;  5.3971]  18935583.40 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  0.7213 [ 0.7211;  0.7215]  36237051.22 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  1.4283 [ 1.4280;  1.4287]  22421508.04 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  1.4622 [ 1.4619;  1.4625]   6626712.57 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  1.6320 [ 1.6311;  1.6329]   9341458.86 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.1743 [ 0.1742;  0.1744]  99749180.39 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0230 [ 0.0229;  0.0231]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.5202 [ 0.5200;  0.5205]   9276525.80 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.0243 [ 0.0243;  0.0244]    168760.36 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  2.1441 [ 2.1437;  2.1446]  24556919.29 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.1290 [ 0.1289;  0.1291]    904429.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.0655 [ 0.0654;  0.0656]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2376547564.86   13       0
## Within groups   492737221.16   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.3902 [3.1323; 17.4360] 0.3836 0.6194
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1148 [0.0175;  0.7539] 9.2215 3.0367
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.0017 [1.3233;  3.0279] 0.3567 0.5973
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5619 [0.2699;  1.1698] 1.1200 1.0583
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4709 [0.2676;  0.8287] 0.6652 0.8156
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.0099 [0.7938;  1.2847] 0.1056 0.3250
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.5718 [0.2855;  8.6535] 1.5148 1.2308
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1541 [0.0212;  1.1194] 4.0955 2.0237
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0230 [0.0229;  0.0231]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1230 [0.0051;  2.9621] 5.2691 2.2954
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0268 [0.0201;  0.0358] 0.0432 0.2079
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4087 [0.1621;  1.0305] 1.3362 1.1559
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0895 [0.0565;  0.1418] 0.2205 0.4696
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0655 [0.0654;  0.0656]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   150775.29   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.0899 [ 0.0898;  0.0901]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               0.1258 [ 0.1257;  0.1260]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               0.7003 [ 0.6998;  0.7009]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 2.0631 [ 2.0615;  2.0646]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.1204 [ 0.1200;  0.1208]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 0.8770 [ 0.8761;  0.8779]        0.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3650 [ 0.3640;  0.3661]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.1201 [ 0.1201;  0.1202]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.4317 [ 0.4309;  0.4325]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  4.8245 [ 4.8233;  4.8256]        3.2        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.0214 [ 0.0213;  0.0215]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0330 [ 0.0329;  0.0330]        0.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.0146 [ 0.0145;  0.0146]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.1217 [ 0.1211;  0.1223]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          2.0989 [ 2.0974;  2.1003]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.0512 [ 0.0510;  0.0513]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.1647 [ 0.1646;  0.1648]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.2831 [ 1.2799;  1.2862]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 3.0971 [ 3.0947;  3.0996]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  1.3516 [ 1.3511;  1.3521]        1.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 1.6750 [ 1.6746;  1.6755]        2.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  0.9888 [ 0.9878;  0.9898]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 0.8107 [ 0.8098;  0.8117]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0244 [ 0.0244;  0.0245]        0.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 1.2545 [ 1.2528;  1.2562]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   0.5734 [ 0.5731;  0.5737]        0.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   0.0833 [ 0.0832;  0.0833]        0.2        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.3329 [ 0.3323;  0.3335]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0263 [ 0.0262;  0.0265]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.9165 [ 0.9150;  0.9180]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  2.3533 [ 2.3498;  2.3569]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.4987 [ 0.4978;  0.4996]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               0.5957 [ 0.5942;  0.5972]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6434 [ 0.6400;  0.6467]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.1002 [ 0.1001;  0.1003]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0402 [ 0.0401;  0.0403]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             0.8129 [ 0.8122;  0.8136]        0.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.9910 [ 3.9880;  3.9939]        0.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  3.1948 [ 3.1923;  3.1973]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.0328 [ 0.0328;  0.0328]        0.1        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.0703 [ 0.0701;  0.0704]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0299 [ 0.0298;  0.0299]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.5082 [ 0.5079;  0.5086]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                1.4806 [ 1.4794;  1.4819]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            13.9247 [13.9178; 13.9317]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.3918 [ 1.3909;  1.3926]        0.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.2102 [ 0.2101;  0.2103]        0.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.7810 [ 0.7805;  0.7815]        0.5        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.1066 [ 0.1063;  0.1070]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                1.7118 [ 1.7100;  1.7136]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                0.3713 [ 0.3700;  0.3727]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0662 [ 0.0661;  0.0663]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             0.9307 [ 0.9303;  0.9312]        0.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   2.2219 [ 2.2212;  2.2226]        1.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  4.4354 [ 4.4332;  4.4376]        0.8        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             0.5148 [ 0.5141;  0.5156]        0.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.2588 [ 0.2585;  0.2592]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.7063 [ 0.7060;  0.7067]        0.9        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.0909 [ 0.0906;  0.0911]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5175 [ 2.5170;  2.5181]        3.7        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0566 [ 0.0563;  0.0568]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          6.1017 [ 6.1008;  6.1027]        7.2        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          11.6873 [11.6867; 11.6879]       67.4        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 0.3050 [ 0.3040;  0.3059]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.0258 [ 0.0257;  0.0259]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  6.2928 [6.2926; 6.2931] 83704.27        0
## Random effects model 0.4039 [0.2708; 0.6026]    -4.44 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.7063 [1.8873; 6.0213]; tau = 1.6451 [1.3738; 2.4538]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6850.89
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3003817304.32   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.2341 [11.2335; 11.2347]  48859543.91 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  1.0038 [ 1.0034;  1.0041] 201390660.03 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  5.4451 [ 5.4443;  5.4459]  16583184.93 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  0.7371 [ 0.7369;  0.7373]  35675656.15 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  1.4668 [ 1.4665;  1.4672]  23217524.82 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  1.4629 [ 1.4627;  1.4632]   6481036.47 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  1.7326 [ 1.7317;  1.7335]  10039724.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.1682 [ 0.1681;  0.1682]  98898236.56 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0263 [ 0.0262;  0.0265]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.5824 [ 0.5822;  0.5827]  10930833.68 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.0257 [ 0.0257;  0.0257]    181860.89 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  2.0610 [ 2.0606;  2.0614]  22109284.06 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.1321 [ 0.1320;  0.1322]   1295162.86 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.0662 [ 0.0661;  0.0663]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2528154595.57   13       0
## Within groups   475662708.75   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.5090 [3.1551; 17.8712] 0.3914 0.6257
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1064 [0.0170;  0.6641] 8.7294 2.9546
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.2266 [1.5437;  3.2116] 0.2794 0.5286
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6224 [0.3121;  1.2412] 0.9925 0.9962
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4892 [0.2767;  0.8649] 0.6760 0.8222
## Region = Western Europe                        7 1.0141 [0.7999;  1.2857] 0.1026 0.3204
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.6718 [0.3038;  9.2011] 1.5142 1.2305
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1604 [0.0233;  1.1043] 3.8770 1.9690
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0263 [0.0262;  0.0265]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1452 [0.0065;  3.2249] 5.0047 2.2371
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0283 [0.0212;  0.0378] 0.0433 0.2081
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.5067 [0.2356;  1.0897] 0.9159 0.9570
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0858 [0.0479;  0.1535] 0.3529 0.5940
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0662 [0.0661;  0.0663]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   134284.90   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1063 [0.1061; 0.1065]        0.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.5278 [0.5272; 0.5283]        0.7        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.7538 [0.7528; 0.7548]        0.4        1.8                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0007 [0.0007; 0.0008]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                0.9523 [0.9513; 0.9533]        0.7        1.8                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0186 [0.0185; 0.0188]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 1.6387 [1.6380; 1.6395]        3.6        1.8                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.1689 [0.1685; 0.1692]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0536 [0.0535; 0.0537]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0233 [0.0231; 0.0236]        0.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.4263 [0.4256; 0.4269]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.1220 [0.1217; 0.1223]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0305 [0.0305; 0.0306]        0.2        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.1266 [0.1256; 0.1276]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                3.3965 [3.3939; 3.3991]        1.2        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 2.1673 [2.1667; 2.1679]        8.8        1.8                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.5554 [1.5549; 1.5558]        8.3        1.8                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 1.4149 [1.4138; 1.4161]        1.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.4953 [0.4946; 0.4961]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0441 [0.0441; 0.0441]        3.5        1.8                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                1.9534 [1.9512; 1.9556]        0.6        1.8                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  0.9209 [0.9205; 0.9213]        3.6        1.8                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0510 [0.0507; 0.0513]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.0877 [0.0871; 0.0883]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0843 [0.0837; 0.0849]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.1605 [0.1599; 0.1611]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.1282 [0.1276; 0.1289]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             2.3963 [2.3891; 2.4035]        0.1        1.8                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2075 [0.2074; 0.2077]        1.5        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0162 [0.0161; 0.0163]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0120 [0.0118; 0.0121]        0.0        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.3244 [2.3221; 2.3267]        0.7        1.8                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0431 [0.0430; 0.0431]        0.5        1.8                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0255 [0.0254; 0.0256]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0270]        0.2        1.8                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0043 [0.0043; 0.0043]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               1.8127 [1.8114; 1.8140]        1.3        1.8                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2632 [1.2613; 1.2651]        0.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2512 [0.2508; 0.2515]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0137 [0.0137; 0.0138]        0.1        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.2557 [0.2553; 0.2560]        0.4        1.8                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               0.8130 [0.8117; 0.8143]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.0760 [1.0736; 1.0784]        0.1        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645]        0.2        1.8                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055]        1.0        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  2.0490 [2.0484; 2.0497]        6.2        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 2.1903 [2.1887; 2.1919]        1.3        1.8                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.3323 [1.3310; 1.3337]        0.7        1.8                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.0578 [0.0575; 0.0580]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.2052 [0.2050; 0.2053]        0.9        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.2101 [0.2095; 0.2106]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.3586 [1.3581; 1.3591]        5.5        1.8                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.1871 [2.1868; 2.1873]       43.5        1.8                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.0582 [0.0578; 0.0586]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.2297 [0.2294; 0.2300]        0.4        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 56
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.3693 [1.3692; 1.3694] 7418.94        0
## Random effects model 0.2088 [0.1559; 0.2796]  -10.50 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.2456 [1.2763; 3.9522]; tau = 1.1161 [1.1297; 1.9880]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3145.69
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  544245166.16   55       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.1396 [2.1393; 2.1398]  1535997.93 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   9 0.2054 [0.2053; 0.2055]  9246969.51 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.7157 [1.7152; 1.7162]  7664667.23 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3041 [0.3039; 0.3043] 10716904.43 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.5372 [1.5368; 1.5375]  9033186.47 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.7501 [1.7498; 1.7505]  6227429.60 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.5188 [0.5183; 0.5193]   266695.99 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055]        0.00     --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0270]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0440 [0.0440; 0.0440]     1314.98  99.9%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2107 [0.2106; 0.2109]   425970.07 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0436 [0.0435; 0.0436]   526000.68 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 498600029.26   12       0
## Within groups   45645136.90   43       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 1.8932 [1.4267; 2.5121] 0.0417 0.2041
## Region = Central and South America and t ...   9 0.1298 [0.0729; 0.2312] 0.7796 0.8830
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.7075 [0.5034; 0.9946] 0.2414 0.4914
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.0494 [0.0198; 0.1232] 1.7419 1.3198
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 0.7039 [0.4885; 1.0143] 0.2085 0.4566
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.4060 [1.0912; 1.8116] 0.1003 0.3168
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.0794 [0.0019; 3.2509] 7.1735 2.6783
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055]     --     --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0270]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0436 [0.0426; 0.0446] 0.0003 0.0166
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1412 [0.1113; 0.1791] 0.0884 0.2973
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0377 [0.0208; 0.0684] 0.3684 0.6069
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   6007555.70   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.5        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.1721 [0.1719; 0.1723]        0.4        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.7022 [0.7016; 0.7028]        0.9        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                0.9630 [0.9619; 0.9641]        0.5        1.8                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0048 [0.0047; 0.0049]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                1.2113 [1.2103; 1.2124]        0.7        1.8                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0149 [0.0149; 0.0149]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1057 [0.1053; 0.1061]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.1523 [2.1515; 2.1531]        4.1        1.8                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.1928 [0.1924; 0.1931]        0.2        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0553 [0.0552; 0.0554]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.0632 [0.0628; 0.0636]        0.0        1.8                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.5902 [0.5894; 0.5909]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.1724 [0.1721; 0.1728]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.0666 [0.0665; 0.0667]        0.3        1.8                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.1453 [0.1442; 0.1463]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.0030 [4.0002; 4.0058]        1.2        1.8                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 2.5553 [2.5547; 2.5560]        9.0        1.8                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                1.8744 [1.8739; 1.8749]        8.5        1.8                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 1.8254 [1.8241; 1.8267]        1.1        1.8                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.5623 [0.5615; 0.5631]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0531 [0.0530; 0.0531]        3.6        1.8                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                2.6032 [2.6008; 2.6057]        0.7        1.8                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.1183 [1.1179; 1.1188]        3.7        1.8                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0665 [0.0662; 0.0669]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1249 [0.1242; 0.1256]        0.0        1.8                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.1286 [0.1278; 0.1294]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.2201 [0.2194; 0.2208]        0.1        1.8                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.1815 [0.1807; 0.1823]        0.0        1.8                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             2.6071 [2.5997; 2.6145]        0.1        1.8                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2079 [0.2077; 0.2080]        1.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0335 [0.0334; 0.0336]        0.1        1.8                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0279 [0.0276; 0.0281]        0.0        1.8                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.1852 [2.1830; 2.1873]        0.6        1.8                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0910 [0.0909; 0.0911]        0.9        1.8                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0375 [0.0374; 0.0376]        0.1        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0372]        0.2        1.8                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0071 [0.0070; 0.0071]        0.0        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               2.2539 [2.2525; 2.2554]        1.3        1.8                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2524 [1.2505; 1.2543]        0.3        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.4295 [0.4290; 0.4300]        0.5        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0284 [0.0284; 0.0285]        0.2        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3084 [0.3081; 0.3088]        0.5        1.8                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.1281 [1.1266; 1.1296]        0.3        1.8                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.3641 [1.3615; 1.3668]        0.2        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132]        0.3        1.8                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701]        1.3        1.8                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  2.6137 [2.6129; 2.6145]        6.8        1.8                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 2.7350 [2.7332; 2.7368]        1.4        1.8                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.5463 [1.5449; 1.5478]        0.7        1.8                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.1176 [0.1172; 0.1179]        0.1        1.8                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.2955 [0.2953; 0.2957]        1.2        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3381 [0.3374; 0.3387]        0.2        1.8                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.8136 [1.8130; 1.8141]        6.4        1.8                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.2201 [2.2199; 2.2204]       38.1        1.8                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.1756 [0.1748; 0.1763]        0.0        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.2484 [0.2480; 0.2487]        0.4        1.8 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 57
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.4606 [1.4604; 1.4607] 9668.73        0
## Random effects model 0.2979 [0.2233; 0.3976]   -8.23 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.2346 [1.2416; 3.6478]; tau = 1.1111 [1.1143; 1.9099]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3441.39
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  663216284.22   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.2135 [2.2132; 2.2138]    23087.78 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1878 [0.1877; 0.1879] 15387580.19 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.1468 [2.1462; 2.1473]  7515737.61 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3774 [0.3772; 0.3777] 15799897.69 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.9427 [1.9423; 1.9432] 12801029.89 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.0833 [2.0829; 2.0836]  6629979.07 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.6847 [0.6841; 0.6853]   454510.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701]        0.00     --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0372]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0590 [0.0590; 0.0591]  1360946.81 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2904 [0.2902; 0.2906]   520895.36 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1467 [0.1466; 0.1468]  3512657.89 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 599209961.42   12       0
## Within groups   64006322.79   44       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.1860 [2.1205; 2.2535] 0.0005 0.0219
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1349 [0.0725; 0.2513] 1.0058 1.0029
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 0.8870 [0.6538; 1.2033] 0.1937 0.4402
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1064 [0.0432; 0.2619] 1.6912 1.3005
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.0061 [0.6824; 1.4833] 0.2354 0.4852
## Region = Western Europe                        6 1.6805 [1.3241; 2.1330] 0.0888 0.2979
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.1399 [0.0059; 3.3051] 5.2073 2.2820
## Region = Eastern Asia                          1 0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701]     --     --
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0372]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0695 [0.0409; 0.1179] 0.1455 0.3814
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.1958 [0.1568; 0.2446] 0.0773 0.2780
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0922 [0.0356; 0.2389] 0.9445 0.9719
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   9115749.92   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.2832 [0.2829; 0.2835]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              0.8531 [0.8524; 0.8537]        0.9        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.2971 [1.2959; 1.2984]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0057 [0.0056; 0.0058]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                1.7617 [1.7604; 1.7630]        0.9        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0598 [0.0597; 0.0598]        0.6        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1647 [0.1642; 0.1652]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.5654 [2.5645; 2.5663]        4.3        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2310 [0.2307; 0.2314]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]        0.0        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0525 [0.0524; 0.0526]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.1874 [0.1868; 0.1881]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7723 [0.7714; 0.7731]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.2196 [0.2193; 0.2200]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1329 [0.1327; 0.1330]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.1949 [0.1936; 0.1961]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.4528 [4.4499; 4.4558]        1.2        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 2.9223 [2.9216; 2.9230]        9.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.1889 [2.1883; 2.1894]        8.7        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.0220 [2.0206; 2.0234]        1.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.6597 [0.6589; 0.6605]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0606 [0.0605; 0.0606]        3.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                3.0900 [3.0873; 3.0926]        0.7        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.3033 [1.3028; 1.3037]        3.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1340 [0.1339; 0.1341]        0.8        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0748 [0.0744; 0.0751]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1322 [0.1315; 0.1329]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0932 [0.0925; 0.0939]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.2822 [0.2814; 0.2830]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.2761 [0.2751; 0.2770]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             2.8977 [2.8900; 2.9055]        0.1        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2123 [0.2122; 0.2124]        1.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0373]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0433 [0.0429; 0.0436]        0.0        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.1474 [2.1452; 2.1495]        0.5        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1127 [0.1127; 0.1128]        1.0        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0528 [0.0527; 0.0530]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0396 [0.0395; 0.0397]        0.2        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0090 [0.0089; 0.0090]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               2.6513 [2.6496; 2.6529]        1.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2272 [1.2253; 1.2291]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.3411 [0.3407; 0.3415]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0725 [0.0724; 0.0725]        0.5        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3637 [0.3633; 0.3641]        0.5        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.4980 [1.4963; 1.4997]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.6411 [1.6382; 1.6440]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371]        0.3        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.5801 [0.5797; 0.5804]        1.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  3.0765 [3.0757; 3.0773]        7.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.0492 [3.0473; 3.0510]        1.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.8991 [1.8975; 1.9007]        0.7        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.0669 [0.0668; 0.0670]        0.2        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.1599 [0.1595; 0.1603]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.3880 [0.3878; 0.3883]        1.4        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6148 [0.6140; 0.6157]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.3866 [2.3860; 2.3873]        7.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.1808 [2.1805; 2.1811]       33.1        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.3082 [0.3073; 0.3092]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.2893 [0.2890; 0.2896]        0.4        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.4998 [1.4997; 1.4999] 11053.78        0
## Random effects model 0.3117 [0.2336; 0.4158]    -7.93 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.2975 [1.2802; 3.5669]; tau = 1.1391 [1.1315; 1.8886]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3745.29
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  827603287.42   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.2219 [2.2217; 2.2222]   746916.15 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1958 [0.1957; 0.1959] 15110283.34 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.6183 [2.6177; 2.6188]  6506270.94 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3797 [0.3795; 0.3799] 20664536.04 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.2675 [2.2670; 2.2679] 15896797.72 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.4238 [2.4235; 2.4242]  5632704.75 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.8282 [0.8276; 0.8289]   607742.82 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.3322 [0.3320; 0.3323]  9759332.54 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0528 [0.0527; 0.0528]   204889.73 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0691 [0.0691; 0.0692]  2244377.16 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3881 [0.3879; 0.3883]  1178972.07 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2047 [0.2045; 0.2048]  3543122.42 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 745507341.75   12       0
## Within groups   82095945.67   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.3653 [2.0172; 2.7734] 0.0132 0.1148
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.1881 [0.1118; 0.3164] 0.7042 0.8392
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.0095 [0.7752; 1.3145] 0.1452 0.3811
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1414 [0.0577; 0.3464] 1.6734 1.2936
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.3700 [0.9183; 2.0439] 0.2500 0.5000
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.0777 [1.7002; 2.5390] 0.0628 0.2506
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.1921 [0.0103; 3.5687] 4.4450 2.1083
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0133 [0.0038; 0.0469] 1.2367 1.1121
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0515 [0.0308; 0.0861] 0.1377 0.3711
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0826 [0.0450; 0.1519] 0.1930 0.4393
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.2496 [0.1878; 0.3318] 0.1264 0.3556
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1297 [0.0604; 0.2788] 0.6096 0.7808
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                        Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2333.16   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.4871 [0.4868; 0.4875]        0.8        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.0422 [1.0415; 1.0429]        1.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.6069 [1.6055; 1.6083]        0.6        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0049 [0.0049; 0.0050]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.1459 [2.1444; 2.1473]        1.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0047 [0.0046; 0.0048]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0849 [0.0848; 0.0849]        0.7        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.2681 [0.2675; 0.2687]        0.1        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 2.8489 [2.8480; 2.8498]        4.1        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2907 [0.2903; 0.2912]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006]        0.0        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0601 [0.0600; 0.0602]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.2490 [0.2483; 0.2498]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.0325 [1.0315; 1.0335]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.2650 [0.2645; 0.2654]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.2101 [0.2100; 0.2103]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2309 [0.2295; 0.2322]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.7455 [4.7425; 4.7485]        1.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.1118 [3.1111; 3.1125]        8.2        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.3903 [2.3897; 2.3909]        8.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.1845 [2.1831; 2.1860]        1.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.7808 [0.7799; 0.7817]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0673 [0.0672; 0.0673]        3.5        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                3.7947 [3.7917; 3.7976]        0.7        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.4936 [1.4931; 1.4942]        3.7        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.9483 [0.9481; 0.9486]        5.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.0969 [0.0965; 0.0972]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097]        0.0        1.6                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1977 [0.1969; 0.1985]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0698 [0.0692; 0.0703]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.4274 [0.4265; 0.4283]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.4855 [0.4842; 0.4868]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.0533 [3.0455; 3.0612]        0.1        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.1896 [0.1894; 0.1897]        0.9        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0429 [0.0428; 0.0430]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            1.8776 [1.8765; 1.8787]        1.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0559 [0.0555; 0.0562]        0.0        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.4446 [2.4424; 2.4469]        0.5        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1482 [0.1481; 0.1483]        1.1        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0621 [0.0619; 0.0622]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0455 [0.0455; 0.0456]        0.2        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0169 [0.0169; 0.0170]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               2.7607 [2.7590; 2.7623]        1.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2731 [1.2712; 1.2750]        0.2        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3145]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.1415 [0.1414; 0.1416]        0.8        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4245 [0.4241; 0.4249]        0.5        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0287 [0.0285; 0.0289]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.0042 [2.0022; 2.0062]        0.5        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.8618 [1.8587; 1.8649]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592]        0.3        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6952 [0.6948; 0.6956]        1.4        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  3.5436 [3.5427; 3.5445]        6.9        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2395 [3.2376; 3.2413]        1.3        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.1983 [2.1966; 2.2000]        0.7        1.6                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.1031 [0.1030; 0.1033]        0.3        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.1955 [0.1950; 0.1959]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.5242 [0.5240; 0.5245]        1.6        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6845 [0.6836; 0.6854]        0.3        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.9403 [2.9396; 2.9409]        7.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.1866 [2.1863; 2.1868]       28.3        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.3948 [0.3937; 0.3959]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.3710 [0.3706; 0.3713]        0.4        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.5664 [1.5663; 1.5665] 13307.14        0
## Random effects model 0.3546 [0.2720; 0.4623]    -7.66 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1715 [1.2291; 3.2801]; tau = 1.0824 [1.1087; 1.8111]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3807.60
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  913361648.43   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.2608 [2.2606; 2.2611]  2198773.01 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2390 [0.2390; 0.2391] 19435163.65 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.0866 [3.0860; 3.0872]  5817963.39 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4525 [0.4523; 0.4527] 25771185.22 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 2.5580 [2.5576; 2.5585] 20575019.80 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.5736 [2.5732; 2.5740]  5678033.59 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0110 [1.0103; 1.0117]   763923.00 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.8538 [0.8536; 0.8541] 16206503.66 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0753 [0.0752; 0.0754]   653532.18 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0816 [0.0816; 0.0816]  4682244.42 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4970 [0.4968; 0.4972]  1315843.83 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2965 [0.2963; 0.2966]  4690223.83 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 805573238.86   13       0
## Within groups  107788409.57   50       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.4959 [1.9258; 3.2347] 0.0350 0.1871
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2303 [0.1360; 0.3899] 0.7213 0.8493
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.1601 [0.9184; 1.4654] 0.1137 0.3372
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1887 [0.0800; 0.4450] 1.5324 1.2379
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.4602 [0.3172; 0.6677] 0.2883 0.5370
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.2830 [1.9361; 2.6920] 0.0495 0.2225
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.2413 [0.0137; 4.2460] 4.2818 2.0692
## Region = Eastern Asia                          3 0.0719 [0.0261; 0.1982] 0.8040 0.8967
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0685 [0.0308; 0.1527] 0.3340 0.5780
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0999 [0.0460; 0.2166] 0.3121 0.5586
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3281 [0.2513; 0.4282] 0.1109 0.3330
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1725 [0.0830; 0.3585] 0.5577 0.7468
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   449063.97   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.6692 [0.6688; 0.6696]        1.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.1969 [1.1962; 1.1977]        1.0        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                1.9266 [1.9250; 1.9281]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0061 [0.0060; 0.0062]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.2474 [2.2459; 2.2489]        0.9        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0084 [0.0082; 0.0085]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1127 [0.1126; 0.1128]        0.8        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0647 [0.0644; 0.0650]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.1446 [3.1436; 3.1456]        4.0        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.3808 [0.3804; 0.3813]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0017 [0.0017; 0.0017]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0711 [0.0710; 0.0712]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.3248 [0.3239; 0.3257]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.1044 [1.1034; 1.1055]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3125 [0.3120; 0.3129]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.3476 [0.3474; 0.3478]        1.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2598 [0.2584; 0.2613]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.0579 [5.0548; 5.0610]        1.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.4227 [3.4219; 3.4234]        8.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.6294 [2.6288; 2.6300]        7.8        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.1222 [2.1208; 2.1237]        0.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.9178 [0.9168; 0.9188]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0698 [0.0698; 0.0699]        3.2        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                4.8273 [4.8240; 4.8306]        0.8        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.6178 [1.6172; 1.6183]        3.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  1.6550 [1.6546; 1.6554]        7.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1713 [0.1709; 0.1718]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.3129 [0.3119; 0.3139]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0739 [0.0733; 0.0745]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.4941 [0.4931; 0.4951]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.5840 [0.5826; 0.5855]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3108 [3.3027; 3.3189]        0.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.1834 [0.1833; 0.1835]        0.8        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0481 [0.0479; 0.0482]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.1870 [2.1858; 2.1881]        1.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0606 [0.0602; 0.0610]        0.0        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.6430 [2.6406; 2.6454]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1655 [0.1654; 0.1656]        1.1        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0764 [0.0762; 0.0766]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0513 [0.0512; 0.0513]        0.2        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0124 [0.0124; 0.0125]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.1609 [3.1591; 3.1627]        1.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2744 [1.2724; 1.2763]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2308 [0.2305; 0.2312]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.2983 [0.2982; 0.2985]        1.6        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.6099 [0.6094; 0.6103]        0.7        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0514 [0.0512; 0.0517]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.1634 [2.1614; 2.1655]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.0907 [2.0875; 2.0940]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849]        0.4        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.0076 [1.0072; 1.0081]        1.9        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  3.9095 [3.9085; 3.9104]        6.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2022 [3.2003; 3.2040]        1.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.4428 [2.4410; 2.4445]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.0082 [0.0082; 0.0083]        0.0        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.1173 [0.1172; 0.1175]        0.3        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.2953 [0.2948; 0.2959]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                0.7695 [0.7692; 0.7699]        2.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.2766 [0.2760; 0.2772]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.4816 [3.4808; 3.4823]        8.2        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.0969 [2.0967; 2.0972]       24.2        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.6758 [0.6743; 0.6772]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.4633 [0.4629; 0.4637]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.6762 [1.6761; 1.6763] 16299.08        0
## Random effects model 0.3943 [0.3052; 0.5095]    -7.12 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1102 [1.2216; 3.2212]; tau = 1.0537 [1.1053; 1.7948]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3953.76
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1000461830.41   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.2220 [2.2217; 2.2222]  5644374.52 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2948 [0.2948; 0.2949] 25414502.83 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.5544 [3.5538; 3.5551]  6403590.09 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5198 [0.5196; 0.5200] 21741294.72 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 2.7975 [2.7970; 2.7980] 24509070.32 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.8386 [2.8382; 2.8390]  5721498.51 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.1625 [1.1618; 1.1632]   871567.40 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 1.4099 [1.4097; 1.4102] 45374333.24 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0853 [0.0852; 0.0854]   767198.47 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0874 [0.0873; 0.0874]  6239538.17 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.6743 [0.6740; 0.6745]  2437697.91 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3833 [0.3832; 0.3835]  3606048.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 851731115.82   13       0
## Within groups  148730714.58   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.5679 [1.7263; 3.8197] 0.0821 0.2865
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2853 [0.1657; 0.4910] 0.7678 0.8763
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.2983 [1.0287; 1.6384] 0.1128 0.3358
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1713 [0.0826; 0.3554] 1.1091 1.0531
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.5776 [0.3913; 0.8527] 0.3159 0.5621
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.5438 [2.1748; 2.9754] 0.0448 0.2116
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.2693 [0.0145; 5.0114] 4.4501 2.1095
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.0699 [0.0215; 0.2272] 1.4464 1.2027
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0776 [0.0345; 0.1746] 0.3427 0.5854
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1075 [0.0462; 0.2504] 0.3722 0.6101
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3885 [0.2792; 0.5407] 0.1706 0.4131
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2276 [0.1310; 0.3953] 0.3176 0.5636
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   588727.22   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.8307 [0.8302; 0.8311]        1.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              3.1224 [3.1212; 3.1236]        2.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.1375 [2.1358; 2.1391]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0123 [0.0122; 0.0124]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.0611 [2.0597; 2.0625]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0126 [0.0124; 0.0128]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1486 [0.1485; 0.1487]        0.9        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.0809 [0.0806; 0.0813]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 3.7305 [3.7294; 3.7315]        4.1        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.4682 [0.4676; 0.4687]        0.3        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0024 [0.0024; 0.0024]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0892 [0.0891; 0.0893]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.3720 [0.3710; 0.3730]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.3551 [1.3539; 1.3562]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3316 [0.3311; 0.3320]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.4690 [0.4688; 0.4693]        1.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.3397 [0.3381; 0.3414]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.3754 [5.3721; 5.3786]        0.9        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.6856 [3.6849; 3.6864]        7.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.8213 [2.8207; 2.8219]        7.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.3245 [2.3230; 2.3260]        0.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.0685 [1.0674; 1.0696]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0717 [0.0717; 0.0718]        2.9        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                6.0138 [6.0100; 6.0175]        0.9        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.7605 [1.7600; 1.7611]        3.3        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  2.1922 [2.1917; 2.1926]        8.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.3112 [0.3106; 0.3118]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0286 [0.0284; 0.0287]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.6898 [0.6884; 0.6913]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0938 [0.0931; 0.0945]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.5122 [0.5112; 0.5131]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.7074 [0.7058; 0.7089]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3751 [3.3670; 3.3832]        0.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.1822 [0.1821; 0.1823]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0512 [0.0510; 0.0513]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.4227 [2.4214; 2.4239]        1.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0756 [0.0752; 0.0760]        0.0        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.7219 [2.7196; 2.7243]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1842 [0.1841; 0.1843]        1.1        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0920 [0.0918; 0.0922]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0583 [0.0583; 0.0584]        0.2        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0159 [0.0159; 0.0160]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.1361 [3.1343; 3.1379]        1.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2648 [1.2629; 1.2668]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1968 [0.1965; 0.1972]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.6995 [0.6993; 0.6997]        3.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.9389 [0.9383; 0.9395]        0.9        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.1583 [0.1578; 0.1587]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.2623 [2.2602; 2.2644]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.2580 [2.2546; 2.2614]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.1367 [1.1362; 1.1372]        1.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.2439 [4.2429; 4.2448]        6.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2839 [3.2820; 3.2858]        1.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.6708 [2.6689; 2.6726]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.0939 [0.0937; 0.0941]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.1231 [0.1230; 0.1233]        0.3        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.3557 [0.3552; 0.3563]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.0282 [1.0278; 1.0286]        2.4        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.4835 [0.4828; 0.4843]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.2010 [4.2002; 4.2019]        8.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.2311 [2.2308; 2.2313]       22.1        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.7672 [0.7657; 0.7688]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.6107 [0.6102; 0.6111]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.8841 [1.8840; 1.8842] 21624.21        0
## Random effects model 0.5042 [0.3934; 0.6462]    -5.41 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0417 [1.1631; 3.0301]; tau = 1.0207 [1.0785; 1.7407]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4163.34
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1109335495.37   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.4188 [2.4186; 2.4191] 10711405.87 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3532 [0.3531; 0.3533] 31126765.26 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.1760 [4.1753; 4.1767]  8114577.22 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.8002 [0.7999; 0.8004] 15403456.19 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 2.9893 [2.9888; 2.9898] 27978586.73 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.0454 [3.0449; 3.0458]  6660558.83 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 3.0685 [3.0673; 3.0696]  1719042.83 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 1.8043 [1.8040; 1.8046] 68292960.79 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0286 [0.0284; 0.0287]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0908 [0.0908; 0.0909]   696449.66 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0932 [0.0931; 0.0932]  8272656.43 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9281 [0.9279; 0.9284]  2616505.68 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4780 [0.4778; 0.4781]  3799056.18 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 923943473.69   13       0
## Within groups  185392021.68   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.8849 [1.7432;  4.7745] 0.1321 0.3635
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3334 [0.1927;  0.5769] 0.7825 0.8846
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.5123 [1.1803;  1.9378] 0.1279 0.3577
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2275 [0.1323;  0.3912] 0.6122 0.7824
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.7412 [0.4963;  1.1069] 0.3350 0.5788
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.6828 [2.2788;  3.1586] 0.0486 0.2204
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.4858 [0.0127; 18.6292] 6.9238 2.6313
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1533 [0.0413;  0.5690] 1.7904 1.3381
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0286 [0.0284;  0.0287]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.0848 [0.0408;  0.1762] 0.2789 0.5281
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1150 [0.0456;  0.2897] 0.4447 0.6668
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.6096 [0.4629;  0.8028] 0.1184 0.3441
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2689 [0.1611;  0.4489] 0.2735 0.5230
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1957 [0.1955;  0.1959]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   630303.81   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.8746 [0.8741; 0.8750]        0.9        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.9517 [0.9512; 0.9522]        1.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              5.4618 [5.4602; 5.4633]        3.5        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.3277 [2.3261; 2.3294]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0146 [0.0145; 0.0147]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.0963 [2.0949; 2.0978]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0180 [0.0177; 0.0182]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1909 [0.1908; 0.1910]        1.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1039 [0.1035; 0.1043]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 4.2330 [4.2318; 4.2341]        4.1        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.5657 [0.5651; 0.5663]        0.3        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0026 [0.0026; 0.0026]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1081 [0.1080; 0.1083]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.4368 [0.4358; 0.4379]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.5417 [1.5405; 1.5430]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3778 [0.3774; 0.3783]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.6020 [0.6018; 0.6023]        1.5        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.4430 [0.4412; 0.4449]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.9036 [4.9005; 4.9067]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.0148 [4.0140; 4.0156]        7.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.0256 [3.0250; 3.0263]        6.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.3194 [2.3179; 2.3209]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.1791 [1.1780; 1.1803]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0766 [0.0766; 0.0766]        2.7        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                6.5956 [6.5917; 6.5995]        0.8        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.9060 [1.9054; 1.9065]        3.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  2.7970 [2.7965; 2.7974]        9.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.4901 [0.4893; 0.4909]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0399 [0.0398; 0.0401]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.5753 [0.5740; 0.5766]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.1005 [0.0998; 0.1013]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.5807 [0.5797; 0.5817]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.8691 [0.8674; 0.8709]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.5380 [3.5298; 3.5462]        0.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2060 [0.2059; 0.2062]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0550]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.6728 [2.6715; 2.6741]        1.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0869 [0.0864; 0.0873]        0.0        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 2.8620 [2.8596; 2.8645]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2062 [0.2061; 0.2063]        1.1        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0678 [0.0678; 0.0679]        0.2        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0388 [0.0387; 0.0389]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.6144 [3.6125; 3.6163]        1.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.2472 [1.2452; 1.2491]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1747 [0.1744; 0.1750]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.9011 [0.9009; 0.9014]        3.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.2680 [1.2673; 1.2687]        1.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.3061 [0.3055; 0.3067]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.3157 [2.3136; 2.3179]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.6181 [2.6145; 2.6218]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.2171 [1.2166; 1.2176]        1.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.4807 [4.4797; 4.4817]        5.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2563 [3.2544; 3.2582]        0.9        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.9188 [2.9169; 2.9207]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.1689 [0.1687; 0.1692]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.1475 [0.1474; 0.1477]        0.3        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.3975 [0.3969; 0.3982]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.5190 [1.5185; 1.5194]        3.2        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7207 [0.7198; 0.7216]        0.2        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.0509 [5.0500; 5.0518]        9.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.3340 [2.3338; 2.3343]       20.2        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.9316 [0.9299; 0.9333]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.7561 [0.7556; 0.7566]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.1325 [2.1324; 2.1327] 27754.66        0
## Random effects model 0.5987 [0.4682; 0.7654]    -4.09 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0216 [1.1325; 2.9345]; tau = 1.0107 [1.0642; 1.7130]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4441.49
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1262517087.33   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.5807 [2.5804; 2.5809] 16243650.56 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4113 [0.4112; 0.4114] 34727583.30 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.8073 [4.8065; 4.8080]  9689188.04 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.9599 [0.9596; 0.9601] 16775840.94 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.1679 [3.1674; 3.1684] 29961138.78 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.2955 [3.2950; 3.2959]  7825704.39 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 5.3928 [5.3912; 5.3943]  2477763.94 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 2.2796 [2.2793; 2.2800] 84529640.98 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0399 [0.0398; 0.0401]        0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1079 [0.1078; 0.1080]   897197.16 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1020 [0.1019; 0.1020] 10253819.46 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.3338 [1.3334; 1.3341]  4746950.32 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.6441 [0.6439; 0.6443]  5783925.88 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1038604683.59   13       0
## Within groups   223912403.75   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.1432 [1.7539;  5.6329] 0.1772 0.4209
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3891 [0.2292;  0.6606] 0.7295 0.8541
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.6646 [1.2769;  2.1701] 0.1464 0.3826
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2811 [0.1648;  0.4796] 0.5944 0.7710
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.9052 [0.6077;  1.3483] 0.3306 0.5750
## Region = Western Europe                        7 2.8782 [2.4286;  3.4110] 0.0526 0.2293
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.6889 [0.0119; 39.8600] 8.5739 2.9281
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1959 [0.0497;  0.7720] 1.9583 1.3994
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0399 [0.0398;  0.0401]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1000 [0.0467;  0.2142] 0.3017 0.5493
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1257 [0.0476;  0.3316] 0.4900 0.7000
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.7812 [0.5708;  1.0691] 0.1537 0.3921
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3273 [0.1896;  0.5651] 0.3105 0.5572
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2145 [0.2143;  0.2147]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   675004.03   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                1.0163 [1.0158; 1.0168]        1.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              1.1057 [1.1052; 1.1062]        1.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              6.8676 [6.8659; 6.8693]        4.1        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.4571 [2.4554; 2.4588]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0133 [0.0132; 0.0134]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.3686 [2.3671; 2.3700]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0204 [0.0202; 0.0207]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.2552 [0.2551; 0.2553]        1.3        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1449 [0.1444; 0.1453]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 4.8298 [4.8286; 4.8310]        4.3        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.6778 [0.6772; 0.6785]        0.3        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0034 [0.0034; 0.0034]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1500 [0.1498; 0.1502]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.5667 [0.5655; 0.5679]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.0048 [2.0034; 2.0062]        0.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.4372 [0.4367; 0.4377]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.8155 [0.8152; 0.8158]        1.9        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.6044 [0.6022; 0.6066]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.7511 [4.7480; 4.7541]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.2238 [4.2230; 4.2247]        6.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.2835 [3.2828; 3.2841]        6.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.3751 [2.3736; 2.3766]        0.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.1061 [1.1050; 1.1072]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0808 [0.0808; 0.0808]        2.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                8.2475 [8.2432; 8.2519]        0.9        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.9980 [1.9974; 1.9986]        3.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  3.0553 [3.0548; 3.0558]        9.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.5068 [0.5060; 0.5075]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0641 [0.0639; 0.0643]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.6329 [0.6316; 0.6342]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.0874 [0.0867; 0.0881]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.6932 [0.6922; 0.6943]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.9057 [0.9039; 0.9075]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.4906 [3.4825; 3.4986]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2250 [0.2249; 0.2252]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0612 [0.0611; 0.0613]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.8345 [2.8332; 2.8359]        1.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1006]        0.0        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.0177 [3.0153; 3.0202]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2419 [0.2418; 0.2420]        1.2        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1435 [0.1433; 0.1437]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0782]        0.2        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.0669 [0.0667; 0.0670]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.7551 [3.7532; 3.7571]        1.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.1861 [1.1842; 1.1881]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1684 [0.1681; 0.1687]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.7960 [0.7958; 0.7963]        2.8        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.0275 [1.0269; 1.0281]        0.8        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.6683 [0.6674; 0.6692]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.5507 [2.5485; 2.5529]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.9286 [2.9248; 2.9325]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.3430 [1.3425; 1.3435]        1.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.4954 [4.4944; 4.4964]        5.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2796 [3.2777; 3.2815]        0.8        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            3.2163 [3.2143; 3.2183]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.2086 [0.2083; 0.2089]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.1601 [0.1599; 0.1602]        0.3        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.4702 [0.4696; 0.4709]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.0758 [2.0753; 2.0763]        4.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.9940 [0.9929; 0.9951]        0.2        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.8870 [5.8860; 5.8879]        9.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.4324 [2.4321; 2.4326]       19.3        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.1259 [1.1241; 1.1278]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.7361 [0.7356; 0.7366]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.3234 [2.3233; 2.3235] 32424.33       0
## Random effects model 0.6843 [0.5331; 0.8783]    -2.98  0.0029
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0543 [1.1237; 2.8903]; tau = 1.0268 [1.0600; 1.7001]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4743.32
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1439939034.97   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.7564 [2.7561; 2.7566]  24452429.19 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4609 [0.4607; 0.4610]  35451580.52 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.5532 [5.5524; 5.5540]  13999343.22 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.9263 [0.9261; 0.9266]  23034030.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.1895 [3.1890; 3.1900]  28456519.38 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.5193 [3.5188; 3.5197]   7219721.84 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 6.7867 [6.7850; 6.7884]   3008527.49 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 2.4581 [2.4577; 2.4585] 102850269.35 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0641 [0.0639; 0.0643]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1184 [0.1183; 0.1185]    868951.56 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1139 [0.1138; 0.1139]  14560800.37 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.6926 [1.6923; 1.6930]  11068535.09 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.8188 [0.8186; 0.8191]   6492242.32 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1168476084.05   13       0
## Within groups   271462950.92   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.4275 [1.7500;  6.7130] 0.2353 0.4850
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4571 [0.2791;  0.7486] 0.6334 0.7958
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.7980 [1.3256;  2.4388] 0.1935 0.4399
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3154 [0.1734;  0.5735] 0.7446 0.8629
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.0774 [0.7377;  1.5734] 0.2987 0.5465
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.0697 [2.6234;  3.5919] 0.0450 0.2121
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.8293 [0.0132; 52.2592] 8.9383 2.9897
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2326 [0.0559;  0.9683] 2.1177 1.4552
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0641 [0.0639;  0.0643]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1118 [0.0554;  0.2259] 0.2573 0.5072
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1398 [0.0477;  0.4095] 0.6015 0.7756
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.8822 [0.5519;  1.4102] 0.3437 0.5862
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3930 [0.2340;  0.6600] 0.2800 0.5291
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2358 [0.2356;  0.2360]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   644104.23   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                1.3989 [1.3983; 1.3995]        1.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              1.1449 [1.1443; 1.1454]        1.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              8.0026 [8.0007; 8.0044]        4.4        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.4469 [3.4449; 3.4489]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0210 [0.0209; 0.0212]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                3.6912 [3.6894; 3.6931]        1.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0389 [0.0386; 0.0393]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.3278 [0.3277; 0.3280]        1.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.4235 [0.4227; 0.4243]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 5.4479 [5.4466; 5.4491]        4.5        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.7712 [0.7705; 0.7719]        0.3        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0048 [0.0048; 0.0048]        0.2        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1520 [0.1518; 0.1521]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.9388 [0.9372; 0.9403]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.9635 [2.9618; 2.9652]        0.7        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.4496 [0.4491; 0.4501]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  1.1842 [1.1839; 1.1846]        2.5        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.8538 [0.8512; 0.8564]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.9233 [4.9203; 4.9264]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.3282 [4.3274; 4.3290]        6.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.5834 [3.5827; 3.5840]        6.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.9066 [2.9049; 2.9083]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.1861 [1.1849; 1.1872]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0826 [0.0826; 0.0827]        2.5        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                8.8947 [8.8902; 8.8992]        0.9        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.0556 [2.0550; 2.0562]        2.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  3.3683 [3.3678; 3.3688]        9.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.8144 [0.8134; 0.8153]        0.2        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0473 [0.0471; 0.0474]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.8609 [0.8594; 0.8624]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.1269 [0.1260; 0.1277]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.8859 [0.8847; 0.8870]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              1.2196 [1.2174; 1.2217]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.6592 [3.6511; 3.6674]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2381 [0.2379; 0.2382]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0617 [0.0615; 0.0618]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            3.0032 [3.0018; 3.0045]        1.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1140 [0.1135; 0.1145]        0.0        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.1358 [3.1333; 3.1384]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2771 [0.2770; 0.2773]        1.3        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1565 [0.1563; 0.1567]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0931 [0.0930; 0.0932]        0.2        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.3348 [0.3345; 0.3352]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.5745 [3.5725; 3.5764]        0.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.1569 [1.1550; 1.1589]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.1887 [0.1883; 0.1890]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.1847 [0.1846; 0.1849]        0.6        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.8962 [0.8957; 0.8968]        0.7        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 1.0159 [1.0148; 1.0170]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.5712 [3.5686; 3.5739]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               3.3094 [3.3053; 3.3135]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.5523 [1.5517; 1.5529]        1.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.7605 [4.7595; 4.7615]        5.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2710 [3.2692; 3.2729]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            3.4599 [3.4578; 3.4619]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.2559 [0.2555; 0.2562]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.1710 [0.1709; 0.1712]        0.3        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.5303 [0.5296; 0.5310]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.5278 [2.5272; 2.5284]        4.6        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7037 [0.7028; 0.7046]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         6.7927 [6.7917; 6.7938]       10.2        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.4771 [2.4768; 2.4773]       18.2        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.1942 [1.1923; 1.1961]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.5555 [0.5550; 0.5559]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.5771 [2.5770; 2.5773] 37946.55       0
## Random effects model 0.8006 [0.6206; 1.0328]    -1.71  0.0870
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0978 [1.1543; 2.9411]; tau = 1.0477 [1.0744; 1.7150]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5050.88
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1632730148.26   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 2.8966 [2.8963; 2.8969]  36042624.04 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4771 [0.4770; 0.4772]  31972062.34 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 6.3006 [6.2998; 6.3015]  17829890.73 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.9297 [0.9295; 0.9300]  64190322.55 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.3399 [3.3394; 3.3404]  29127522.72 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.8010 [3.8005; 3.8014]   3345905.84 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 7.9103 [7.9085; 7.9121]   3496443.04 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 2.6703 [2.6699; 2.6707] 128046083.35 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0473 [0.0471; 0.0474]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1301 [0.1300; 0.1302]    716809.15 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1247 [0.1247; 0.1248]  19916478.76 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.0184 [2.0180; 2.0188]  18122311.48 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 1.1724 [1.1721; 1.1727]   8891027.38 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1271032666.89   13       0
## Within groups   361697481.37   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.6735 [1.6968;  7.9528] 0.3106 0.5573
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4734 [0.3006;  0.7454] 0.5366 0.7325
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.1168 [1.5180;  2.9519] 0.2303 0.4799
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4359 [0.1627;  1.1677] 2.0222 1.4220
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.3711 [0.9469;  1.9852] 0.2853 0.5342
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.5777 [3.2343;  3.9576] 0.0186 0.1362
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 0.9551 [0.0148; 61.5841] 9.0376 3.0063
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2829 [0.0650;  1.2319] 2.2534 1.5011
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0473 [0.0471;  0.0474]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1262 [0.0696;  0.2290] 0.1848 0.4299
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1513 [0.0462;  0.4954] 0.7322 0.8557
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9983 [0.5525;  1.8040] 0.5468 0.7395
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4825 [0.2877;  0.8089] 0.2782 0.5274
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2596 [0.2594;  0.2599]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   847720.12   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                2.9210 [2.9202; 2.9219]        2.5        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              1.2095 [1.2090; 1.2101]        1.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              8.6417 [8.6397; 8.6436]        4.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.6534 [3.6513; 3.6555]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0391 [0.0389; 0.0393]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                4.3393 [4.3373; 4.3413]        1.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0747 [0.0742; 0.0752]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.4008 [0.4007; 0.4010]        1.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.6955 [0.6945; 0.6965]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 6.0241 [6.0228; 6.0254]        4.5        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.8596 [0.8589; 0.8603]        0.3        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0065 [0.0065; 0.0066]        0.2        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1610 [0.1608; 0.1612]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                1.1064 [1.1047; 1.1081]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         3.5544 [3.5525; 3.5563]        0.8        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.4751 [0.4746; 0.4757]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  1.9074 [1.9069; 1.9078]        3.7        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                1.1673 [1.1643; 1.1704]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.0831 [5.0800; 5.0862]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.4210 [4.4201; 4.4218]        5.8        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.7208 [3.7201; 3.7215]        6.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 3.2721 [3.2703; 3.2740]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.2721 [1.2710; 1.2733]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0859 [0.0858; 0.0859]        2.3        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                8.9632 [8.9587; 8.9676]        0.9        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.2635 [2.2629; 2.2641]        2.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  3.7304 [3.7298; 3.7310]        9.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 1.0108 [1.0097; 1.0118]        0.2        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0662 [0.0660; 0.0664]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 1.7104 [1.7083; 1.7125]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.1982 [0.1971; 0.1992]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.9871 [0.9858; 0.9883]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              1.1829 [1.1808; 1.1850]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.8108 [3.8026; 3.8190]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2819 [0.2817; 0.2820]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.1094 [0.1092; 0.1095]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            3.0973 [3.0959; 3.0987]        1.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1255 [0.1250; 0.1260]        0.0        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.3743 [3.3717; 3.3769]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.3093 [0.3092; 0.3094]        1.3        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1504 [0.1501; 0.1506]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1065]        0.2        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.7340 [0.7336; 0.7345]        0.6        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.5756 [3.5737; 3.5776]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.1721 [1.1701; 1.1741]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2316 [0.2312; 0.2319]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.2277 [0.2276; 0.2278]        0.7        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.3068 [1.3061; 1.3074]        0.9        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 1.3730 [1.3717; 1.3743]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.1730 [3.1705; 3.1755]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               3.4915 [3.4873; 3.4957]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.8268 [1.8262; 1.8274]        1.9        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.9381 [4.9371; 4.9392]        4.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2632 [3.2613; 3.2650]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            3.5588 [3.5567; 3.5609]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.3043 [0.3040; 0.3047]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.1857 [0.1856; 0.1859]        0.3        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.7481 [0.7473; 0.7489]        0.2        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                3.2525 [3.2518; 3.2531]        5.4        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6187 [0.6179; 0.6196]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.4479 [7.4468; 7.4490]       10.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.4957 [2.4955; 2.4960]       16.5        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.3737 [1.3716; 1.3757]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.3986 [0.3983; 0.3990]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.7818 [2.7817; 2.7819] 43365.34       0
## Random effects model 0.9485 [0.7393; 1.2170]    -0.42  0.6778
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0514 [1.1046; 2.7869]; tau = 1.0254 [1.0510; 1.6694]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5244.10
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1760038568.55   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.0144 [3.0141; 3.0147]  49308163.85 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5161 [0.5160; 0.5162]  31632135.56 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 6.8287 [6.8278; 6.8296]  20395106.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 1.0264 [1.0261; 1.0267]  63551486.05 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.5018 [3.5013; 3.5023]  27034164.31 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.9500 [3.9496; 3.9505]   3221040.26 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 8.5409 [8.5390; 8.5428]   3849634.22 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 2.9184 [2.9180; 2.9188] 157821770.32 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0662 [0.0660; 0.0664]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1433 [0.1432; 0.1434]    678844.43 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1360 [0.1359; 0.1360]  24732456.16 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.6164 [2.6160; 2.6169]  22698345.03 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 2.1124 [2.1120; 2.1128]  21165823.45 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1333949598.40   13       0
## Within groups   426088970.15   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.8774 [1.6350;  9.1955] 0.3882 0.6231
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4941 [0.3205;  0.7618] 0.4879 0.6985
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.3780 [1.6776;  3.3707] 0.2535 0.5035
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5921 [0.2485;  1.4107] 1.5695 1.2528
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.6380 [1.1624;  2.3083] 0.2450 0.4950
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.7764 [3.4289;  4.1591] 0.0170 0.1303
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.0414 [0.0165; 65.8828] 8.9549 2.9925
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.3413 [0.0760;  1.5326] 2.3487 1.5325
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0662 [0.0660;  0.0664]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1406 [0.0814;  0.2427] 0.1554 0.3942
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1630 [0.0464;  0.5721] 0.8210 0.9061
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.2843 [0.7279;  2.2658] 0.5034 0.7095
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.8217 [0.4591;  1.4705] 0.3527 0.5939
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2695 [0.2693;  0.2697]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   802928.64   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                2.8536 [2.8528; 2.8544]        2.2        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              1.2643 [1.2638; 1.2649]        1.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              8.7381 [8.7362; 8.7400]        4.0        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.9874 [3.9852; 3.9895]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0664 [0.0661; 0.0666]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                4.7493 [4.7472; 4.7514]        1.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1682 [0.1675; 0.1690]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.5116 [0.5115; 0.5118]        2.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.9454 [0.9442; 0.9466]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 6.0709 [6.0696; 6.0722]        4.2        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.9066 [0.9059; 0.9073]        0.3        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0108 [0.0108; 0.0108]        0.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1810 [0.1808; 0.1812]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                1.2599 [1.2581; 1.2616]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         3.9558 [3.9538; 3.9577]        0.8        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.4963 [0.4958; 0.4969]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  3.7697 [3.7691; 3.7704]        6.9        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                1.7170 [1.7133; 1.7207]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.1854 [5.1823; 5.1886]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.6663 [4.6654; 4.6671]        5.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.9886 [3.9879; 3.9893]        6.1        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 3.6452 [3.6433; 3.6471]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.3400 [1.3388; 1.3412]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0924 [0.0923; 0.0924]        2.3        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                7.2645 [7.2606; 7.2685]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.3084 [2.3077; 2.3090]        2.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  3.9854 [3.9848; 3.9859]        9.4        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.3184 [0.3178; 0.3190]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0783 [0.0781; 0.0785]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 2.3085 [2.3061; 2.3110]        0.2        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.2861 [0.2849; 0.2874]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                1.0700 [1.0688; 1.0713]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              1.4162 [1.4139; 1.4185]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.7805 [3.7724; 3.7886]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.3123 [0.3121; 0.3124]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.1609 [0.1607; 0.1611]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            3.2409 [3.2395; 3.2423]        1.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.0352 [1.0336; 1.0367]        0.1        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.4372 [3.4346; 3.4398]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.3657 [0.3656; 0.3658]        1.4        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1859 [0.1856; 0.1861]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.1273 [0.1272; 0.1274]        0.3        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 1.1714 [1.1709; 1.1720]        0.8        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.6716 [3.6697; 3.6735]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            1.1985 [1.1965; 1.2006]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.2448 [0.2444; 0.2451]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.2948 [0.2947; 0.2950]        0.8        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3547 [0.3544; 0.3550]        0.2        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 1.8492 [1.8478; 1.8507]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.4508 [3.4482; 3.4534]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               3.6286 [3.6243; 3.6329]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079]        0.3        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            2.1687 [2.1681; 2.1694]        2.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  5.1063 [5.1052; 5.1073]        4.4        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.2313 [3.2294; 3.2331]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            3.7111 [3.7090; 3.7132]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.3825 [0.3821; 0.3829]        0.2        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.2323 [0.2321; 0.2325]        0.3        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                1.9419 [1.9406; 1.9433]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                3.5747 [3.5740; 3.5753]        5.5        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6074 [0.6066; 0.6082]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.7862 [7.7851; 7.7873]        9.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          2.5196 [2.5193; 2.5199]       15.3        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.2352 [1.2333; 1.2372]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.3925 [0.3921; 0.3928]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.9372 [2.9371; 2.9374] 47830.30       0
## Random effects model 1.0938 [0.8546; 1.4001]     0.71  0.4763
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0308 [1.0661; 2.6777]; tau = 1.0153 [1.0325; 1.6364]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5446.99
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1898862125.23   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.0427 [3.0424; 3.0430]  49938160.12 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5719 [0.5718; 0.5721]  29354395.61 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 6.9902 [6.9893; 6.9911]  20943407.81 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 1.1949 [1.1946; 1.1952]  67049415.72 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.6326 [3.6321; 3.6332]  27391320.40 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 4.2061 [4.2056; 4.2065]   3429166.60 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 8.3363 [8.3345; 8.3381]   7980102.50 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 3.0115 [3.0111; 3.0119] 211671394.36 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0783 [0.0781; 0.0785]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1765 [0.1764; 0.1766]    974397.17 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1565 [0.1565; 0.1565]  33111309.31 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.9958 [2.9952; 2.9963]  37576465.50 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 3.3155 [3.3151; 3.3160]  24954146.52 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1384488443.59   13       0
## Within groups   514373681.64   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 3.9110 [1.6520;  9.2590] 0.3867 0.6218
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5308 [0.3577;  0.7877] 0.4056 0.6368
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.6267 [1.8349;  3.7603] 0.2681 0.5177
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7471 [0.3357;  1.6624] 1.3323 1.1542
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.9673 [1.4062;  2.7523] 0.2348 0.4846
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.9874 [3.6214;  4.3904] 0.0169 0.1300
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 3.0075 [0.3718; 24.3265] 2.2751 1.5084
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.4348 [0.0895;  2.1125] 2.6019 1.6130
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0783 [0.0781;  0.0785]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1720 [0.0954;  0.3101] 0.1809 0.4254
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1838 [0.0477;  0.7079] 0.9468 0.9731
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9198 [0.3497;  2.4196] 1.4609 1.2087
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 1.3540 [0.7899;  2.3208] 0.3023 0.5499
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.3076 [0.3074;  0.3079]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   910810.12   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.1        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.2110 [0.2108; 0.2113]        0.2        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.2865 [1.2857; 1.2873]        0.7        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.1978 [2.1961; 2.1995]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0056 [0.0055; 0.0057]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                1.3012 [1.3001; 1.3024]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.1053 [0.1049; 0.1057]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 4.1266 [4.1254; 4.1277]        3.7        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2113 [0.2110; 0.2117]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009]        0.0        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0876 [0.0874; 0.0877]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.3160 [0.3151; 0.3168]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.1416 [1.1405; 1.1427]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.1948 [0.1944; 0.1951]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1066]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2020 [0.2007; 0.2032]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.3558 [4.3528; 4.3587]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.5466 [3.5458; 3.5473]        5.9        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                2.7848 [2.7842; 2.7854]        6.1        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.2484 [2.2470; 2.2499]        0.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.7213 [0.7204; 0.7221]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0537 [0.0537; 0.0537]        1.7        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                2.8727 [2.8700; 2.8753]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.4918 [1.4913; 1.4923]        2.4        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017]        0.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1265 [0.1261; 0.1270]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1175 [0.1168; 0.1182]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.4164 [0.4150; 0.4178]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.4021 [0.4012; 0.4031]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.3469 [0.3459; 0.3480]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.2514 [3.2430; 3.2598]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2788 [0.2786; 0.2789]        0.8        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0236 [0.0235; 0.0237]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            0.9869 [0.9853; 0.9885]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.4299 [3.4272; 3.4327]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.0973 [0.0972; 0.0974]        0.4        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0497 [0.0495; 0.0498]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1513 [0.1511; 0.1515]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.1225 [3.1207; 3.1243]        0.9        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            5.0091 [5.0053; 5.0129]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.3109 [0.3105; 0.3113]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0289 [0.0289; 0.0290]        0.1        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3616 [0.3612; 0.3620]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.4112 [1.4096; 1.4129]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.5309 [1.5280; 1.5337]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            0.9479 [0.9475; 0.9484]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  3.8350 [3.8340; 3.8359]        4.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.3977 [3.3958; 3.3997]        0.8        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            1.9623 [1.9607; 1.9640]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.1223 [0.1220; 0.1227]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.3869 [1.3864; 1.3873]        2.6        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3101 [0.3094; 0.3108]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.0456 [3.0449; 3.0463]        5.1        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          6.6631 [6.6626; 6.6636]       54.5        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.2539 [0.2530; 0.2548]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.6793 [0.6788; 0.6798]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.6284 [3.6282; 3.6286] 47464.74        0
## Random effects model 0.4114 [0.2989; 0.5663]    -5.45 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5947 [1.5270; 4.6989]; tau = 1.2628 [1.2357; 2.1677]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5021.10
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1487474580.99   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.4628 [6.4623; 6.4632] 10800513.39 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4213 [0.4211; 0.4214] 68560818.30 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.1351 [3.1345; 3.1357]  5193026.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4678 [0.4676; 0.4681] 23190551.74 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.7450 [2.7445; 2.7455] 22449216.66 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.9787 [2.9783; 2.9792]  7916037.00 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.2418 [1.2411; 1.2425]    93922.42 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.4761 [0.4759; 0.4763] 38921435.09 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0607 [0.0607; 0.0607]  1714103.30 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.1502 [1.1499; 1.1506] 10049205.60 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0916 [0.0915; 0.0917]   667802.23 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1297917948.88   12       0
## Within groups   189556632.11   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.2436 [3.2788; 8.3859] 0.1148 0.3388
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2332 [0.0903; 0.6024] 2.3447 1.5312
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.3775 [1.1026; 1.7208] 0.1031 0.3211
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.1763 [0.0704; 0.4416] 1.7561 1.3252
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.6396 [1.0552; 2.5477] 0.3034 0.5508
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.3766 [1.9115; 2.9549] 0.0741 0.2722
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.1268 [0.8690; 1.4610] 0.0351 0.1874
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.0630 [0.0095; 0.4177] 3.7229 1.9295
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0723 [0.0404; 0.1295] 0.1769 0.4206
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.3124 [0.1382; 0.7063] 1.0395 1.0196
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.0683 [0.0411; 0.1137] 0.2698 0.5194
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   589746.31   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.2        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.2916 [0.2913; 0.2918]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.4792 [1.4784; 1.4801]        0.8        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                2.5392 [2.5375; 2.5410]        0.5        1.7                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0141 [0.0139; 0.0142]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                1.5782 [1.5770; 1.5795]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.0739 [0.0739; 0.0740]        0.3        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.2261 [0.2255; 0.2267]        0.0        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 4.7887 [4.7875; 4.7899]        3.8        1.7                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2263 [0.2259; 0.2266]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0840 [0.0839; 0.0841]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.3611 [0.3602; 0.3621]        0.0        1.7                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.4811 [1.4799; 1.4823]        0.4        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.2420 [0.2416; 0.2424]        0.1        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.1499 [0.1497; 0.1500]        0.3        1.7                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.2543 [0.2529; 0.2557]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                4.9666 [4.9635; 4.9698]        0.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 3.8551 [3.8543; 3.8559]        5.6        1.7                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.2166 [3.2159; 3.2172]        6.1        1.7                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.6236 [2.6221; 2.6252]        0.7        1.7                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                0.8353 [0.8344; 0.8363]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0629 [0.0629; 0.0630]        1.8        1.7                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                3.5075 [3.5046; 3.5103]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.6554 [1.6548; 1.6559]        2.3        1.7                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479]        0.4        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1551 [0.1546; 0.1556]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1514 [0.1507; 0.1522]        0.0        1.7                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.5005 [0.4989; 0.5021]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.5855 [0.5844; 0.5867]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.4040 [0.4028; 0.4051]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3859 [3.3774; 3.3943]        0.0        1.7                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2677 [0.2676; 0.2679]        0.7        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0386 [0.0385; 0.0387]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.1928 [1.1911; 1.1945]        0.1        1.7                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.6102 [3.6074; 3.6130]        0.4        1.7                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1376 [0.1375; 0.1377]        0.6        1.7                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0549]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638]        0.1        1.7                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.1745 [0.1743; 0.1747]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.3821 [3.3803; 3.3840]        0.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            5.9562 [5.9520; 5.9603]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.5838 [0.5832; 0.5843]        0.3        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0451]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4092 [0.4088; 0.4096]        0.3        1.7                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               1.8496 [1.8477; 1.8515]        0.2        1.7                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               1.7773 [1.7743; 1.7803]        0.1        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]        0.2        1.7                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.1294 [1.1289; 1.1299]        1.3        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.4325 [4.4315; 4.4335]        4.8        1.7                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 3.9503 [3.9482; 3.9524]        0.9        1.7                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.1416 [2.1399; 2.1433]        0.4        1.7                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781]        0.1        1.7                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.2006 [0.2002; 0.2011]        0.0        1.7                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                1.7331 [1.7326; 1.7337]        2.9        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.4496 [0.4488; 0.4503]        0.1        1.7                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.8182 [3.8174; 3.8190]        5.6        1.7                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          7.4008 [7.4003; 7.4013]       53.0        1.7                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.4441 [0.4430; 0.4453]        0.0        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.7331 [0.7326; 0.7337]        0.5        1.7 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  3.9825 [3.9823; 3.9827] 54600.50       0
## Random effects model 0.5307 [0.3854; 0.7308]    -3.88  0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5991 [1.4772; 4.4476]; tau = 1.2646 [1.2154; 2.1089]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5451.73
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1753562347.73   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.1895 [7.1890; 7.1900] 10441148.67 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4672 [0.4671; 0.4674] 82371401.59 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.8175 [3.8168; 3.8182]  5634592.31 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6058 [0.6056; 0.6061] 30395566.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 3.1450 [3.1444; 3.1455] 27126580.72 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.3328 [3.3323; 3.3332]  7239094.92 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.4359 [1.4351; 1.4367]    75178.21 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.5196 [0.5194; 0.5198] 55464598.05 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638]        0.00     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0759 [0.0759; 0.0759]  4101885.53 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.4316 [1.4312; 1.4320] 13175229.32 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1817 [0.1816; 0.1818]  1865787.36 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1515671284.44   12       0
## Within groups   237891063.28   47       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 5.9532 [3.8858; 9.1206] 0.0948 0.3078
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.2786 [0.1062; 0.7312] 2.4234 1.5567
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.6257 [1.3124; 2.0137] 0.0954 0.3089
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.2757 [0.1130; 0.6724] 1.6557 1.2867
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 1.8629 [1.1810; 2.9385] 0.3245 0.5696
## Region = Western Europe                        6 2.6676 [2.1929; 3.2450] 0.0600 0.2449
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.3283 [1.0758; 1.6402] 0.0232 0.1522
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.0875 [0.0126; 0.6096] 3.9228 1.9806
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                      --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    1 0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638]     --     --
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0930 [0.0432; 0.2002] 0.3058 0.5530
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4046 [0.1776; 0.9215] 1.0585 1.0288
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1337 [0.0760; 0.2351] 0.3321 0.5763
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1033311.92   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.3        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.4124 [0.4120; 0.4127]        0.3        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.6897 [1.6888; 1.6906]        0.7        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.0211 [3.0192; 3.0231]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0180 [0.0178; 0.0181]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.2085 [2.2071; 2.2100]        0.5        1.6                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1212 [0.1211; 0.1213]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.3263 [0.3256; 0.3270]        0.0        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 5.3477 [5.3464; 5.3490]        3.7        1.6                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.2580 [0.2576; 0.2584]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0760 [0.0759; 0.0762]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.4543 [0.4532; 0.4553]        0.0        1.6                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.8185 [1.8172; 1.8199]        0.4        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.2917 [0.2912; 0.2921]        0.1        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.2397 [0.2396; 0.2399]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.4373 [0.4355; 0.4392]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.4352 [5.4319; 5.4384]        0.6        1.6                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.1757 [4.1748; 4.1765]        5.3        1.6                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.5994 [3.5987; 3.6001]        5.8        1.6                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.8252 [2.8236; 2.8269]        0.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.0156 [1.0146; 1.0167]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0720 [0.0719; 0.0720]        1.8        1.6                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                3.9361 [3.9331; 3.9391]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  1.8485 [1.8479; 1.8491]        2.2        1.6                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  0.3150 [0.3149; 0.3152]        0.8        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.1833 [0.1828; 0.1838]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.1562 [0.1555; 0.1569]        0.0        1.6                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.5646 [0.5630; 0.5663]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.6460 [0.6448; 0.6471]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.5072 [0.5059; 0.5085]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.6404 [3.6317; 3.6491]        0.0        1.6                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2720 [0.2718; 0.2721]        0.6        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0432 [0.0431; 0.0433]        0.0        1.6                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.4364 [1.4345; 1.4383]        0.1        1.6                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 3.9539 [3.9510; 3.9568]        0.4        1.6                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1573 [0.1572; 0.1574]        0.6        1.6                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0700 [0.0698; 0.0702]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0686 [0.0685; 0.0687]        0.1        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2009 [0.2007; 0.2012]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.8120 [3.8101; 3.8140]        0.8        1.6                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            6.7601 [6.7556; 6.7645]        0.5        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.5874 [0.5868; 0.5879]        0.2        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.0884 [0.0883; 0.0885]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4869 [0.4865; 0.4873]        0.3        1.6                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.3771 [2.3750; 2.3793]        0.3        1.6                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.0489 [2.0457; 2.0522]        0.1        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]        0.2        1.6                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.2561 [1.2556; 1.2566]        1.2        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  4.8978 [4.8967; 4.8988]        4.6        1.6                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 4.3114 [4.3092; 4.3136]        0.8        1.6                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.4739 [2.4721; 2.4758]        0.4        1.6                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973]        0.1        1.6                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.2391 [0.2389; 0.2393]        0.3        1.6                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.2414 [0.2409; 0.2418]        0.1        1.6                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.1626 [2.1620; 2.1632]        3.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7453 [0.7443; 0.7462]        0.1        1.6                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.7452 [4.7443; 4.7461]        6.0        1.6                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          8.5063 [8.5057; 8.5068]       52.6        1.6                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.5483 [0.5470; 0.5496]        0.0        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.7677 [0.7672; 0.7682]        0.4        1.6 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 61
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.4356 [4.4354; 4.4358] 63637.75       0
## Random effects model 0.6343 [0.4586; 0.8775]    -2.75  0.0060
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.6714 [1.4492; 4.2686]; tau = 1.2928 [1.2038; 2.0660]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5996.98
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2157825551.28   60       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.2536 [8.2531; 8.2541] 13435200.90 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5039 [0.5038; 0.5041] 91736506.43 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 4.5834 [4.5827; 4.5841]  6697879.29 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6761 [0.6758; 0.6763] 39565190.94 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 3.4819 [3.4813; 3.4824] 29854484.84 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.6900 [3.6896; 3.6905]  5356053.78 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.6508 [1.6499; 1.6516]    51792.47 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.5602 [0.5601; 0.5604] 63566747.42 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                           --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1672 [0.1671; 0.1673]  2618838.90 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.0869 [0.0869; 0.0869]  4781560.53 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.7819 [1.7815; 1.7823] 16848115.86 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2588 [0.2586; 0.2589]  2181537.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]        0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1881131642.14   12       0
## Within groups   276693909.14   48       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 6.7446 [4.2797; 10.6290] 0.1077 0.3282
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3304 [0.1305;  0.8364] 2.2459 1.4986
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 1.9588 [1.5732;  2.4390] 0.1001 0.3164
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.3578 [0.1453;  0.8809] 1.6910 1.3004
## Region = Southern Europe                       6 2.1199 [1.3476;  3.3347] 0.3206 0.5662
## Region = Western Europe                        6 3.1091 [2.6544;  3.6416] 0.0390 0.1976
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.5579 [1.3287;  1.8267] 0.0132 0.1148
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.1249 [0.0241;  0.6467] 2.8160 1.6781
## Region = Central Asia                          0     NA                       --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1281 [0.0377;  0.4353] 0.7793 0.8828
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1064 [0.0495;  0.2289] 0.3056 0.5528
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.4939 [0.2193;  1.1124] 1.0298 1.0148
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.1730 [0.1029;  0.2911] 0.2816 0.5307
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.1825 [0.1823;  0.1827]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                        Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   2748.98   12       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.6236 [0.6232; 0.6240]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              1.9091 [1.9081; 1.9100]        0.8        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.4460 [3.4440; 3.4481]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0188 [0.0187; 0.0190]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.6343 [2.6327; 2.6359]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0490 [0.0486; 0.0494]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.1618 [0.1617; 0.1619]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.4892 [0.4884; 0.4901]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 5.8395 [5.8381; 5.8408]        3.6        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3146]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0053 [0.0053; 0.0053]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0820 [0.0819; 0.0821]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.4773 [0.4762; 0.4783]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.2432 [2.2417; 2.2447]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3322 [0.3317; 0.3327]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.3250 [0.3248; 0.3252]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.5211 [0.5191; 0.5231]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                5.7890 [5.7856; 5.7923]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.3160 [4.3151; 4.3168]        4.9        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                3.8865 [3.8858; 3.8872]        5.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 3.0761 [3.0744; 3.0778]        0.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.2037 [1.2026; 1.2048]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0808 [0.0808; 0.0808]        1.8        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                4.6899 [4.6866; 4.6932]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.0384 [2.0378; 2.0390]        2.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  1.0988 [1.0985; 1.0991]        2.5        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.2052 [0.2047; 0.2057]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.2263 [0.2254; 0.2271]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.6788 [0.6770; 0.6807]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.7612 [0.7600; 0.7625]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.7232 [0.7217; 0.7248]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             3.7951 [3.7863; 3.8039]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2476 [0.2474; 0.2477]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0533 [0.0531; 0.0534]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.5304 [2.5291; 2.5317]        0.8        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.6623 [1.6603; 1.6643]        0.1        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 4.4844 [4.4813; 4.4874]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.1948 [0.1947; 0.1949]        0.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0813 [0.0811; 0.0815]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0735 [0.0734; 0.0736]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2380 [0.2377; 0.2383]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               3.8753 [3.8734; 3.8773]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            8.4500 [8.4450; 8.4550]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.7133 [0.7126; 0.7139]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.1598 [0.1597; 0.1599]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.5929 [0.5924; 0.5933]        0.3        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.0947 [0.0944; 0.0950]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               2.9752 [2.9728; 2.9776]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.2320 [2.2286; 2.2354]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.3683 [1.3677; 1.3688]        1.2        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  5.4072 [5.4061; 5.4083]        4.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 4.6491 [4.6469; 4.6514]        0.8        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.7352 [2.7333; 2.7371]        0.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.3580 [0.3578; 0.3583]        0.4        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.2845 [0.2840; 0.2851]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                2.7223 [2.7216; 2.7229]        3.6        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.8151 [0.8141; 0.8160]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.6548 [5.6539; 5.6558]        6.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          8.7465 [8.7459; 8.7470]       48.9        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                0.6987 [0.6973; 0.7002]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              0.8805 [0.8799; 0.8810]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.4452 [4.4450; 4.4454] 67329.03       0
## Random effects model 0.6891 [0.5086; 0.9337]    -2.40  0.0163
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5618 [1.3732; 3.8752]; tau = 1.2497 [1.1718; 1.9686]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6082.87
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2368087497.44   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.5063 [8.5058; 8.5069]  11195894.64 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6179 [0.6177; 0.6181] 116822894.30 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 5.3564 [5.3556; 5.3572]   8027178.92 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.7868 [0.7866; 0.7871]  48010225.50 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.7776 [3.7770; 3.7782]  38499842.30 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.8214 [3.8210; 3.8219]   6601696.05 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.8709 [1.8701; 1.8718]     43916.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.9503 [0.9501; 0.9505]  80189240.15 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.2507 [0.2505; 0.2508]   4984882.61 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1017 [0.1017; 0.1017]   7456870.97 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.2367 [2.2362; 2.2372]  22656268.47 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3548 [0.3546; 0.3550]   3237663.07 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2020360924.39   13       0
## Within groups   347726573.05   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.1467 [4.8101; 10.6182] 0.0816 0.2857
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.3941 [0.1519;  1.0227] 2.3671 1.5386
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.3129 [1.8457;  2.8984] 0.1060 0.3256
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.4601 [0.1938;  1.0920] 1.5560 1.2474
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 0.9475 [0.6185;  1.4517] 0.3790 0.6156
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.2702 [2.8245;  3.7862] 0.0391 0.1978
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 1.7814 [1.5554;  2.0402] 0.0096 0.0979
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2040 [0.0512;  0.8124] 1.9877 1.4099
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0285 [0.0283;  0.0286]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1622 [0.0344;  0.7657] 1.2541 1.1199
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1255 [0.0530;  0.2971] 0.3869 0.6220
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.5996 [0.2565;  1.4017] 1.1262 1.0612
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2230 [0.1296;  0.3839] 0.3071 0.5542
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2093 [0.2091;  0.2095]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   657578.79   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.8075 [0.8071; 0.8080]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              2.1429 [2.1419; 2.1439]        0.8        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                3.8892 [3.8870; 3.8914]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0209 [0.0208; 0.0211]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.8197 [2.8180; 2.8213]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1042 [0.1036; 0.1047]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.2003 [0.2002; 0.2004]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.3512 [0.3505; 0.3520]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 6.4490 [6.4476; 6.4504]        3.8        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.4029 [0.4024; 0.4033]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0100 [0.0100; 0.0101]        0.2        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.0904 [0.0902; 0.0905]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.5290 [0.5279; 0.5302]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.4462 [2.4447; 2.4478]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3715 [0.3710; 0.3720]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.4519 [0.4517; 0.4522]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.6499 [0.6477; 0.6522]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                6.2340 [6.2305; 6.2375]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.6399 [4.6391; 4.6408]        5.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                4.1898 [4.1890; 4.1905]        5.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 2.9461 [2.9444; 2.9478]        0.5        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.3818 [1.3806; 1.3831]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0843 [0.0843; 0.0844]        1.8        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                5.7487 [5.7451; 5.7523]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.1488 [2.1482; 2.1494]        2.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  1.7794 [1.7790; 1.7798]        3.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.2711 [0.2705; 0.2717]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.3421 [0.3411; 0.3431]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 0.8875 [0.8853; 0.8896]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.7933 [0.7921; 0.7945]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              0.8457 [0.8440; 0.8474]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             4.0584 [4.0494; 4.0674]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2474 [0.2473; 0.2476]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0653 [0.0651; 0.0654]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            2.8475 [2.8461; 2.8488]        0.8        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            1.9467 [1.9446; 1.9489]        0.1        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 4.8179 [4.8147; 4.8211]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2124 [0.2123; 0.2125]        0.7        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.0954 [0.0952; 0.0955]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0780 [0.0779; 0.0781]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2180 [0.2177; 0.2182]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               4.3551 [4.3530; 4.3572]        0.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            9.4847 [9.4794; 9.4900]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.7460 [0.7453; 0.7466]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.3209 [0.3208; 0.3211]        0.8        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.7378 [0.7373; 0.7383]        0.4        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.1341 [0.1337; 0.1345]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.2284 [3.2259; 3.2309]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.4452 [2.4416; 2.4487]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.7305 [1.7299; 1.7311]        1.5        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  5.7247 [5.7236; 5.7258]        4.5        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 4.7299 [4.7276; 4.7322]        0.8        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            2.9603 [2.9584; 2.9623]        0.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.2224 [0.2221; 0.2227]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.4123 [0.4121; 0.4126]        0.5        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.4017 [0.4011; 0.4024]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                3.1476 [3.1470; 3.1483]        4.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3576 [0.3569; 0.3582]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         6.6897 [6.6887; 6.6908]        7.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          8.4560 [8.4555; 8.4565]       44.7        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.0938 [1.0920; 1.0957]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              1.0497 [1.0491; 1.0503]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.3669 [4.3667; 4.3671] 68686.77       0
## Random effects model 0.7995 [0.5972; 1.0702]    -1.50  0.1326
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4395 [1.3196; 3.6551]; tau = 1.1998 [1.1488; 1.9118]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6176.17
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2441281374.51   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.2788 [8.2783; 8.2793]   5566887.46 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.7172 [0.7170; 0.7173] 131928318.76 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 6.2225 [6.2216; 6.2233]  10598553.38 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.8240 [0.8238; 0.8243]  46532134.40 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 3.9860 [3.9854; 3.9866]  42713840.25 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 4.1278 [4.1273; 4.1283]   6567298.08 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.1122 [2.1113; 2.1131]     24887.10 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 1.3791 [1.3788; 1.3793] 136395208.96 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.2891 [0.2889; 0.2892]   6039855.91 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1084 [0.1084; 0.1084]   9032148.30 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.5887 [2.5882; 2.5892]  28374774.43 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4454 [0.4452; 0.4456]   3237163.16 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2014270304.31   13       0
## Within groups   427011070.20   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 7.3846 [5.6625; 9.6304] 0.0367 0.1916
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.4731 [0.1865; 1.2001] 2.2553 1.5018
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 2.6805 [2.0952; 3.4292] 0.1264 0.3555
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.5044 [0.2321; 1.0959] 1.2542 1.1199
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.1400 [0.7364; 1.7647] 0.3976 0.6306
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.5632 [3.0980; 4.0983] 0.0357 0.1889
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.0425 [1.8590; 2.2440] 0.0046 0.0679
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.2880 [0.0629; 1.3189] 2.4108 1.5527
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.1794 [0.0351; 0.9167] 1.3854 1.1770
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1339 [0.0541; 0.3310] 0.4266 0.6531
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.6276 [0.2510; 1.5694] 1.3121 1.1455
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.2833 [0.1744; 0.4603] 0.2453 0.4953
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   730162.36   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA              0.9655 [0.9650; 0.9660]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA              3.9071 [3.9058; 3.9084]        1.3        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                4.2035 [4.2012; 4.2058]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                0.0344 [0.0342; 0.0346]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                2.8712 [2.8696; 2.8729]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1485 [0.1479; 0.1492]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                 0.2464 [0.2463; 0.2465]        0.7        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA               0.4812 [0.4804; 0.4820]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 7.3987 [7.3972; 7.4002]        3.8        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                  0.4888 [0.4882; 0.4893]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                  0.0143 [0.0143; 0.0143]        0.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA               0.1060 [0.1058; 0.1062]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                0.5611 [0.5599; 0.5622]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.8554 [2.8537; 2.8570]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                0.3806 [0.3801; 0.3811]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                  0.5793 [0.5791; 0.5796]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                0.8479 [0.8453; 0.8505]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                6.7770 [6.7733; 6.7806]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                 4.9101 [4.9092; 4.9110]        4.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                4.4645 [4.4637; 4.4653]        5.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                 3.2543 [3.2525; 3.2561]        0.5        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                1.6067 [1.6054; 1.6080]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                  0.0874 [0.0874; 0.0874]        1.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                6.9816 [6.9776; 6.9855]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                  2.2892 [2.2886; 2.2899]        2.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                  2.3035 [2.3031; 2.3040]        4.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                 0.4185 [0.4177; 0.4192]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0488 [0.0487; 0.0490]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                 0.7306 [0.7291; 0.7321]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                 1.1425 [1.1401; 1.1449]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                0.8309 [0.8297; 0.8321]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA              1.0202 [1.0183; 1.0221]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG             4.0818 [4.0729; 4.0907]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                 0.2527 [0.2525; 0.2528]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0783]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS            3.0818 [3.0804; 3.0832]        0.8        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND            2.2133 [2.2110; 2.2155]        0.1        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                 4.9931 [4.9899; 4.9963]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN               0.2292 [0.2291; 0.2293]        0.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                   0.1101 [0.1099; 0.1103]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES            0.0914 [0.0913; 0.0915]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                 0.2820 [0.2817; 0.2822]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL               4.3602 [4.3581; 4.3623]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            9.6517 [9.6463; 9.6571]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                0.8871 [0.8865; 0.8878]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                 0.7291 [0.7288; 0.7293]        1.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.0581 [1.0575; 1.0587]        0.5        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                 0.2477 [0.2471; 0.2482]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA               3.4486 [3.4460; 3.4511]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA               2.6081 [2.6045; 2.6118]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA            1.8725 [1.8719; 1.8731]        1.4        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                  6.0784 [6.0772; 6.0795]        4.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                 5.1810 [5.1786; 5.1834]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND            3.1810 [3.1789; 3.1830]        0.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                 0.2939 [0.2935; 0.2942]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND               0.5597 [0.5594; 0.5600]        0.6        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                0.4665 [0.4658; 0.4671]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                3.5727 [3.5720; 3.5734]        4.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.5663 [0.5655; 0.5671]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         8.0419 [8.0408; 8.0431]        7.6        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          9.5835 [9.5830; 9.5841]       44.2        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                1.1789 [1.1770; 1.1809]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA              1.2948 [1.2941; 1.2954]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.8683 [4.8681; 4.8685] 79244.65       0
## Random effects model 0.9651 [0.7220; 1.2901]    -0.24  0.8104
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4252 [1.2649; 3.4746]; tau = 1.1938 [1.1247; 1.8640]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6622.16
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2806590083.64   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 9.3889 [9.3884; 9.3894]   5879179.99 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.7781 [0.7780; 0.7783] 134239288.05 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 7.3753 [7.3743; 7.3762]  14507032.36 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 1.0490 [1.0488; 1.0493]  36007055.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 4.1939 [4.1933; 4.1945]  46228063.10 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7 4.3859 [4.3854; 4.3864]   6962819.11 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 3.6930 [3.6918; 3.6942]   1062843.73 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 1.6667 [1.6664; 1.6670] 183907345.40 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0488 [0.0487; 0.0490]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.3956 [0.3954; 0.3958]   8764573.50 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1146 [0.1146; 0.1147]  10690428.98 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6 2.8948 [2.8943; 2.8953]  30664877.46 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.5446 [0.5444; 0.5448]   3860815.37 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2323815761.20   13       0
## Within groups   482774322.44   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 8.4206 [6.5347; 10.8507] 0.0335 0.1830
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.5350 [0.2228;  1.2851] 1.9988 1.4138
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.1514 [2.4032;  4.1325] 0.1530 0.3911
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.6837 [0.3806;  1.2280] 0.7143 0.8452
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.3437 [0.8645;  2.0886] 0.4051 0.6365
## Region = Western Europe                        7 3.7581 [3.2691;  4.3202] 0.0354 0.1882
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 2.9407 [1.6849;  5.1325] 0.1615 0.4019
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.3669 [0.0727;  1.8516] 2.7285 1.6518
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0488 [0.0487;  0.0490]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.2261 [0.0383;  1.3361] 1.6429 1.2817
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1415 [0.0550;  0.3640] 0.4646 0.6816
## Region = Western Asia                          6 0.9035 [0.4088;  1.9964] 0.9819 0.9909
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.3372 [0.2079;  0.5469] 0.2434 0.4934
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2529 [0.2527;  0.2532]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   776898.88   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 0.8777 [ 0.8772;  0.8782]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.0803 [ 1.0798;  1.0808]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               6.1076 [ 6.1060;  6.1093]        1.9        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 4.5047 [ 4.5024;  4.5071]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0451 [ 0.0449;  0.0453]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 3.1127 [ 3.1110;  3.1144]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1600 [ 0.1593;  0.1607]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.2972 [ 0.2971;  0.2973]        0.8        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.5914 [ 0.5905;  0.5924]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  8.1048 [ 8.1032;  8.1063]        3.8        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.5859 [ 0.5853;  0.5865]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0183 [ 0.0183;  0.0184]        0.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1232 [ 0.1230;  0.1233]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.6205 [ 0.6193;  0.6218]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          3.2558 [ 3.2540;  3.2576]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.4213 [ 0.4207;  0.4218]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.7263 [ 0.7261;  0.7266]        0.9        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.0802 [ 1.0772;  1.0831]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 6.5386 [ 6.5351;  6.5422]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.2787 [ 5.2778;  5.2797]        4.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 4.7110 [ 4.7102;  4.7117]        5.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  3.2833 [ 3.2815;  3.2851]        0.5        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 1.7894 [ 1.7880;  1.7908]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.0949 [ 0.0949;  0.0949]        1.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 7.5993 [ 7.5952;  7.6035]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.4579 [ 2.4572;  2.4585]        1.9        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   2.9007 [ 2.9002;  2.9012]        4.8        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.5784 [ 0.5776;  0.5793]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0671 [ 0.0669;  0.0673]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.6781 [ 0.6767;  0.6794]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.3962 [ 1.3935;  1.3989]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 0.9179 [ 0.9167;  0.9192]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.2046 [ 1.2026;  1.2067]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.2040 [ 4.1951;  4.2129]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.2758 [ 0.2756;  0.2759]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.0859 [ 0.0858;  0.0861]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.3712 [ 3.3698;  3.3727]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             2.5248 [ 2.5224;  2.5272]        0.2        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  5.0716 [ 5.0683;  5.0748]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.2485 [ 0.2483;  0.2486]        0.6        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.1205 [ 0.1203;  0.1207]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.0950 [ 0.0949;  0.0951]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.3720 [ 0.3717;  0.3723]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                4.8798 [ 4.8776;  4.8821]        0.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            11.3900 [11.3841; 11.3959]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.0166 [ 1.0159;  1.0174]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.9373 [ 0.9370;  0.9376]        1.8        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.3930 [ 1.3923;  1.3936]        0.6        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.3969 [ 0.3962;  0.3976]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                3.7363 [ 3.7336;  3.7390]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                2.9582 [ 2.9543;  2.9621]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.2727 [ 0.2724;  0.2729]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             2.0337 [ 2.0331;  2.0344]        1.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   6.3670 [ 6.3658;  6.3682]        3.9        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  5.6087 [ 5.6063;  5.6112]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             3.4305 [ 3.4284;  3.4326]        0.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.3606 [ 0.3602;  0.3610]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.6334 [ 0.6331;  0.6337]        0.6        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.5206 [ 0.5199;  0.5213]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 4.0912 [ 4.0905;  4.0920]        4.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.8103 [ 0.8094;  0.8113]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM          9.5420 [ 9.5407;  9.5432]        8.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          10.2551 [10.2546; 10.2557]       42.6        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.3733 [ 1.3712;  1.3753]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               1.5927 [ 1.5919;  1.5934]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  5.2538 [5.2536; 5.2540] 87794.11       0
## Random effects model 1.1159 [0.8385; 1.4850]     0.75  0.4521
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3821 [1.2326; 3.3581]; tau = 1.1756 [1.1102; 1.8325]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6947.47
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3089108590.44   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 10.0609 [10.0603; 10.0614]   5371590.50 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9111 [ 0.9109;  0.9112] 158912021.44 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  8.5849 [ 8.5839;  8.5859]  20615913.66 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.2323 [ 1.2320;  1.2325]  35846862.79 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  4.4051 [ 4.4045;  4.4057]  48295863.53 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.6796 [ 4.6791;  4.6801]   7181921.65 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  5.7207 [ 5.7192;  5.7222]   3043431.34 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.0197 [ 2.0194;  2.0200] 234259188.02 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0671 [ 0.0669;  0.0673]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.4497 [ 0.4495;  0.4499]  10286375.38 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.1246 [ 0.1246;  0.1246]  11770844.51 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  3.2999 [ 3.2993;  3.3004]  33849497.76 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.7149 [ 0.7147;  0.7151]   5559722.82 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.2727 [ 0.2724;  0.2729]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2514115357.03   13       0
## Within groups   574993233.40   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k   rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 9.1168 [7.2391; 11.4814] 0.0277 0.1664
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10 0.6176 [0.2561;  1.4898] 2.0181 1.4206
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 3.5371 [2.5886;  4.8332] 0.2030 0.4505
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8 0.8207 [0.4790;  1.4064] 0.6040 0.7772
## Region = Southern Europe                       8 1.5249 [0.9866;  2.3570] 0.3949 0.6284
## Region = Western Europe                        7 4.0196 [3.5069;  4.6072] 0.0339 0.1842
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2 3.9269 [1.6523;  9.3329] 0.3902 0.6246
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4 0.4445 [0.0818;  2.4155] 2.9836 1.7273
## Region = Central Asia                          1 0.0671 [0.0669;  0.0673]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2 0.2453 [0.0382;  1.5742] 1.7990 1.3413
## Region = Southern Asia                         2 0.1536 [0.0598;  0.3943] 0.4631 0.6805
## Region = Western Asia                          6 1.0884 [0.5255;  2.2543] 0.8281 0.9100
## Region = Northern Africa                       4 0.4110 [0.2484;  0.6800] 0.2640 0.5138
## Region = Southern Africa                       1 0.2727 [0.2724;  0.2729]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   776206.87   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 1.0435 [ 1.0430;  1.0440]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.2359 [ 1.2353;  1.2364]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               7.5188 [ 7.5170;  7.5207]        2.1        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 4.6332 [ 4.6308;  4.6355]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0609 [ 0.0607;  0.0612]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 3.4623 [ 3.4605;  3.4641]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.2186 [ 0.2178;  0.2194]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.3671 [ 0.3669;  0.3672]        0.9        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.6868 [ 0.6858;  0.6878]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  8.9837 [ 8.9821;  8.9854]        3.8        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.6971 [ 0.6964;  0.6977]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0236 [ 0.0236;  0.0236]        0.4        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1650 [ 0.1648;  0.1652]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 0.7200 [ 0.7187;  0.7214]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          3.8896 [ 3.8876;  3.8915]        0.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.4820 [ 0.4815;  0.4826]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   0.9495 [ 0.9492;  0.9498]        1.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.3609 [ 1.3576;  1.3642]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 6.6345 [ 6.6310;  6.6381]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.5188 [ 5.5179;  5.5198]        4.2        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 4.9624 [ 4.9616;  4.9632]        4.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  3.3903 [ 3.3884;  3.3921]        0.4        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 1.7720 [ 1.7706;  1.7734]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.1004 [ 0.1004;  0.1005]        1.5        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 9.3143 [ 9.3098;  9.3189]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.5593 [ 2.5587;  2.5600]        1.8        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   3.1521 [ 3.1516;  3.1526]        4.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.5796 [ 0.5788;  0.5804]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0902 [ 0.0899;  0.0904]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  0.7833 [ 0.7818;  0.7847]        0.0        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.6802 [ 1.6772;  1.6832]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 1.0485 [ 1.0472;  1.0498]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.2834 [ 1.2812;  1.2855]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.1852 [ 4.1764;  4.1940]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.2998 [ 0.2996;  0.2999]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.1033 [ 0.1032;  0.1035]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.5567 [ 3.5552;  3.5582]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             2.9494 [ 2.9468;  2.9520]        0.2        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  5.6805 [ 5.6771;  5.6839]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.2817 [ 0.2816;  0.2818]        0.7        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.1993 [ 0.1991;  0.1996]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.1056 [ 0.1055;  0.1057]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.4692 [ 0.4688;  0.4696]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                5.0680 [ 5.0657;  5.0703]        0.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            12.9824 [12.9761; 12.9888]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.1237 [ 1.1229;  1.1244]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.8413 [ 0.8411;  0.8416]        1.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.2320 [ 1.2313;  1.2326]        0.5        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  0.7818 [ 0.7808;  0.7827]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                4.1169 [ 4.1141;  4.1198]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                3.2621 [ 3.2581;  3.2662]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.2909 [ 0.2907;  0.2912]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             2.1810 [ 2.1803;  2.1817]        1.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   6.4617 [ 6.4605;  6.4629]        3.5        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  6.0197 [ 6.0172;  6.0223]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             3.7244 [ 3.7222;  3.7265]        0.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.4099 [ 0.4094;  0.4103]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.6688 [ 0.6685;  0.6691]        0.5        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.5660 [ 0.5653;  0.5668]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 4.6908 [ 4.6900;  4.6915]        4.3        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    1.0947 [ 1.0936;  1.0958]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         11.0046 [11.0033; 11.0059]        8.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          11.6350 [11.6343; 11.6356]       43.6        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.4897 [ 1.4876;  1.4919]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               1.0882 [ 1.0875;  1.0888]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  5.9048 [5.9046; 5.9050] 99352.31       0
## Random effects model 1.2656 [0.9445; 1.6958]     1.58  0.1147
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4489 [1.2407; 3.3792]; tau = 1.2037 [1.1139; 1.8383]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7483.56
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3584233012.20   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.3974 [11.3968; 11.3980]   7274660.37 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9156 [ 0.9154;  0.9157] 169918775.40 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  9.8630 [ 9.8619;  9.8641]  25954476.21 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.2840 [ 1.2837;  1.2842]  47624760.96 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  4.4639 [ 4.4633;  4.4645]  48035137.06 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.9182 [ 4.9177;  4.9187]   6754573.35 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  7.0400 [ 7.0384;  7.0416]   4047256.53 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.1122 [ 2.1119;  2.1125] 278093811.93 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0902 [ 0.0899;  0.0904]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.4709 [ 0.4707;  0.4711]  10868778.15 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.1367 [ 0.1367;  0.1368]  15290624.25 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  3.7762 [ 3.7756;  3.7768]  43626433.26 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.9010 [ 0.9007;  0.9012]   7049513.42 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.2909 [ 0.2907;  0.2912]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2919694211.31   13       0
## Within groups   664538800.89   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 10.2238 [7.9351; 13.1726] 0.0334 0.1829
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7080 [0.2954;  1.6965] 1.9882 1.4100
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  4.0203 [2.8863;  5.5997] 0.2287 0.4782
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  0.9230 [0.5078;  1.6775] 0.7434 0.8622
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  1.8078 [1.1829;  2.7627] 0.3746 0.6120
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.2331 [3.7225;  4.8136] 0.0301 0.1735
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  4.7091 [1.8822; 11.7821] 0.4379 0.6617
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.5078 [0.0889;  2.9006] 3.1618 1.7781
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0902 [0.0899;  0.0904]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.2657 [0.0435;  1.6221] 1.7037 1.3053
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.1682 [0.0612;  0.4621] 0.5317 0.7292
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.2017 [0.5323;  2.7129] 1.0357 1.0177
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.4907 [0.2944;  0.8177] 0.2717 0.5212
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.2909 [0.2907;  0.2912]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   726019.25   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 1.4666 [ 1.4659;  1.4672]        0.6        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.2701 [ 1.2696;  1.2707]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               8.6392 [ 8.6372;  8.6411]        2.2        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 5.5558 [ 5.5533;  5.5584]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.0745 [ 0.0742;  0.0748]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 4.6625 [ 4.6604;  4.6645]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3015 [ 0.3006;  0.3025]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.4401 [ 0.4399;  0.4402]        1.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                0.9792 [ 0.9780;  0.9804]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                  9.9954 [ 9.9937;  9.9971]        3.9        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.7907 [ 0.7900;  0.7914]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0286 [ 0.0286;  0.0286]        0.4        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1667 [ 0.1665;  0.1669]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 1.0827 [ 1.0810;  1.0843]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          4.9366 [ 4.9344;  4.9388]        0.6        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.4980 [ 0.4975;  0.4986]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   1.3411 [ 1.3407;  1.3414]        1.3        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 1.7473 [ 1.7435;  1.7510]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 7.1434 [ 7.1397;  7.1470]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.6502 [ 5.6492;  5.6511]        3.9        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 5.2710 [ 5.2702;  5.2718]        4.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  3.9338 [ 3.9318;  3.9358]        0.4        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 1.9009 [ 1.8995;  1.9024]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.1038 [ 0.1038;  0.1038]        1.5        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                10.0262 [10.0215; 10.0310]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.6128 [ 2.6122;  2.6135]        1.7        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   3.4593 [ 3.4587;  3.4598]        4.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.8999 [ 0.8989;  0.9009]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0727 [ 0.0725;  0.0729]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  1.3133 [ 1.3114;  1.3152]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  1.8527 [ 1.8495;  1.8558]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 1.3224 [ 1.3210;  1.3239]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.6490 [ 1.6465;  1.6514]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.3268 [ 4.3179;  4.3357]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.3259 [ 0.3257;  0.3260]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.1130 [ 0.1129;  0.1132]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.7671 [ 3.7656;  3.7687]        0.7        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.4626 [ 3.4598;  3.4654]        0.2        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  5.8838 [ 5.8804;  5.8872]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.3136 [ 0.3135;  0.3137]        0.7        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.2131 [ 0.2128;  0.2134]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.1206 [ 0.1205;  0.1207]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  0.7797 [ 0.7792;  0.7801]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                4.9211 [ 4.9189;  4.9233]        0.5        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            14.3848 [14.3780; 14.3916]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.3004 [ 1.2996;  1.3013]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.2778 [ 0.2776;  0.2779]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.3045 [ 1.3039;  1.3052]        0.5        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  1.1215 [ 1.1203;  1.1226]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                5.0693 [ 5.0662;  5.0724]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                3.6342 [ 3.6299;  3.6385]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3238 [ 0.3236;  0.3241]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             2.4374 [ 2.4367;  2.4381]        1.3        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   6.8250 [ 6.8237;  6.8262]        3.4        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  6.6761 [ 6.6734;  6.6787]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             3.9619 [ 3.9597;  3.9641]        0.4        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.4897 [ 0.4893;  0.4902]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.7037 [ 0.7034;  0.7040]        0.5        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.6241 [ 0.6234;  0.6249]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 5.0234 [ 5.0226;  5.0242]        4.3        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.7763 [ 0.7753;  0.7772]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         12.5535 [12.5521; 12.5549]        8.9        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          12.7740 [12.7734; 12.7747]       43.9        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.5550 [ 1.5528;  1.5572]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.6046 [ 0.6041;  0.6051]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  6.5643 [6.5641; 6.5645] 110256.30       0
## Random effects model 1.4086 [1.0497; 1.8904]      2.28  0.0224
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4640 [1.2644; 3.4394]; tau = 1.2100 [1.1245; 1.8546]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7862.69
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3956604647.10   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 12.5227 [12.5221; 12.5233]   7344433.23 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9316 [ 0.9315;  0.9318] 182980809.37 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 11.1807 [11.1796; 11.1818]  31775941.84 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.5317 [ 1.5313;  1.5320]  91982088.94 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  4.6598 [ 4.6592;  4.6604]  50668219.57 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  5.2185 [ 5.2179;  5.2190]   4608048.38 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  8.0927 [ 8.0910;  8.0945]   4573784.08 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.2714 [ 2.2711;  2.2717] 321455588.13 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0727 [ 0.0725;  0.0729]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.4903 [ 0.4901;  0.4905]  11296697.38 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.1474 [ 0.1473;  0.1474]  19473545.67 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.0303 [ 4.0297;  4.0309]  47448853.12 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  1.2754 [ 1.2751;  1.2757]  10372798.41 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3238 [ 0.3236;  0.3241]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3172623838.99   13       0
## Within groups   783980808.11   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 11.2996 [8.8852; 14.3701] 0.0301 0.1734
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7141 [0.2917;  1.7482] 2.0870 1.4447
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  4.5648 [3.2182;  6.4748] 0.2545 0.5044
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  0.9971 [0.4257;  2.3353] 1.5083 1.2281
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  2.1516 [1.4088;  3.2862] 0.3735 0.6112
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.6888 [4.2350;  5.1912] 0.0189 0.1374
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  5.4694 [2.2326; 13.3986] 0.4180 0.6465
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.5862 [0.1014;  3.3900] 3.2067 1.7907
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0727 [0.0725;  0.0729]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.2913 [0.0517;  1.6408] 1.5556 1.2472
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.1804 [0.0610;  0.5332] 0.6114 0.7819
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.4127 [0.6333;  3.1513] 1.0054 1.0027
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.6103 [0.3597;  1.0357] 0.2912 0.5397
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3238 [0.3236;  0.3241]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   990609.81   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 3.0485 [ 3.0476;  3.0494]        1.2        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.3337 [ 1.3331;  1.3342]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               9.3000 [ 9.2980;  9.3020]        2.2        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 5.7414 [ 5.7388;  5.7440]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.1234 [ 0.1230;  0.1238]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 5.2455 [ 5.2433;  5.2477]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3756 [ 0.3746;  0.3767]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.5157 [ 0.5155;  0.5158]        1.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                1.2179 [ 1.2166;  1.2192]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 10.7934 [10.7916; 10.7951]        3.8        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.8795 [ 0.8788;  0.8802]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0358 [ 0.0358;  0.0358]        0.5        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1728 [ 0.1727;  0.1730]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 1.2346 [ 1.2328;  1.2364]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          5.6135 [ 5.6112;  5.6159]        0.6        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.5272 [ 0.5266;  0.5277]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   2.0563 [ 2.0558;  2.0568]        1.9        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 2.2727 [ 2.2684;  2.2769]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 7.7485 [ 7.7446;  7.7523]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  5.7629 [ 5.7619;  5.7639]        3.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 5.3977 [ 5.3969;  5.3985]        4.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  4.2748 [ 4.2727;  4.2768]        0.4        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 2.0198 [ 2.0184;  2.0213]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.1090 [ 0.1090;  0.1090]        1.4        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                10.1551 [10.1504; 10.1599]        0.5        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.8330 [ 2.8323;  2.8337]        1.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   3.8160 [ 3.8155;  3.8166]        4.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  1.1300 [ 1.1289;  1.1311]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0892 [ 0.0890;  0.0894]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  2.6181 [ 2.6155;  2.6207]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  2.1990 [ 2.1955;  2.2024]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 1.4841 [ 1.4826;  1.4856]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               1.7040 [ 1.7015;  1.7065]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.4402 [ 4.4314;  4.4491]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.3797 [ 0.3795;  0.3799]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.1463 [ 0.1461;  0.1465]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             3.8860 [ 3.8844;  3.8875]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             3.8784 [ 3.8754;  3.8813]        0.2        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  6.3251 [ 6.3215;  6.3286]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.3403 [ 0.3402;  0.3405]        0.7        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.2237 [ 0.2234;  0.2239]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.1306 [ 0.1305;  0.1307]        0.1        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  1.2022 [ 1.2016;  1.2028]        0.4        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                4.9841 [ 4.9818;  4.9863]        0.5        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            16.0002 [15.9929; 16.0075]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.5396 [ 1.5387;  1.5405]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.3809 [ 0.3807;  0.3810]        0.5        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.8736 [ 1.8729;  1.8744]        0.6        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  1.4789 [ 1.4775;  1.4802]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                4.7357 [ 4.7327;  4.7387]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                3.8317 [ 3.8273;  3.8361]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3350 [ 0.3347;  0.3352]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             2.7612 [ 2.7604;  2.7619]        1.4        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   7.1036 [ 7.1024;  7.1049]        3.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  7.1681 [ 7.1654;  7.1709]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             4.0655 [ 4.0633;  4.0678]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.5447 [ 0.5442;  0.5452]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.8093 [ 0.8090;  0.8097]        0.5        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 0.8396 [ 0.8388;  0.8405]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 5.8298 [ 5.8289;  5.8307]        4.5        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.6780 [ 0.6771;  0.6789]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         13.5562 [13.5548; 13.5577]        8.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          13.9471 [13.9465; 13.9478]       43.5        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.7113 [ 1.7090;  1.7135]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.4621 [ 0.4617;  0.4625]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  7.0395 [7.0393; 7.0398] 120460.32       0
## Random effects model 1.6148 [1.2059; 2.1623]      3.22  0.0013
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4424 [1.2156; 3.2813]; tau = 1.2010 [1.1026; 1.8114]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8243.80
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4349451471.67   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 13.6626 [13.6620; 13.6632]   8750338.96 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9997 [ 0.9995;  0.9999] 197578812.20 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 12.0410 [12.0399; 12.0422]  34578528.47 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.6558 [ 1.6554;  1.6561]  91869084.78 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  4.8660 [ 4.8654;  4.8666]  49479430.20 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  5.3659 [ 5.3653;  5.3664]   4314171.43 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  8.7182 [ 8.7164;  8.7200]   4718592.07 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.4427 [ 2.4424;  2.4430] 378268970.62 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0892 [ 0.0890;  0.0894]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.5651 [ 0.5649;  0.5653]  13404327.01 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.1581 [ 0.1581;  0.1581]  22560138.55 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.6897 [ 4.6890;  4.6903]  50427376.55 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  2.2288 [ 2.2284;  2.2292]  22435650.11 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3350 [ 0.3347;  0.3352]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3471066050.74   13       0
## Within groups   878385420.93   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 12.2694 [9.5438; 15.7732] 0.0329 0.1813
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7538 [0.3087;  1.8404] 2.0743 1.4402
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  5.0332 [3.5402;  7.1559] 0.2579 0.5078
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.2427 [0.5742;  2.6896] 1.2414 1.1142
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  2.4070 [1.6058;  3.6079] 0.3411 0.5841
## Region = Western Europe                        7  4.8780 [4.4288;  5.3727] 0.0170 0.1304
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  6.0057 [2.5488; 14.1512] 0.3825 0.6184
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.6734 [0.1143;  3.9664] 3.2742 1.8095
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.0892 [0.0890;  0.0894]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.3252 [0.0544;  1.9423] 1.6632 1.2896
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.1926 [0.0631;  0.5878] 0.6481 0.8050
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.7866 [0.8788;  3.6320] 0.7863 0.8867
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  0.9368 [0.5251;  1.6710] 0.3488 0.5906
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3350 [0.3347;  0.3352]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                          Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   955687.83   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random)                                      Region
## ALGERIA                 2.9435 [ 2.9427;  2.9444]        1.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ARGENTINA               1.3902 [ 1.3896;  1.3907]        0.6        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## AUSTRALIA               9.4384 [ 9.4364;  9.4404]        2.1        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## AUSTRIA                 6.0504 [ 6.0478;  6.0531]        0.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## BELARUS                 0.1868 [ 0.1863;  0.1872]        0.0        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## BELGIUM                 5.6263 [ 5.6240;  5.6286]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.5333 [ 0.5320;  0.5346]        0.0        1.5                             Southern Europe
## BRAZIL                  0.6318 [ 0.6316;  0.6320]        1.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## BULGARIA                1.3771 [ 1.3757;  1.3785]        0.1        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## CANADA                 10.8953 [10.8936; 10.8971]        3.7        1.5                            Northern America
## CHILE                   0.9280 [ 0.9273;  0.9288]        0.2        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CHINA                   0.0438 [ 0.0438;  0.0438]        0.6        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## COLOMBIA                0.1955 [ 0.1953;  0.1957]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## CROATIA                 1.3816 [ 1.3797;  1.3834]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## CZECH REPUBLIC          6.0546 [ 6.0522;  6.0571]        0.6        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## ECUADOR                 0.5475 [ 0.5469;  0.5481]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## EGYPT                   3.9344 [ 3.9338;  3.9351]        3.5        1.5                             Northern Africa
## ESTONIA                 3.0000 [ 2.9952;  3.0049]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FINLAND                 8.2826 [ 8.2786;  8.2865]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## FRANCE                  6.0179 [ 6.0169;  6.0188]        3.5        1.5                              Western Europe
## GERMANY                 5.6636 [ 5.6628;  5.6645]        4.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## GREECE                  4.6340 [ 4.6318;  4.6361]        0.4        1.5                             Southern Europe
## HUNGARY                 2.1507 [ 2.1492;  2.1522]        0.2        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## INDIA                   0.1168 [ 0.1168;  0.1168]        1.4        1.5                               Southern Asia
## IRELAND                 8.5190 [ 8.5147;  8.5234]        0.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## ITALY                   2.8818 [ 2.8811;  2.8825]        1.6        1.5                             Southern Europe
## JAPAN                   4.0686 [ 4.0680;  4.0692]        4.7        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## JORDAN                  0.6513 [ 0.6504;  0.6521]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.1047 [ 0.1044;  0.1049]        0.0        1.5                                Central Asia
## KUWAIT                  3.2250 [ 3.2222;  3.2279]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LATVIA                  2.6394 [ 2.6357;  2.6432]        0.0        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LEBANON                 1.5687 [ 1.5672;  1.5703]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## LITHUANIA               2.0118 [ 2.0091;  2.0146]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Europe
## LUXEMBOURG              4.4238 [ 4.4151;  4.4326]        0.0        1.5                              Western Europe
## MEXICO                  0.4124 [ 0.4122;  0.4126]        0.5        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## MOROCCO                 0.2011 [ 0.2009;  0.2014]        0.1        1.5                             Northern Africa
## NETHERLANDS             4.0538 [ 4.0522;  4.0554]        0.6        1.5                              Western Europe
## NEW ZEALAND             5.0261 [ 5.0228;  5.0295]        0.2        1.5                   Australia and New Zealand
## NORWAY                  6.6320 [ 6.6284;  6.6356]        0.3        1.5                             Northern Europe
## PAKISTAN                0.3985 [ 0.3984;  0.3986]        0.8        1.5                               Southern Asia
## PERU                    0.2562 [ 0.2559;  0.2565]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## PHILIPPINES             0.1572 [ 0.1570;  0.1573]        0.2        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## POLAND                  1.6797 [ 1.6790;  1.6803]        0.6        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## PORTUGAL                5.1522 [ 5.1499;  5.1545]        0.5        1.5                             Southern Europe
## PUERTO RICO            15.1233 [15.1160; 15.1305]        0.4        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## ROMANIA                 1.6365 [ 1.6356;  1.6375]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## RUSSIA                  0.5050 [ 0.5048;  0.5052]        0.7        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.1357 [ 1.1351;  1.1363]        0.3        1.5                                Western Asia
## SERBIA                  1.9559 [ 1.9543;  1.9574]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SLOVAKIA                5.1626 [ 5.1594;  5.1657]        0.3        1.5                              Eastern Europe
## SLOVENIA                3.9999 [ 3.9954;  4.0044]        0.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3738 [ 0.3736;  0.3741]        0.2        1.5                             Southern Africa
## SOUTH KOREA             3.0995 [ 3.0987;  3.1003]        1.4        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## SPAIN                   7.3282 [ 7.3269;  7.3295]        3.1        1.5                             Southern Europe
## SWEDEN                  7.6667 [ 7.6638;  7.6695]        0.7        1.5                             Northern Europe
## SWITZERLAND             4.2259 [ 4.2237;  4.2282]        0.3        1.5                              Western Europe
## TAIWAN                  0.6414 [ 0.6408;  0.6419]        0.1        1.5                                Eastern Asia
## THAILAND                0.9387 [ 0.9383;  0.9390]        0.6        1.5                          South-eastern Asia
## TUNISIA                 2.0328 [ 2.0314;  2.0342]        0.2        1.5                             Northern Africa
## TÜRKIYE                 6.0922 [ 6.0913;  6.0931]        4.5        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.6640 [ 0.6631;  0.6648]        0.1        1.5                                Western Asia
## UNITED KINGDOM         13.8879 [13.8864; 13.8894]        8.4        1.5                             Northern Europe
## UNITED STATES          14.2069 [14.2062; 14.2076]       42.0        1.5                            Northern America
## URUGUAY                 1.5402 [ 1.5380;  1.5424]        0.0        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## VENEZUELA               0.4182 [ 0.4178;  0.4186]        0.1        1.5 Central and South America and the Caribbean
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z  p-value
## Common effect model  7.0838 [7.0836; 7.0840] 124461.49        0
## Random effects model 1.7840 [1.3391; 2.3767]      3.95 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3924 [1.1595; 3.1026]; tau = 1.1800 [1.0768; 1.7614]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8406.45
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4522777067.76   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                                                k    rate             95%-CI            Q    I^2
## Region = Northern America                      2 13.9085 [13.9079; 13.9092]   9560537.35 100.0%
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.9891 [ 0.9890;  0.9893] 171398138.17 100.0%
## Region = Northern Europe                       8 12.2829 [12.2818; 12.2841]  34865979.22 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.8254 [ 1.8251;  1.8258]  93547042.79 100.0%
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  5.0234 [ 5.0228;  5.0241]  50160342.70 100.0%
## Region = Western Europe                        7  5.6248 [ 5.6243;  5.6254]   4606409.40 100.0%
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  8.9062 [ 8.9045;  8.9080]   3139085.02 100.0%
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  2.5423 [ 2.5420;  2.5426] 431204723.26 100.0%
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.1047 [ 0.1044;  0.1049]         0.00     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.6512 [ 0.6510;  0.6515]  15554089.24 100.0%
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.1792 [ 0.1791;  0.1792]  30302374.24 100.0%
## Region = Western Asia                          6  4.9819 [ 4.9812;  4.9826]  63449402.43 100.0%
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  3.4380 [ 3.4375;  3.4385]  27366592.32 100.0%
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3738 [ 0.3736;  0.3741]         0.00     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 3587622351.60   13       0
## Within groups   935154716.15   51       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                                                k    rate            95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## Region = Northern America                      2 12.4414 [9.5922; 16.1369] 0.0352 0.1877
## Region = Central and South America and t ...  10  0.7858 [0.3513;  1.7577] 1.6869 1.2988
## Region = Northern Europe                       8  5.4634 [3.8557;  7.7413] 0.2529 0.5029
## Region = Eastern Europe                        8  1.4878 [0.7272;  3.0440] 1.0673 1.0331
## Region = Southern Europe                       8  2.7097 [1.8201;  4.0340] 0.3298 0.5743
## Region = Western Europe                        7  5.0852 [4.6139;  5.6045] 0.0172 0.1313
## Region = Australia and New Zealand             2  6.8876 [3.7143; 12.7719] 0.1985 0.4456
## Region = Eastern Asia                          4  0.7714 [0.1307;  4.5532] 3.2821 1.8117
## Region = Central Asia                          1  0.1047 [0.1044;  0.1049]     --     --
## Region = South-eastern Asia                    2  0.3841 [0.0666;  2.2134] 1.5971 1.2638
## Region = Southern Asia                         2  0.2157 [0.0648;  0.7182] 0.7530 0.8678
## Region = Western Asia                          6  1.5728 [0.6399;  3.8658] 1.2632 1.1239
## Region = Northern Africa                       4  1.4751 [0.8494;  2.5618] 0.3173 0.5633
## Region = Southern Africa                       1  0.3738 [0.3736;  0.3741]     --     --
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups   1046742.17   13       0
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
#Multinational
gaba_global2<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(5:9)] 
gaba_global2$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$Year)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID`)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - lower`)
gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-as.numeric(gaba_global2$`DDD/TID - upper`)
gaba_global2$Area<-"Multinational"

gaba_global2$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentin"), 11),
                     rep(("Pregabalin"), 11),
                     rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 11))

gaba_global3<-subset(gaba_global2,Drug!="MIROGABALIN")

a<-ggplot(gaba_global3, aes(x = Year, y = `DDD/TID`*10, group=Drug, colour=Drug, fill=Drug))+ 
  geom_line() + 
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = `DDD/TID - lower`*10, ymax = `DDD/TID - upper`*10), alpha = 0.1, colour = NA) + 
scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(2008:2018))+
  ggtitle("Pooled multinational gabapentinoids consumption over time")+
  ylab("Defined daily dose per 10000 inhabitants per day")+
  theme(axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"),
    panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
    panel.border = element_blank(),
    panel.background = element_blank()) 
a

##Regional
gaba_regional<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(14:18)] 

gaba_regional$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_regional$Year)
out <- unlist(gaba_regional)
Year<-out[1:33]
Drug<-out[34:66]
DDDTID<-out[67:528]
lower<-out[529:990]
upper<-out[991:1452]

out2<-data.frame(Year,Drug)
out3<-do.call("rbind", replicate(14, out2, simplify = FALSE))
newdata <- out3%>% arrange(Drug, Year)

newdata$DDDTID<-DDDTID
newdata$lower<-lower
newdata$upper<-upper

region_name<-(rep(c("Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"),33))
newdata$Area<-region_name
newdata$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentin"), 154),
                     rep(("Pregabalin"), 154),
                     rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 154))
gaba_regional2<-newdata
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID`<-gaba_regional2$DDDTID
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-gaba_regional2$lower
gaba_regional2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-gaba_regional2$upper

gaba_regional3<-gaba_regional2[c(1,2,6:9)]
pool_Global_region<-rbind(gaba_global3,gaba_regional3)
pool_Global_region$Drug<- factor(pool_Global_region$Drug, levels = c("Gabapentinoids","Gabapentin","Gabapentin Enacarbil","Pregabalin"))
pool_Global_region$Area<-factor(pool_Global_region$Area,levels=c("Multinational","Northern America","Central and South America and the Caribbean",
                               "Northern Europe", "Eastern Europe","Southern Europe", "Western Europe",
                               "Australia and New Zealand" ,
                               "Eastern Asia" , "Central Asia",
                               "South-eastern Asia","Southern Asia" ,
                               "Western Asia", 
                               "Northern Africa","Southern Africa"))
pool_Global_region$Year<-as.numeric(pool_Global_region$Year)
pool_Global_region[is.na(pool_Global_region)]<-0
library(ggbreak)
a<-ggplot(pool_Global_region, aes(x = Year, y = `DDD/TID`, group=Drug, colour=Drug, fill=Drug))+ 
  geom_line() + 
  facet_wrap(.~Area,nrow=1)+
  geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = `DDD/TID - lower`, ymax = `DDD/TID - upper`), alpha = 0.1, colour = NA) +
  scale_y_break(c(20,62),scales = 0.1)+
  theme_classic()+
scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(2008:2018))+ 
  theme(panel.border=element_blank(), 
        panel.grid.major = element_blank(), 
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background=element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
        axis.line=element_line(),axis.ticks.x = element_blank())+
  ggtitle("Pooled multinational gabapentinoids consumption over time")
a

write.csv(pool_Global_region,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_12_Pooled_Gaba_consumption_CI_sens3.csv")

library(DT)
datatable(pool_Global_region[c(6,1:5)], options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

10.14 Average annual percentage change

Data entries with DDD=0 were removed as they do not contribute to average annual percentage change where mesaures changes between study years.

10.14.1 Data view - showing which zeros were removed

10.14.2 National level

options(width = 30)
library(plyr)
library(Hmisc)
library(DT)
library(tibble)


lm.cty_gaba_2<-subset(lm.cty_gaba, DDD>0)

write.csv(lm.cty_gaba_2,"D:/R/midas gaba/lm_cty_gaba_sens3.csv")

models <- dlply(lm.cty_gaba_2, .(Country,Drug), function(df) 
  lm(log(DDDPTPD) ~ Year, data = df))

coef<-sapply(models, function(df) summary(df)$coefficients[2])
lm.results<-data.frame(coef)

ad_extract_ci <- function(x){
  temp_lw <- confint.lm(x)[2,1]
  temp_up <- confint.lm(x)[2,2]
  return(c(temp_lw,temp_up))
}

lower<-unlist(lapply(lapply(models,ad_extract_ci),"[",1))
lm.results<-cbind(lm.results, lower)
upper<-unlist(lapply(lapply(models,ad_extract_ci),"[",2))
lm.results<-cbind(lm.results, upper)
pvalue<-sapply(models, function(df) summary(df)$coefficients[8])
lm.results<-cbind(lm.results, pvalue)
lm.results<-rownames_to_column(lm.results)
colnames(lm.results)[which(names(lm.results) == "rowname")] <- "Country"
lm.results$expcoef<-(exp(lm.results$coef)-1)*100
lm.results$explower<-(exp(lm.results$lower)-1)*100
lm.results$expupper<-(exp(lm.results$upper)-1)*100

lm.results2<-(lm.results) %>% separate(Country, c("Country", "Drug"), sep="[.]")


cty.lm.results<-distinct(left_join(lm.results2,pool.new_set.2[c(2,3,7)]))

10.14.3 Global

library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)

# lm.cty_gaba_x<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
mixed_results_Global<-data.frame()
lm.cty_gaba_x<-split(lm.cty_gaba_2, list(lm.cty_gaba_2$Drug))
for (i in 1:3){
Global_model_1 <- lme(log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
correlation = corAR1(form = ~ Year|Country), data = as.data.frame(lm.cty_gaba_x[i], col.names = c("")))
summary(Global_model_1)
mixed_est<-intervals(Global_model_1, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
mixed_pval<-anova(Global_model_1)
mixed_pval<-as.data.frame(mixed_pval)
mixed_results_1<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
mixed_results_1$Model<-"Global_country_int_wAR1"
mixed_results_1$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_1$est.)-1)*100
mixed_results_1$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_1$lower)-1)*100
mixed_results_1$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_1$upper)-1)*100


mixglo<-rbind(mixed_results_1)
mixglo$Drug<-c(unique(lm.cty_gaba$Drug)[i])
mixed_results_Global<-rbind(mixed_results_Global,mixglo)
}


datatable(mixed_results_Global[c(8:12,7,1:6)], options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

10.14.4 Regional

10.14.4.1 Gabapentinoids

library(DT)
library(data.table)
regionalmlm<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
my_update_function <- function(x){

  regionalmlm2<-regionalmlm[regionalmlm$Region==x,]
  regional_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = regionalmlm2)

  mixed_est<-intervals(regional_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(regional_lme)
  mixed_results_regional<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_regional$Model<-x
  mixed_results_regional$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional <- mixed_results_regional[2,]
  return(mixed_results_regional)
}

lapply(unique(lm.cty_gaba_2$Region),my_update_function)
gabapentinoids.mlm_region<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(lm.cty_gaba_2$Region),
                             my_update_function))
gabapentinoids.mlm_region<-as.data.frame(gabapentinoids.mlm_region)
gabapentinoids.mlm_region$Drug<-"Gabapentinoids"

10.14.4.2 Gabapentin

library(DT)
library(data.table)
regionalmlm<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentin")
my_update_function <- function(x){

  regionalmlm2<-regionalmlm[regionalmlm$Region==x,]
  regional_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = regionalmlm2)

  mixed_est<-intervals(regional_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(regional_lme)
  mixed_results_regional<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_regional$Model<-x
  mixed_results_regional$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional <- mixed_results_regional[2,]
  return(mixed_results_regional)
}

lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),my_update_function)
gabapentin.mlm_region<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),
                             my_update_function))
gabapentin.mlm_region<-as.data.frame(gabapentin.mlm_region)
gabapentin.mlm_region$Drug<-"Gabapentin"

10.14.4.3 Pregabalin

library(DT)
library(data.table)
regionalmlm<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Pregabalin")
my_update_function <- function(x){

  regionalmlm2<-regionalmlm[regionalmlm$Region==x,]
  regional_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = regionalmlm2)

  mixed_est<-intervals(regional_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(regional_lme)
  mixed_results_regional<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_regional$Model<-x
  mixed_results_regional$expcoef<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_regional$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_regional <- mixed_results_regional[2,]
  return(mixed_results_regional)
}

lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),my_update_function)
pregabalin.mlm_region<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(regionalmlm$Region),
                             my_update_function))
pregabalin.mlm_region<-as.data.frame(pregabalin.mlm_region)
pregabalin.mlm_region$Drug<-"Pregabalin"
region_reg_mlm<-rbind(gabapentinoids.mlm_region,gabapentin.mlm_region, enacarbil.mlm_region, pregabalin.mlm_region)

10.14.5 Result table

bind_cty_lm<-cty.lm.results[c(2,10,1,7:9,6)]
names(bind_cty_lm)[7]<-"p-value"

bind_reg_lm<-region_reg_mlm
bind_reg_lm$Country<-bind_reg_lm$Model
bind_reg_lm$Region<-bind_reg_lm$Model
bind_reg_lm<-bind_reg_lm[c(12,14,13,9:11,7)]

bind_glo_lm<-mixed_results_Global[c(2,4,6,8),]
bind_glo_lm<-bind_glo_lm[c(12,9:11,7)]
bind_glo_lm$Country<-"Multinational"
bind_glo_lm$Region<-"Multinational"
bind_glo_lm<-bind_glo_lm[c(7,6,1:5)]
bind_lm<-rbind(bind_cty_lm,bind_reg_lm,bind_glo_lm)
write.csv(bind_lm,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_13_lm_cty_region_multi_sens3.csv")

datatable(bind_lm, options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

10.15 Subgroup: country income level

10.15.1 Gabapentinoids

library(readxl)

GDP <- read_excel("D:/R/midas gaba/Income.xlsx")

'%ni%' <- Negate('%in%')
GDP$country <- toupper(GDP$country)
rename <- lm.cty_gaba%>%filter(Country %ni% GDP$country) 
rename<-unique(rename$Country)
names(GDP)[names(GDP) == 'country'] <- "Country"
GDP[GDP$Country == "KOREA, REP.", "Country"] <- "SOUTH KOREA"
GDP[GDP$Country == "EGYPT, ARAB REP.", "Country"] <- "EGYPT"
GDP[GDP$Country == "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", "Country"] <- "RUSSIA"
GDP[GDP$Country == "SLOVAK REPUBLIC", "Country"] <- "SLOVAKIA"
GDP[GDP$Country == "VENEZUEL", "Country"] <- "VENEZUELA"
GDP[GDP$Country == "TURKEY", "Country"] <- "TÜRKİYE"
lm.cty_gaba$Year<-as.numeric(lm.cty_gaba$Year)

lm.cty_gaba_3<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentinoids")
gdp.2 <- left_join(lm.cty_gaba_3,GDP,by = c("Country") )


library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)
library(DT)
my_update_function <- function(x){
  incomemlm<-gdp.2[gdp.2$income==x,]
  income_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = incomemlm,
                     control =list(opt = "optim",msMaxIter = 1000, msMaxEval = 1000, tolerance = 1e-200))
  mixed_est<-intervals(income_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(income_lme)
  mixed_results_income<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_income$Model<-x
  mixed_results_income$AAPC<-(exp(mixed_results_income$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_income$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_income$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income <- mixed_results_income[2,]
  return(mixed_results_income)
}
lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),my_update_function)
## [[1]]
##          lower      est.
## Year 0.1653786 0.1986655
##          upper numDF denDF
## Year 0.2319524     1   198
##       F-value p-value Model
## Year 138.5224       0  UMIC
##          AAPC explower
## Year 21.97739 17.98397
##      expupper
## Year 26.10597
## 
## [[2]]
##          lower      est.
## Year 0.1148998 0.1295971
##          upper numDF denDF
## Year 0.1442943     1   376
##       F-value p-value Model
## Year 300.6182       0   HIC
##          AAPC explower
## Year 13.83696  12.1761
##      expupper
## Year  15.5224
## 
## [[3]]
##          lower      est.
## Year 0.1566216 0.1972621
##          upper numDF denDF
## Year 0.2379026     1    59
##       F-value
## Year 94.33242
##                     p-value
## Year 0.00000000000007582823
##      Model     AAPC explower
## Year  LMIC 21.80633 16.95529
##      expupper
## Year 26.85856
gabapentinoids.mlm_income<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),
                             my_update_function))
gabapentinoids.mlm_income$Drug<-"Gabapentinoids"

datatable(as.data.frame(gabapentinoids.mlm_income[,c(8:11,7)]),caption = "Average annual percentage change by income level", options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))

10.15.2 Gabapentin

lm.cty_gaba_3<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Gabapentin")
gdp.2 <- left_join(lm.cty_gaba_3,GDP,by = c("Country") )

library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)
library(DT)
my_update_function <- function(x){
  incomemlm<-gdp.2[gdp.2$income==x,]
  income_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = incomemlm,
                     control =list(opt = "optim",msMaxIter = 1000, msMaxEval = 1000, tolerance = 1e-200))
  mixed_est<-intervals(income_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(income_lme)
  mixed_results_income<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_income$Model<-x
  mixed_results_income$AAPC<-(exp(mixed_results_income$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_income$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_income$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income <- mixed_results_income[2,]
  return(mixed_results_income)
}
lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),my_update_function)
gabapentin.mlm_income<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),
                             my_update_function))
gabapentin.mlm_income<-as.data.frame(gabapentin.mlm_income)
gabapentin.mlm_income$Drug<-"Gabapentin"

10.15.3 Pregabalin

lm.cty_gaba_3<-subset(lm.cty_gaba_2,Drug=="Pregabalin")
gdp.2 <- left_join(lm.cty_gaba_3,GDP,by = c("Country") )

library(plyr)
library(lme4)
library(nlme)
library(DT)
my_update_function <- function(x){
  incomemlm<-gdp.2[gdp.2$income==x,]
  income_lme <- lme(fixed = log(DDDPTPD)~Year, random = ~1|Country,
                     correlation = corAR1(), data = incomemlm,
                     control =list(opt = "optim",msMaxIter = 1000, msMaxEval = 1000, tolerance = 1e-200))
  mixed_est<-intervals(income_lme, level = 0.95, which = "fixed")
  mixed_est_2 <- data.frame(mixed_est$fixed)
  mixed_pval<-anova(income_lme)
  mixed_results_income<-cbind(mixed_est_2,mixed_pval)
  mixed_results_income$Model<-x
  mixed_results_income$AAPC<-(exp(mixed_results_income$est.)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$explower<-(exp(mixed_results_income$lower)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income$expupper<-(exp(mixed_results_income$upper)-1)*100
  mixed_results_income <- mixed_results_income[2,]
  return(mixed_results_income)
}
lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),my_update_function)
pregabalin.mlm_income<-rbindlist(lapply(unique(gdp.2$income),
                             my_update_function))
pregabalin.mlm_income$Drug<-"Pregabalin"
pregabalin.mlm_income<-as.data.frame(pregabalin.mlm_income)

10.16 Individual drugs income AAPC

drug_income_mlm<-rbind(gabapentinoids.mlm_income,gabapentin.mlm_income, enacarbil.mlm_income, pregabalin.mlm_income)
datatable(as.data.frame(drug_income_mlm[,c(12,8:11,7)]),caption = "Average annual percentage change by income level", options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))
write.csv(drug_income_mlm,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_13_Subgroup_AAPC_income_sens3.csv")

10.16.1 Meta-analysis of DDD/TID by Year

When DDD=0 or extremely small, Country data wont be counted as number of studies in the meta analysis

options(width=800)
library(Rcpp)
library(meta)
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
set_subzero<- left_join(analy,GDP,by = c("Country") )
set_subzero$DDD_dum=set_subzero$DDD
set_subzero$DDD_dum[set_subzero$DDD==0]<-0.00001
CIs<-pois.approx(set_subzero$DDD_dum, set_subzero$Population*365.25, conf.level = 0.95)
meta.gaba<-cbind(set_subzero,CIs)
meta.gaba$income <- factor(meta.gaba$income, levels =
                             c("HIC","UMIC","LMIC"))
meta <- function(rho, iseed){
meta.gaba_1<-  subset(meta.gaba,  Year==rho & Drug==iseed)

m1_var<-metagen(log(meta.gaba_1$rate),
            lower = log(meta.gaba_1$lower), 
            upper = log(meta.gaba_1$upper),
            studlab = meta.gaba_1$Country, 
            sm = "IRLN", method.tau = "DL", 
            comb.fixed = TRUE, 
            byvar = meta.gaba_1$income)

print(c(rho, iseed))
print(summary(m1_var), digits=4)

  est.by.random<-c("Year", "DDD/TID", "DDD/TID - lower","DDD/TID - upper")
  est.by.random$Year<-rho
  est.by.random$Drug<-iseed
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$TE)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - lower`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$lower)))))
  est.by.random$`DDD/TID - upper`<-(t(data.frame(as.list(exp((summary(m1_var))$within.random$upper)))))
  est.by.random$income<-(t(data.frame(as.list(((summary(m1_var))$byvar)))))
  return(c(est.by.random))
}


datin <- expand.grid(rho = unique(meta.gaba$Year), iseed = unique(meta.gaba$Drug))
i <- 1:nrow(datin)
datout <- with(datin,
                lapply(i, function(j){meta(rho[j],  iseed[j])}))
## [1] 2008    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.7587 [0.7581; 0.7593]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.4440 [1.4427; 1.4454]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0049 [0.0048; 0.0049]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.3490 [0.3484; 0.3495]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0867 [0.0863; 0.0870]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.4878 [2.4870; 2.4887]        3.8        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0425 [0.0423; 0.0426]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0340 [0.0339; 0.0341]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2926 [0.2918; 0.2935]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7153 [0.7145; 0.7162]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0727 [0.0725; 0.0730]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0759 [0.0758; 0.0760]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.0754 [0.0746; 0.0761]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                0.9593 [0.9579; 0.9607]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.3793 [1.3788; 1.3798]        3.9        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                1.2294 [1.2290; 1.2298]        4.6        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 0.8335 [0.8326; 0.8344]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.2259 [0.2254; 0.2264]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0096 [0.0096; 0.0096]        0.5        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.9193 [0.9178; 0.9207]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5709 [0.5706; 0.5712]        1.5        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0755 [0.0751; 0.0758]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0298 [0.0294; 0.0301]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.3321 [0.3308; 0.3334]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.2416 [0.2409; 0.2424]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2187 [0.2179; 0.2195]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.8551 [0.8508; 0.8595]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0713 [0.0712; 0.0713]        0.4        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0074 [0.0073; 0.0074]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.9749 [0.9734; 0.9765]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 1.1055 [1.1040; 1.1071]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0542 [0.0542; 0.0543]        0.4        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0242 [0.0241; 0.0243]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0260 [0.0260; 0.0261]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1470 [0.1468; 0.1472]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.3098 [1.3087; 1.3109]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            3.7459 [3.7426; 3.7492]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.0597 [0.0595; 0.0599]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0152 [0.0152; 0.0152]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1059 [0.1057; 0.1061]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.5982 [0.5971; 0.5993]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.4548 [0.4533; 0.4564]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0515 [0.0514; 0.0516]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6427 [0.6424; 0.6431]        1.4        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.7859 [1.7853; 1.7866]        3.8        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.2074 [1.2063; 1.2086]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.6300 [0.6291; 0.6309]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0646 [0.0643; 0.0648]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.1817 [1.1813; 1.1821]        3.8        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1005]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.6870 [1.6864; 1.6875]        4.8        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          4.4760 [4.4756; 4.4764]       62.1        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.1957 [0.1949; 0.1964]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.4496 [0.4492; 0.4500]        0.6        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 59
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.4562 [2.4561; 2.4564] 25402.37        0
## Random effects model 0.2042 [0.1450; 0.2876]    -9.10 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.7993 [1.6079; 5.2238]; tau = 1.3414 [1.2680; 2.2856]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3867.50
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  867537160.53   58       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 2.9227 [2.9225; 2.9229] 383220712.12 100.0%
## income = UMIC  16 0.4642 [0.4641; 0.4644] 100212177.30 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0279 [0.0279; 0.0279]   8846212.59 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 375258058.52    2       0
## Within groups  492279102.01   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 0.5040 [0.3676; 0.6909] 0.9588 0.9792
## income = UMIC  16 0.0532 [0.0208; 0.1360] 3.6641 1.9142
## income = LMIC   6 0.0281 [0.0120; 0.0657] 1.1296 1.0628
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   53.26    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1194 [0.1193; 0.1196]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.7770 [0.7764; 0.7776]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.5762 [1.5748; 1.5776]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0093 [0.0092; 0.0094]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.3669 [0.3663; 0.3675]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0590 [0.0590; 0.0591]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1204 [0.1200; 0.1208]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.6364 [2.6355; 2.6373]        3.6        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0335 [0.0333; 0.0336]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0287 [0.0286; 0.0288]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2979 [0.2971; 0.2988]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.8909 [0.8900; 0.8918]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0696 [0.0693; 0.0698]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0833 [0.0832; 0.0834]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.1091 [0.1081; 0.1100]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                0.9637 [0.9623; 0.9650]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2998 [1.2993; 1.3003]        3.3        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                1.3422 [1.3418; 1.3426]        4.4        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 0.7983 [0.7974; 0.7991]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.2731 [0.2725; 0.2736]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0099 [0.0099; 0.0099]        0.5        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.9042 [0.9028; 0.9057]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5370 [0.5367; 0.5373]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0886 [0.0882; 0.0889]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0266 [0.0263; 0.0269]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.3719 [0.3705; 0.3732]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.3655 [0.3646; 0.3664]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2225 [0.2216; 0.2234]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7788 [0.7747; 0.7829]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0599 [0.0598; 0.0600]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0051 [0.0050; 0.0051]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.1650 [1.1633; 1.1667]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 1.4251 [1.4233; 1.4268]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0466 [0.0465; 0.0466]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0173 [0.0173; 0.0174]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0266 [0.0265; 0.0266]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1674 [0.1672; 0.1676]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.1282 [1.1271; 1.1292]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            4.7038 [4.7000; 4.7075]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1543 [0.1540; 0.1546]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0166 [0.0166; 0.0166]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1008 [0.1006; 0.1010]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.7215 [0.7203; 0.7227]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.4132 [0.4117; 0.4146]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6597 [0.6593; 0.6601]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8188 [1.8181; 1.8194]        3.4        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.2153 [1.2141; 1.2165]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5953 [0.5944; 0.5962]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0831 [0.0828; 0.0834]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.4377 [1.4372; 1.4381]        4.1        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1115 [0.1111; 0.1119]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.0046 [2.0040; 2.0052]        5.1        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          5.1806 [5.1802; 5.1811]       63.7        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.2686 [0.2677; 0.2695]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.4848 [0.4844; 0.4852]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 59
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.8470 [2.8469; 2.8472] 31556.37        0
## Random effects model 0.2235 [0.1569; 0.3183]    -8.30 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.9211 [1.6536; 5.4182]; tau = 1.3860 [1.2859; 2.3277]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4193.46
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1019937617.68   58       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 3.3765 [3.3762; 3.3767] 468190078.46 100.0%
## income = UMIC  16 0.5661 [0.5660; 0.5663] 130524285.36 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0276 [0.0276; 0.0276]   9024236.18 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 412199017.69    2       0
## Within groups  607738599.99   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 0.5381 [0.3850; 0.7520] 1.0788 1.0386
## income = UMIC  16 0.0643 [0.0236; 0.1748] 4.1692 2.0419
## income = LMIC   6 0.0275 [0.0117; 0.0644] 1.1341 1.0649
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   51.00    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1292 [0.1290; 0.1294]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.8366 [0.8360; 0.8373]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.7240 [1.7225; 1.7255]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0122 [0.0121; 0.0124]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.4468 [0.4461; 0.4475]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0614 [0.0614; 0.0615]        0.4        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1616 [0.1611; 0.1621]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.7823 [2.7814; 2.7832]        3.2        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0269 [0.0268; 0.0271]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0235 [0.0234; 0.0236]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2668 [0.2660; 0.2676]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.0463 [1.0452; 1.0473]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0720 [0.0718; 0.0723]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1069 [0.1067; 0.1070]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2425 [0.2411; 0.2439]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                0.9824 [0.9810; 0.9837]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2534 [1.2529; 1.2538]        2.7        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                1.4106 [1.4101; 1.4110]        3.9        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 0.8032 [0.8023; 0.8041]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.3559 [0.3553; 0.3565]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0114 [0.0114; 0.0114]        0.5        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.8461 [0.8447; 0.8475]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5452 [0.5449; 0.5455]        1.1        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1810 [0.1809; 0.1811]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1086 [0.1082; 0.1090]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0240 [0.0237; 0.0243]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.4715 [0.4699; 0.4730]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.3637 [0.3629; 0.3646]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2311 [0.2302; 0.2320]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7427 [0.7388; 0.7466]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0597 [0.0596; 0.0597]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0060 [0.0060; 0.0061]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.3931 [1.3913; 1.3950]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 1.8065 [1.8046; 1.8085]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0446 [0.0445; 0.0446]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0290 [0.0289; 0.0291]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1920 [0.1917; 0.1922]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.1608 [1.1597; 1.1618]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            5.5328 [5.5288; 5.5368]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2463 [0.2459; 0.2466]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0159 [0.0159; 0.0160]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1232 [0.1230; 0.1234]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.8791 [0.8778; 0.8805]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.4079 [0.4064; 0.4093]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0456 [0.0455; 0.0457]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6761 [0.6757; 0.6765]        1.1        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8213 [1.8206; 1.8219]        2.9        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.2623 [1.2611; 1.2635]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5748 [0.5739; 0.5757]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1721 [0.1720; 0.1723]        0.4        1.7   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0815 [0.0812; 0.0818]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.7746 [1.7740; 1.7751]        4.3        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1305 [0.1301; 0.1309]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.3586 [2.3580; 2.3592]        5.1        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          6.3255 [6.3250; 6.3260]       66.0        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.2401 [0.2392; 0.2409]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.4784 [0.4780; 0.4788]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.4476 [3.4474; 3.4478] 40696.65        0
## Random effects model 0.2445 [0.1685; 0.3549]    -7.41 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.1673 [1.7147; 5.6231]; tau = 1.4722 [1.3094; 2.3713]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4694.40
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1300205778.35   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 4.1294 [4.1291; 4.1296] 602945599.95 100.0%
## income = UMIC  17 0.6556 [0.6555; 0.6558] 173545390.03 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0311 [0.0311; 0.0311]  10962499.21 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 512752289.16    2       0
## Within groups  787453489.19   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 0.5882 [0.4093; 0.8453] 1.2663 1.1253
## income = UMIC  17 0.0756 [0.0284; 0.2015] 4.2469 2.0608
## income = LMIC   6 0.0303 [0.0125; 0.0733] 1.2171 1.1032
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   46.54    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1364 [0.1363; 0.1366]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.8668 [0.8662; 0.8675]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.8391 [1.8376; 1.8406]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0139 [0.0138; 0.0140]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.4884 [0.4878; 0.4891]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0443 [0.0439; 0.0447]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0770 [0.0769; 0.0770]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.2211 [0.2206; 0.2217]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.9905 [2.9896; 2.9915]        3.3        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0234 [0.0233; 0.0235]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0047 [0.0047; 0.0047]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2282 [0.2275; 0.2290]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.2108 [1.2097; 1.2119]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0672 [0.0670; 0.0675]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1148 [0.1147; 0.1149]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2902 [0.2887; 0.2917]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                1.0435 [1.0420; 1.0449]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2042 [1.2038; 1.2047]        2.4        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                1.4962 [1.4957; 1.4966]        3.8        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 0.8916 [0.8906; 0.8925]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.4230 [0.4223; 0.4236]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0135 [0.0135; 0.0136]        0.5        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.8952 [0.8938; 0.8967]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5448 [0.5445; 0.5451]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1505 [0.1504; 0.1506]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1083 [0.1079; 0.1087]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0189 [0.0187; 0.0190]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0285 [0.0282; 0.0288]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.6091 [0.6073; 0.6108]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.3338 [0.3330; 0.3346]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2378 [0.2369; 0.2387]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7418 [0.7379; 0.7456]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0580 [0.0579; 0.0581]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0104 [0.0103; 0.0104]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.6528 [0.6522; 0.6534]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.6064 [1.6045; 1.6084]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.0397 [2.0376; 2.0418]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0465 [0.0465; 0.0466]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0192 [0.0192; 0.0193]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0279 [0.0279; 0.0280]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2211 [0.2208; 0.2213]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.1147 [1.1136; 1.1157]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            7.1769 [7.1723; 7.1815]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.3992 [0.3987; 0.3996]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0184 [0.0183; 0.0184]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1683 [0.1681; 0.1686]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0660 [0.0657; 0.0663]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.9711 [0.9697; 0.9724]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.3702 [0.3688; 0.3715]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0503 [0.0502; 0.0504]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6730 [0.6727; 0.6734]        1.1        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8636 [1.8630; 1.8643]        2.8        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.4097 [1.4084; 1.4109]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5369 [0.5360; 0.5377]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## THAILAND               0.2549 [0.2547; 0.2551]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0891 [0.0888; 0.0894]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.1980 [2.1975; 2.1986]        5.1        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.1306 [0.1302; 0.1310]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.7146 [2.7139; 2.7152]        5.5        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          6.5599 [6.5594; 6.5604]       64.5        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.3039 [0.3029; 0.3049]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.5095 [0.5091; 0.5100]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.5448 [3.5446; 3.5450] 43059.23        0
## Random effects model 0.2490 [0.1740; 0.3565]    -7.60 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.1427 [1.7383; 5.5270]; tau = 1.4638 [1.3185; 2.3510]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4754.58
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1424179537.86   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 4.2949 [4.2946; 4.2951] 635255138.42 100.0%
## income = UMIC  20 0.8007 [0.8005; 0.8008] 225245070.39 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0331 [0.0330; 0.0331]  11322037.57 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 552357291.48    2       0
## Within groups  871822246.38   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.6297 [0.4422; 0.8968] 1.2366 1.1120
## income = UMIC  20 0.0769 [0.0307; 0.1929] 4.3982 2.0972
## income = LMIC   6 0.0351 [0.0150; 0.0823] 1.1340 1.0649
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   49.00    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1383 [0.1382; 0.1385]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.9460 [0.9453; 0.9466]        0.7        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.9626 [1.9611; 1.9642]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0148 [0.0147; 0.0150]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.5723 [0.5715; 0.5730]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0958 [0.0953; 0.0964]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0876 [0.0875; 0.0876]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.2866 [0.2859; 0.2872]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 3.3044 [3.3034; 3.3054]        3.6        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0220 [0.0219; 0.0221]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0083 [0.0083; 0.0083]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0193 [0.0192; 0.0193]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2042 [0.2035; 0.2049]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.3418 [1.3407; 1.3430]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0590 [0.0588; 0.0592]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1044 [0.1043; 0.1045]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.3901 [0.3883; 0.3919]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                1.1761 [1.1746; 1.1776]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2173 [1.2168; 1.2177]        2.4        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                1.5603 [1.5599; 1.5608]        3.9        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 0.8239 [0.8230; 0.8248]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.4641 [0.4634; 0.4648]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0145 [0.0145; 0.0145]        0.6        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.9214 [0.9199; 0.9228]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5310 [0.5307; 0.5313]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1244 [0.1243; 0.1245]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0998 [0.0994; 0.1002]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0218 [0.0217; 0.0220]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0292 [0.0289; 0.0295]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.8136 [0.8115; 0.8156]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.2992 [0.2985; 0.3000]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2617 [0.2607; 0.2626]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7475 [0.7437; 0.7514]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0640 [0.0639; 0.0641]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0172 [0.0171; 0.0173]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.6605 [0.6599; 0.6612]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.8861 [1.8840; 1.8882]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.1749 [2.1727; 2.1770]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0469 [0.0469; 0.0470]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0190 [0.0189; 0.0191]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0268 [0.0267; 0.0268]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2055 [0.2053; 0.2058]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.1942 [1.1931; 1.1953]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            8.2103 [8.2053; 8.2152]        0.9        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.5151 [0.5146; 0.5157]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0226 [0.0225; 0.0226]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1279 [0.1277; 0.1281]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0827 [0.0823; 0.0830]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.0650 [1.0635; 1.0664]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.3544 [0.3531; 0.3558]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0532 [0.0531; 0.0533]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.7229 [0.7225; 0.7232]        1.1        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8152 [1.8146; 1.8159]        2.7        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.5277 [1.5265; 1.5290]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5176 [0.5168; 0.5184]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2142 [0.2139; 0.2145]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## THAILAND               0.2950 [0.2948; 0.2952]        0.6        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1064 [0.1061; 0.1067]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.3781 [2.3775; 2.3787]        5.5        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0810 [0.0807; 0.0813]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.2081 [3.2074; 3.2089]        6.4        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          6.3591 [6.3586; 6.3595]       62.0        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.4181 [0.4169; 0.4192]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.5864 [0.5860; 0.5869]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.4442 [3.4440; 3.4444] 42403.36        0
## Random effects model 0.2674 [0.1883; 0.3797]    -7.37 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.0489 [1.7405; 5.4639]; tau = 1.4314 [1.3193; 2.3375]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4801.89
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1452664566.87   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 4.2291 [4.2288; 4.2293] 594103079.71 100.0%
## income = UMIC  20 0.8188 [0.8186; 0.8190] 267766913.87 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0321 [0.0320; 0.0321]   9989612.85 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 580804960.43    2       0
## Within groups  871859606.44   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.6506 [0.4666; 0.9072] 1.0932 1.0456
## income = UMIC  20 0.0880 [0.0350; 0.2214] 4.4326 2.1054
## income = LMIC   6 0.0389 [0.0177; 0.0858] 0.9748 0.9873
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   51.57    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    1
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1348 [0.1346; 0.1350]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.7847 [0.7841; 0.7853]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.0660 [2.0644; 2.0676]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0221 [0.0219; 0.0222]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.8101 [0.8093; 0.8110]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1360 [0.1353; 0.1366]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0978 [0.0977; 0.0978]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.4003 [0.3995; 0.4010]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 3.6682 [3.6672; 3.6693]        3.5        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.0206 [0.0205; 0.0207]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0119 [0.0119; 0.0119]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0168 [0.0167; 0.0169]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.1891 [0.1884; 0.1897]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.5003 [1.4991; 1.5015]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.0490 [0.0488; 0.0492]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1103 [0.1102; 0.1104]        0.3        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.5081 [0.5061; 0.5101]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                1.4016 [1.4000; 1.4032]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 1.2245 [1.2240; 1.2249]        2.1        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                1.6432 [1.6427; 1.6436]        3.6        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 0.9298 [0.9289; 0.9308]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.5382 [0.5374; 0.5389]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0157 [0.0157; 0.0157]        0.5        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                0.9678 [0.9663; 0.9693]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  0.5287 [0.5284; 0.5290]        0.9        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1114 [0.1113; 0.1115]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1073 [0.1069; 0.1076]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0203 [0.0202; 0.0204]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0408 [0.0404; 0.0411]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 1.0487 [1.0464; 1.0510]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.3187 [0.3180; 0.3195]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.3129 [0.3118; 0.3139]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             0.7067 [0.7030; 0.7104]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.0705 [0.0704; 0.0705]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0271]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.6591 [0.6585; 0.6598]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            2.1377 [2.1355; 2.1399]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.2712 [2.2690; 2.2734]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0450]        0.2        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0181 [0.0180; 0.0182]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0330 [0.0330; 0.0331]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2660 [0.2658; 0.2663]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.2241 [1.2230; 1.2252]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            8.3869 [8.3819; 8.3919]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.6903 [0.6897; 0.6909]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0296 [0.0295; 0.0296]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.1192 [0.1190; 0.1194]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0894 [0.0891; 0.0897]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.1862 [1.1847; 1.1877]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               0.3501 [0.3488; 0.3515]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0572 [0.0571; 0.0573]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.7358 [0.7354; 0.7362]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  1.8345 [1.8339; 1.8352]        2.3        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 1.8971 [1.8957; 1.8986]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            0.5102 [0.5094; 0.5110]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2000 [0.1997; 0.2003]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## THAILAND               0.4366 [0.4363; 0.4368]        0.8        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1107 [0.1104; 0.1111]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.5445 [2.5439; 2.5451]        5.3        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.0828 [0.0825; 0.0831]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.8409 [3.8401; 3.8417]        6.8        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          7.3525 [7.3520; 7.3530]       63.3        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.4117 [0.4106; 0.4128]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.6841 [0.6836; 0.6846]        0.6        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.9829 [3.9827; 3.9831] 50618.55        0
## Random effects model 0.2942 [0.2051; 0.4220]    -6.65 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.1685 [1.7671; 5.5888]; tau = 1.4726 [1.3293; 2.3641]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5207.29
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1708299477.71   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 4.9391 [4.9388; 4.9393] 690808095.36 100.0%
## income = UMIC  20 0.8484 [0.8483; 0.8486] 303086348.56 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0336 [0.0336; 0.0336]  10213923.61 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups  704191110.17    2       0
## Within groups  1004108367.53   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.6983 [0.4959; 0.9833] 1.1591 1.0766
## income = UMIC  20 0.1004 [0.0414; 0.2439] 4.0996 2.0247
## income = LMIC   6 0.0444 [0.0206; 0.0956] 0.9183 0.9583
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   50.89    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.0031 [ 0.0031;  0.0032]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1286 [ 0.1284;  0.1288]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.6459 [ 0.6453;  0.6464]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.1770 [ 2.1754;  2.1786]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0305 [ 0.0303;  0.0307]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 1.0163 [ 1.0154;  1.0173]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1421 [ 0.1414;  0.1427]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1063 [ 0.1062;  0.1064]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.4875 [ 0.4867;  0.4884]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  3.8718 [ 3.8707;  3.8729]        3.5        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0202 [ 0.0201;  0.0203]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0158 [ 0.0158;  0.0158]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0150 [ 0.0150;  0.0151]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1837 [ 0.1830;  0.1844]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.7140 [ 1.7127;  1.7153]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0434 [ 0.0432;  0.0436]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1243 [ 0.1242;  0.1244]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 0.6371 [ 0.6349;  0.6394]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 1.6351 [ 1.6333;  1.6368]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.2639 [ 1.2634;  1.2644]        2.0        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6853 [ 1.6848;  1.6858]        3.4        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  0.9639 [ 0.9629;  0.9649]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.6103 [ 0.6095;  0.6111]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0183 [ 0.0183;  0.0183]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.0037 [ 1.0022;  1.0052]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5519 [ 0.5516;  0.5522]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.1038 [ 0.1037;  0.1039]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.0884 [ 0.0880;  0.0887]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0272 [ 0.0270;  0.0273]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.1028 [ 0.1022;  0.1033]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.2957 [ 1.2931;  1.2983]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.3372 [ 0.3365;  0.3380]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.3355 [ 0.3344;  0.3366]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6660 [ 0.6625;  0.6696]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.0697 [ 0.0696;  0.0698]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0311 [ 0.0310;  0.0312]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.6984 [ 0.6977;  0.6991]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             2.4379 [ 2.4355;  2.4403]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  2.2095 [ 2.2074;  2.2116]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0423 [ 0.0422;  0.0423]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0158 [ 0.0157;  0.0159]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0272 [ 0.0271;  0.0272]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.3332 [ 0.3329;  0.3335]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.2655 [ 1.2643;  1.2666]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            10.1429 [10.1373; 10.1484]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 0.8419 [ 0.8412;  0.8426]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.0362 [ 0.0361;  0.0362]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.1250 [ 0.1248;  0.1252]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.0908 [ 0.0905;  0.0912]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.4205 [ 1.4189;  1.4222]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3401 [ 0.3388;  0.3414]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0581 [ 0.0580;  0.0582]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8166 [ 0.8162;  0.8170]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   1.8863 [ 1.8856;  1.8869]        2.2        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  2.3524 [ 2.3508;  2.3540]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5117 [ 0.5109;  0.5125]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.1917 [ 0.1914;  0.1920]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.4858 [ 0.4856;  0.4861]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.1231 [ 0.1227;  0.1234]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5723 [ 2.5717;  2.5729]        5.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0897 [ 0.0893;  0.0900]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          4.4910 [ 4.4902;  4.4919]        7.4        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES           7.9211 [ 7.9206;  7.9216]       63.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.4417 [ 0.4405;  0.4429]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.8366 [ 0.8360;  0.8371]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  4.2944 [4.2941; 4.2946] 55636.38        0
## Random effects model 0.2970 [0.2069; 0.4264]    -6.58 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.2140 [1.8122; 5.7187]; tau = 1.4879 [1.3462; 2.3914]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5444.97
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1897453214.78   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 5.3741 [5.3738; 5.3744] 745368761.93 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.8334 [0.8333; 0.8336] 327035689.48 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0360 [0.0360; 0.0360]  11188677.96 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups  813860085.40    2       0
## Within groups  1083593129.38   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.7651 [0.5442; 1.0757] 1.1482 1.0715
## income = UMIC  21 0.0911 [0.0391; 0.2123] 3.9145 1.9785
## income = LMIC   6 0.0464 [0.0213; 0.1010] 0.9425 0.9708
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   55.20    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.0272 [ 0.0271;  0.0273]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1302 [ 0.1300;  0.1303]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.6512 [ 0.6507;  0.6518]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.1760 [ 2.1744;  2.1777]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0476 [ 0.0474;  0.0478]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 1.0938 [ 1.0927;  1.0948]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1982 [ 0.1974;  0.1990]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1118 [ 0.1118;  0.1119]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.5419 [ 0.5410;  0.5428]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  4.1539 [ 4.1528;  4.1550]        3.3        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0193 [ 0.0192;  0.0194]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0202 [ 0.0202;  0.0202]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0150 [ 0.0149;  0.0150]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1533 [ 0.1527;  0.1539]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.8848 [ 1.8834;  1.8861]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0448 [ 0.0447;  0.0450]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1340 [ 0.1339;  0.1342]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 0.7565 [ 0.7540;  0.7589]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 1.8835 [ 1.8816;  1.8854]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.2950 [ 1.2946;  1.2955]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6790 [ 1.6785;  1.6794]        3.0        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  1.0152 [ 1.0142;  1.0162]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.6659 [ 0.6651;  0.6668]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0197 [ 0.0197;  0.0197]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.0668 [ 1.0652;  1.0684]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5614 [ 0.5610;  0.5617]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.0968 [ 0.0967;  0.0969]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.0728 [ 0.0725;  0.0731]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0261 [ 0.0259;  0.0262]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.1504 [ 0.1497;  0.1510]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.5928 [ 1.5899;  1.5957]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.3553 [ 0.3545;  0.3560]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.3776 [ 0.3765;  0.3788]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6946 [ 0.6910;  0.6982]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.0747 [ 0.0746;  0.0748]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0421 [ 0.0420;  0.0423]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.7221 [ 0.7215;  0.7228]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             2.8493 [ 2.8467;  2.8518]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  2.6628 [ 2.6605;  2.6651]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0398 [ 0.0397;  0.0398]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0558 [ 0.0557;  0.0560]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0275 [ 0.0274;  0.0275]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.4023 [ 0.4020;  0.4027]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.3129 [ 1.3117;  1.3140]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            11.7963 [11.7902; 11.8024]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 0.9553 [ 0.9545;  0.9560]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.0453 [ 0.0453;  0.0454]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.2044 [ 0.2042;  0.2047]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.1135 [ 0.1131;  0.1138]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.5663 [ 1.5645;  1.5680]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3335 [ 0.3322;  0.3348]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0551 [ 0.0550;  0.0552]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8380 [ 0.8375;  0.8384]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   1.9664 [ 1.9657;  1.9670]        2.0        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  2.7401 [ 2.7384;  2.7418]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5081 [ 0.5073;  0.5089]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.2013 [ 0.2010;  0.2016]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.5087 [ 0.5084;  0.5090]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.0958 [ 0.0955;  0.0961]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.6150 [ 2.6144;  2.6156]        4.5        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.1007 [ 0.1004;  0.1011]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.1176 [ 5.1167;  5.1185]        7.5        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES           9.2026 [ 9.2020;  9.2031]       65.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.3638 [ 0.3627;  0.3649]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.3521 [ 0.3517;  0.3524]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.0243 [5.0241; 5.0246] 65592.18        0
## Random effects model 0.3330 [0.2283; 0.4855]    -5.71 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.4074 [1.8765; 5.9757]; tau = 1.5516 [1.3699; 2.4445]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5908.92
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2234581732.27   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 6.2883 [6.2879; 6.2886] 880698476.98 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.7779 [0.7777; 0.7780] 359097734.78 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0374 [0.0374; 0.0375]  11722116.24 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups  983063404.27    2       0
## Within groups  1251518328.00   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.8287 [0.5816; 1.1808] 1.2402 1.1137
## income = UMIC  21 0.1115 [0.0463; 0.2684] 4.2216 2.0546
## income = LMIC   6 0.0476 [0.0219; 0.1035] 0.9414 0.9702
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   53.12    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.0677 [ 0.0676;  0.0678]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1252 [ 0.1251;  0.1254]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.6366 [ 0.6361;  0.6371]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.1089 [ 2.1074;  2.1105]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0535 [ 0.0532;  0.0537]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 0.9712 [ 0.9703;  0.9722]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.2626 [ 0.2617;  0.2635]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1122 [ 0.1121;  0.1123]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.5557 [ 0.5548;  0.5566]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  4.5476 [ 4.5464;  4.5487]        3.3        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0195 [ 0.0194;  0.0196]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0238 [ 0.0238;  0.0238]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0147 [ 0.0147;  0.0148]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1439 [ 0.1433;  0.1445]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          1.9731 [ 1.9717;  1.9745]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0484 [ 0.0483;  0.0486]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1568 [ 0.1567;  0.1570]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 0.8935 [ 0.8908;  0.8961]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 2.2200 [ 2.2180;  2.2221]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.3220 [ 1.3215;  1.3224]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6877 [ 1.6872;  1.6881]        2.8        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  1.0272 [ 1.0262;  1.0283]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.7149 [ 0.7140;  0.7157]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0211 [ 0.0211;  0.0212]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.1315 [ 1.1300;  1.1331]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5573 [ 0.5569;  0.5576]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.0910 [ 0.0909;  0.0910]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.0856 [ 0.0852;  0.0859]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0254 [ 0.0253;  0.0255]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.4524 [ 0.4513;  0.4535]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.7258 [ 1.7228;  1.7288]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.4366 [ 0.4357;  0.4374]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.4294 [ 0.4282;  0.4307]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6676 [ 0.6641;  0.6710]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.0878 [ 0.0877;  0.0879]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0514 [ 0.0512;  0.0515]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.7640 [ 0.7633;  0.7647]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.3486 [ 3.3459;  3.3514]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  2.7479 [ 2.7456;  2.7503]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0364 [ 0.0364;  0.0365]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0566 [ 0.0565;  0.0568]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0275 [ 0.0274;  0.0275]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.4448 [ 0.4445;  0.4452]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.3466 [ 1.3455;  1.3478]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            13.2279 [13.2214; 13.2344]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.1118 [ 1.1110;  1.1125]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.0930 [ 0.0930;  0.0931]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.4083 [ 0.4079;  0.4087]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.1056 [ 0.1052;  0.1060]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.4980 [ 1.4963;  1.4997]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3248 [ 0.3235;  0.3261]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0642 [ 0.0640;  0.0643]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.8851 [ 0.8847;  0.8855]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   2.0645 [ 2.0638;  2.0652]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  3.4050 [ 3.4031;  3.4069]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5020 [ 0.5012;  0.5028]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.2339 [ 0.2335;  0.2342]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.5326 [ 0.5324;  0.5329]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.0939 [ 0.0936;  0.0942]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.4956 [ 2.4950;  2.4961]        4.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0726 [ 0.0723;  0.0729]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          5.7608 [ 5.7598;  5.7617]        7.6        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          10.2970 [10.2964; 10.2975]       66.5        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.3608 [ 0.3598;  0.3619]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.0491 [ 0.0490;  0.0493]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  5.6449 [5.6446; 5.6451] 73972.31        0
## Random effects model 0.3564 [0.2419; 0.5250]    -5.22 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.5391 [1.9112; 6.1269]; tau = 1.5934 [1.3825; 2.4753]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6297.32
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2537997217.08   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 7.0825 [7.0821; 7.0828] 996261547.11 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.7007 [0.7006; 0.7009] 365220741.12 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0414 [0.0414; 0.0415]  14722177.24 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1161792751.61    2       0
## Within groups  1376204465.47   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.8986 [0.6263; 1.2893] 1.2893 1.1355
## income = UMIC  21 0.1170 [0.0495; 0.2767] 4.0459 2.0115
## income = LMIC   6 0.0502 [0.0217; 0.1160] 1.0951 1.0465
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   49.82    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.1275 [ 0.1273;  0.1277]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1241 [ 0.1240;  0.1243]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.6583 [ 0.6578;  0.6589]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.0880 [ 2.0864;  2.0896]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0843 [ 0.0840;  0.0846]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 0.9062 [ 0.9053;  0.9071]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3009 [ 0.3000;  0.3019]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1148 [ 0.1148;  0.1149]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.5224 [ 0.5215;  0.5233]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  4.7693 [ 4.7681;  4.7705]        3.2        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0198 [ 0.0197;  0.0200]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0293 [ 0.0293;  0.0293]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0119 [ 0.0118;  0.0119]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1282 [ 0.1276;  0.1288]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          2.0591 [ 2.0577;  2.0606]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0520 [ 0.0519;  0.0522]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1489 [ 0.1488;  0.1491]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.1053 [ 1.1024;  1.1083]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 2.6654 [ 2.6631;  2.6676]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.3419 [ 1.3415;  1.3424]        1.6        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6769 [ 1.6765;  1.6774]        2.5        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  1.0026 [ 1.0016;  1.0036]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.7477 [ 0.7468;  0.7486]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0231 [ 0.0231;  0.0232]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.1919 [ 1.1903;  1.1936]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5694 [ 0.5691;  0.5698]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.0856 [ 0.0855;  0.0857]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.1192 [ 0.1189;  0.1196]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0230 [ 0.0229;  0.0231]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.9078 [ 0.9062;  0.9093]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  2.0008 [ 1.9975;  2.0041]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.4970 [ 0.4962;  0.4979]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.5211 [ 0.5197;  0.5225]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6295 [ 0.6261;  0.6328]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.0978 [ 0.0977;  0.0979]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0369 [ 0.0368;  0.0370]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.7887 [ 0.7880;  0.7894]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.7529 [ 3.7500;  3.7558]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  2.9508 [ 2.9484;  2.9532]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0311 [ 0.0310;  0.0311]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0733 [ 0.0732;  0.0735]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0243 [ 0.0242;  0.0243]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.4682 [ 0.4678;  0.4685]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.4084 [ 1.4072;  1.4096]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            14.8281 [14.8211; 14.8351]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.3080 [ 1.3072;  1.3089]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.1532 [ 0.1531;  0.1533]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.5669 [ 0.5665;  0.5673]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.1059 [ 0.1055;  0.1062]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.5627 [ 1.5609;  1.5644]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3402 [ 0.3389;  0.3415]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0655 [ 0.0654;  0.0656]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.9343 [ 0.9339;  0.9348]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   2.1655 [ 2.1648;  2.1662]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  3.9049 [ 3.9029;  3.9070]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5067 [ 0.5059;  0.5075]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.2404 [ 0.2401;  0.2407]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.6236 [ 0.6233;  0.6239]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.0915 [ 0.0912;  0.0918]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5773 [ 2.5767;  2.5779]        3.8        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0593 [ 0.0590;  0.0595]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          6.1083 [ 6.1073;  6.1093]        7.4        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          11.4514 [11.4508; 11.4520]       67.5        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.3376 [ 0.3365;  0.3386]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.0634 [ 0.0633;  0.0636]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  6.2513 [6.2510; 6.2515] 82240.06        0
## Random effects model 0.3841 [0.2583; 0.5714]    -4.72 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.6674 [1.9187; 6.1656]; tau = 1.6332 [1.3852; 2.4831]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6695.71
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2869284786.03   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI             Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 7.9048 [7.9044; 7.9051] 1115960133.86 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.6980 [0.6979; 0.6981]  390535736.08 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0398 [0.0398; 0.0399]   13102002.31 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1349686913.78    2       0
## Within groups  1519597872.25   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.9567 [0.6606; 1.3855] 1.3568 1.1648
## income = UMIC  21 0.1356 [0.0596; 0.3088] 3.6993 1.9234
## income = LMIC   6 0.0454 [0.0203; 0.1018] 1.0175 1.0087
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   55.09    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    1
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.0899 [ 0.0898;  0.0901]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               0.1258 [ 0.1257;  0.1260]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               0.7003 [ 0.6998;  0.7009]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 2.0631 [ 2.0615;  2.0646]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.1204 [ 0.1200;  0.1208]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 0.8770 [ 0.8761;  0.8779]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3650 [ 0.3640;  0.3661]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.1201 [ 0.1201;  0.1202]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.4317 [ 0.4309;  0.4325]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  4.8245 [ 4.8233;  4.8256]        3.2        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.0214 [ 0.0213;  0.0215]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0330 [ 0.0329;  0.0330]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.0146 [ 0.0145;  0.0146]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.1217 [ 0.1211;  0.1223]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          2.0989 [ 2.0974;  2.1003]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.0512 [ 0.0510;  0.0513]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.1647 [ 0.1646;  0.1648]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.2831 [ 1.2799;  1.2862]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 3.0971 [ 3.0947;  3.0996]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  1.3516 [ 1.3511;  1.3521]        1.5        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 1.6750 [ 1.6746;  1.6755]        2.5        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  0.9888 [ 0.9878;  0.9898]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 0.8107 [ 0.8098;  0.8117]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0244 [ 0.0244;  0.0245]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 1.2545 [ 1.2528;  1.2562]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   0.5734 [ 0.5731;  0.5737]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   0.0833 [ 0.0832;  0.0833]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.3329 [ 0.3323;  0.3335]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0263 [ 0.0262;  0.0265]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.9165 [ 0.9150;  0.9180]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  2.3533 [ 2.3498;  2.3569]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.4987 [ 0.4978;  0.4996]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               0.5957 [ 0.5942;  0.5972]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              0.6434 [ 0.6400;  0.6467]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.1002 [ 0.1001;  0.1003]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0402 [ 0.0401;  0.0403]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             0.8129 [ 0.8122;  0.8136]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.9910 [ 3.9880;  3.9939]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  3.1948 [ 3.1923;  3.1973]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.0328 [ 0.0328;  0.0328]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.0703 [ 0.0701;  0.0704]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0299 [ 0.0298;  0.0299]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.5082 [ 0.5079;  0.5086]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                1.4806 [ 1.4794;  1.4819]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            13.9247 [13.9178; 13.9317]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.3918 [ 1.3909;  1.3926]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.2102 [ 0.2101;  0.2103]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            0.7810 [ 0.7805;  0.7815]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.1066 [ 0.1063;  0.1070]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                1.7118 [ 1.7100;  1.7136]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                0.3713 [ 0.3700;  0.3727]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.0662 [ 0.0661;  0.0663]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             0.9307 [ 0.9303;  0.9312]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   2.2219 [ 2.2212;  2.2226]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  4.4354 [ 4.4332;  4.4376]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             0.5148 [ 0.5141;  0.5156]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.2588 [ 0.2585;  0.2592]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.7063 [ 0.7060;  0.7067]        0.9        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.0909 [ 0.0906;  0.0911]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 2.5175 [ 2.5170;  2.5181]        3.7        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.0566 [ 0.0563;  0.0568]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          6.1017 [ 6.1008;  6.1027]        7.2        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          11.6873 [11.6867; 11.6879]       67.4        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 0.3050 [ 0.3040;  0.3059]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.0258 [ 0.0257;  0.0259]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  6.2928 [6.2926; 6.2931] 83704.27        0
## Random effects model 0.4039 [0.2708; 0.6026]    -4.44 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 2.7063 [1.8873; 6.0213]; tau = 1.6451 [1.3738; 2.4538]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6850.89
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3003817304.32   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI             Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 8.0400 [8.0397; 8.0404] 1142563272.29 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.6752 [0.6751; 0.6753]  389940176.39 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0435 [0.0435; 0.0435]   15082723.45 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1456231132.20    2       0
## Within groups  1547586172.13   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.9992 [0.6900; 1.4469] 1.3563 1.1646
## income = UMIC  21 0.1431 [0.0650; 0.3149] 3.4025 1.8446
## income = LMIC   6 0.0493 [0.0217; 0.1124] 1.0582 1.0287
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   53.45    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1063 [0.1061; 0.1065]        0.3        1.8   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.5278 [0.5272; 0.5283]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.7538 [0.7528; 0.7548]        0.4        1.8    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0007 [0.0007; 0.0008]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## BELGIUM                0.9523 [0.9513; 0.9533]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0186 [0.0185; 0.0188]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## CANADA                 1.6387 [1.6380; 1.6395]        3.6        1.8    HIC
## CHILE                  0.1689 [0.1685; 0.1692]        0.2        1.8    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0536 [0.0535; 0.0537]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0233 [0.0231; 0.0236]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.4263 [0.4256; 0.4269]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.1220 [0.1217; 0.1223]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0305 [0.0305; 0.0306]        0.2        1.8   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.1266 [0.1256; 0.1276]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## FINLAND                3.3965 [3.3939; 3.3991]        1.2        1.8    HIC
## FRANCE                 2.1673 [2.1667; 2.1679]        8.8        1.8    HIC
## GERMANY                1.5554 [1.5549; 1.5558]        8.3        1.8    HIC
## GREECE                 1.4149 [1.4138; 1.4161]        1.0        1.8    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.4953 [0.4946; 0.4961]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0441 [0.0441; 0.0441]        3.5        1.8   LMIC
## IRELAND                1.9534 [1.9512; 1.9556]        0.6        1.8    HIC
## ITALY                  0.9209 [0.9205; 0.9213]        3.6        1.8    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0510 [0.0507; 0.0513]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.0877 [0.0871; 0.0883]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0843 [0.0837; 0.0849]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LEBANON                0.1605 [0.1599; 0.1611]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.1282 [0.1276; 0.1289]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             2.3963 [2.3891; 2.4035]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2075 [0.2074; 0.2077]        1.5        1.8   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0162 [0.0161; 0.0163]        0.0        1.8   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0120 [0.0118; 0.0121]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.3244 [2.3221; 2.3267]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0431 [0.0430; 0.0431]        0.5        1.8   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0255 [0.0254; 0.0256]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0270 [0.0269; 0.0270]        0.2        1.8   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0043 [0.0043; 0.0043]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## PORTUGAL               1.8127 [1.8114; 1.8140]        1.3        1.8    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2632 [1.2613; 1.2651]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2512 [0.2508; 0.2515]        0.3        1.8   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0137 [0.0137; 0.0138]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.2557 [0.2553; 0.2560]        0.4        1.8    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               0.8130 [0.8117; 0.8143]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.0760 [1.0736; 1.0784]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.0644 [0.0643; 0.0645]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.3052 [0.3049; 0.3055]        1.0        1.8    HIC
## SPAIN                  2.0490 [2.0484; 2.0497]        6.2        1.8    HIC
## SWEDEN                 2.1903 [2.1887; 2.1919]        1.3        1.8    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            1.3323 [1.3310; 1.3337]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.0578 [0.0575; 0.0580]        0.0        1.8   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.2052 [0.2050; 0.2053]        0.9        1.8   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.2101 [0.2095; 0.2106]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.3586 [1.3581; 1.3591]        5.5        1.8    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.1871 [2.1868; 2.1873]       43.5        1.8    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.0582 [0.0578; 0.0586]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.2297 [0.2294; 0.2300]        0.4        1.8   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 56
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.3693 [1.3692; 1.3694] 7418.94        0
## Random effects model 0.2088 [0.1559; 0.2796]  -10.50 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.2456 [1.2763; 3.9522]; tau = 1.1161 [1.1297; 1.9880]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3145.69
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  544245166.16   55       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## income = HIC   35 1.7950 [1.7948; 1.7951] 87012755.52 100.0%
## income = UMIC  15 0.1544 [0.1543; 0.1544] 10163892.16 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0424 [0.0424; 0.0424]   504421.61 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 446564096.87    2       0
## Within groups   97681069.29   53       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   35 0.4929 [0.4204; 0.5779] 0.2304 0.4800
## income = UMIC  15 0.0583 [0.0406; 0.0838] 0.5124 0.7158
## income = LMIC   6 0.0337 [0.0277; 0.0410] 0.0599 0.2447
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   464.43    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.5        1.8   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.1721 [0.1719; 0.1723]        0.4        1.8   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.7022 [0.7016; 0.7028]        0.9        1.8    HIC
## AUSTRIA                0.9630 [0.9619; 0.9641]        0.5        1.8    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0048 [0.0047; 0.0049]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## BELGIUM                1.2113 [1.2103; 1.2124]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0149 [0.0149; 0.0149]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1057 [0.1053; 0.1061]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.1523 [2.1515; 2.1531]        4.1        1.8    HIC
## CHILE                  0.1928 [0.1924; 0.1931]        0.2        1.8    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0553 [0.0552; 0.0554]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.0632 [0.0628; 0.0636]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.5902 [0.5894; 0.5909]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.1724 [0.1721; 0.1728]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.0666 [0.0665; 0.0667]        0.3        1.8   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.1453 [0.1442; 0.1463]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## FINLAND                4.0030 [4.0002; 4.0058]        1.2        1.8    HIC
## FRANCE                 2.5553 [2.5547; 2.5560]        9.0        1.8    HIC
## GERMANY                1.8744 [1.8739; 1.8749]        8.5        1.8    HIC
## GREECE                 1.8254 [1.8241; 1.8267]        1.1        1.8    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.5623 [0.5615; 0.5631]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0531 [0.0530; 0.0531]        3.6        1.8   LMIC
## IRELAND                2.6032 [2.6008; 2.6057]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## ITALY                  1.1183 [1.1179; 1.1188]        3.7        1.8    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0665 [0.0662; 0.0669]        0.0        1.8   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1249 [0.1242; 0.1256]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.1286 [0.1278; 0.1294]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LEBANON                0.2201 [0.2194; 0.2208]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.1815 [0.1807; 0.1823]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             2.6071 [2.5997; 2.6145]        0.1        1.8    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2079 [0.2077; 0.2080]        1.3        1.8   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0335 [0.0334; 0.0336]        0.1        1.8   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0279 [0.0276; 0.0281]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.1852 [2.1830; 2.1873]        0.6        1.8    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0910 [0.0909; 0.0911]        0.9        1.8   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0375 [0.0374; 0.0376]        0.1        1.8   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0372]        0.2        1.8   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0071 [0.0070; 0.0071]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## PORTUGAL               2.2539 [2.2525; 2.2554]        1.3        1.8    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2524 [1.2505; 1.2543]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.4295 [0.4290; 0.4300]        0.5        1.8   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0284 [0.0284; 0.0285]        0.2        1.8   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3084 [0.3081; 0.3088]        0.5        1.8    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.1281 [1.1266; 1.1296]        0.3        1.8    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.3641 [1.3615; 1.3668]        0.2        1.8    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1130 [0.1129; 0.1132]        0.3        1.8   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.4698 [0.4694; 0.4701]        1.3        1.8    HIC
## SPAIN                  2.6137 [2.6129; 2.6145]        6.8        1.8    HIC
## SWEDEN                 2.7350 [2.7332; 2.7368]        1.4        1.8    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            1.5463 [1.5449; 1.5478]        0.7        1.8    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1176 [0.1172; 0.1179]        0.1        1.8   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.2955 [0.2953; 0.2957]        1.2        1.8   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3381 [0.3374; 0.3387]        0.2        1.8    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         1.8136 [1.8130; 1.8141]        6.4        1.8    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.2201 [2.2199; 2.2204]       38.1        1.8    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.1756 [0.1748; 0.1763]        0.0        1.8    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.2484 [0.2480; 0.2487]        0.4        1.8   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 57
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI       z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.4606 [1.4604; 1.4607] 9668.73        0
## Random effects model 0.2979 [0.2233; 0.3976]   -8.23 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.2346 [1.2416; 3.6478]; tau = 1.1111 [1.1143; 1.9099]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3441.39
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  663216284.22   56       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI           Q    I^2
## income = HIC   35 1.9933 [1.9932; 1.9935] 88346534.61 100.0%
## income = UMIC  16 0.1888 [0.1887; 0.1888] 20128030.32 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0586 [0.0586; 0.0586]  1996551.67 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 552745167.61    2       0
## Within groups  110471116.61   54       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   35 0.6633 [0.5732; 0.7675] 0.1939 0.4404
## income = UMIC  16 0.0943 [0.0635; 0.1401] 0.6523 0.8076
## income = LMIC   6 0.0601 [0.0452; 0.0799] 0.1273 0.3567
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   262.35    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.6        1.7   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.2832 [0.2829; 0.2835]        0.6        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              0.8531 [0.8524; 0.8537]        0.9        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.2971 [1.2959; 1.2984]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0057 [0.0056; 0.0058]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                1.7617 [1.7604; 1.7630]        0.9        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0598 [0.0597; 0.0598]        0.6        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1647 [0.1642; 0.1652]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.5654 [2.5645; 2.5663]        4.3        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2310 [0.2307; 0.2314]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0000]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0525 [0.0524; 0.0526]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.1874 [0.1868; 0.1881]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         0.7723 [0.7714; 0.7731]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.2196 [0.2193; 0.2200]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1329 [0.1327; 0.1330]        0.5        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.1949 [0.1936; 0.1961]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                4.4528 [4.4499; 4.4558]        1.2        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 2.9223 [2.9216; 2.9230]        9.0        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                2.1889 [2.1883; 2.1894]        8.7        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 2.0220 [2.0206; 2.0234]        1.1        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.6597 [0.6589; 0.6605]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0606 [0.0605; 0.0606]        3.7        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                3.0900 [3.0873; 3.0926]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  1.3033 [1.3028; 1.3037]        3.8        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1340 [0.1339; 0.1341]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0748 [0.0744; 0.0751]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1322 [0.1315; 0.1329]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0932 [0.0925; 0.0939]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.2822 [0.2814; 0.2830]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.2761 [0.2751; 0.2770]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             2.8977 [2.8900; 2.9055]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2123 [0.2122; 0.2124]        1.2        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0372 [0.0371; 0.0373]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0433 [0.0429; 0.0436]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.1474 [2.1452; 2.1495]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1127 [0.1127; 0.1128]        1.0        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0528 [0.0527; 0.0530]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0396 [0.0395; 0.0397]        0.2        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0090 [0.0089; 0.0090]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               2.6513 [2.6496; 2.6529]        1.4        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2272 [1.2253; 1.2291]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.3411 [0.3407; 0.3415]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0725 [0.0724; 0.0725]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3637 [0.3633; 0.3641]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.4980 [1.4963; 1.4997]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.6411 [1.6382; 1.6440]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1369 [0.1367; 0.1371]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.5801 [0.5797; 0.5804]        1.4        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  3.0765 [3.0757; 3.0773]        7.1        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.0492 [3.0473; 3.0510]        1.4        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            1.8991 [1.8975; 1.9007]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0669 [0.0668; 0.0670]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1599 [0.1595; 0.1603]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.3880 [0.3878; 0.3883]        1.4        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6148 [0.6140; 0.6157]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.3866 [2.3860; 2.3873]        7.4        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.1808 [2.1805; 2.1811]       33.1        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.3082 [0.3073; 0.3092]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.2893 [0.2890; 0.2896]        0.4        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.4998 [1.4997; 1.4999] 11053.78        0
## Random effects model 0.3117 [0.2336; 0.4158]    -7.93 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.2975 [1.2802; 3.5669]; tau = 1.1391 [1.1315; 1.8886]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3745.29
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  827603287.42   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   36 2.1150 [2.1148; 2.1151] 143362365.55 100.0%
## income = UMIC  18 0.2005 [0.2004; 0.2006]  24514517.79 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0728 [0.0728; 0.0728]   4876895.29 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 654849508.79    2       0
## Within groups  172753778.63   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   36 0.7848 [0.6626; 0.9296] 0.2685 0.5181
## income = UMIC  18 0.0782 [0.0554; 0.1105] 0.5575 0.7466
## income = LMIC   6 0.0773 [0.0527; 0.1135] 0.2298 0.4794
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   217.27    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.8        1.6   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.4871 [0.4868; 0.4875]        0.8        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.0422 [1.0415; 1.0429]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.6069 [1.6055; 1.6083]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0049 [0.0049; 0.0050]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.1459 [2.1444; 2.1473]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0047 [0.0046; 0.0048]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0849 [0.0848; 0.0849]        0.7        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.2681 [0.2675; 0.2687]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 2.8489 [2.8480; 2.8498]        4.1        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2907 [0.2903; 0.2912]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0006 [0.0006; 0.0006]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0601 [0.0600; 0.0602]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.2490 [0.2483; 0.2498]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.0325 [1.0315; 1.0335]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.2650 [0.2645; 0.2654]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.2101 [0.2100; 0.2103]        0.7        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2309 [0.2295; 0.2322]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                4.7455 [4.7425; 4.7485]        1.1        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.1118 [3.1111; 3.1125]        8.2        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                2.3903 [2.3897; 2.3909]        8.0        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 2.1845 [2.1831; 2.1860]        1.0        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.7808 [0.7799; 0.7817]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0673 [0.0672; 0.0673]        3.5        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                3.7947 [3.7917; 3.7976]        0.7        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  1.4936 [1.4931; 1.4942]        3.7        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.9483 [0.9481; 0.9486]        5.1        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.0969 [0.0965; 0.0972]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0096 [0.0095; 0.0097]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1977 [0.1969; 0.1985]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0698 [0.0692; 0.0703]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.4274 [0.4265; 0.4283]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.4855 [0.4842; 0.4868]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.0533 [3.0455; 3.0612]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.1896 [0.1894; 0.1897]        0.9        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0429 [0.0428; 0.0430]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            1.8776 [1.8765; 1.8787]        1.3        1.6    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0559 [0.0555; 0.0562]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.4446 [2.4424; 2.4469]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1482 [0.1481; 0.1483]        1.1        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0621 [0.0619; 0.0622]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0455 [0.0455; 0.0456]        0.2        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0169 [0.0169; 0.0170]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               2.7607 [2.7590; 2.7623]        1.2        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2731 [1.2712; 1.2750]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3145]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.1415 [0.1414; 0.1416]        0.8        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4245 [0.4241; 0.4249]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0287 [0.0285; 0.0289]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.0042 [2.0022; 2.0062]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.8618 [1.8587; 1.8649]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1591 [0.1589; 0.1592]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.6952 [0.6948; 0.6956]        1.4        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  3.5436 [3.5427; 3.5445]        6.9        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2395 [3.2376; 3.2413]        1.3        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.1983 [2.1966; 2.2000]        0.7        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1031 [0.1030; 0.1033]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1955 [0.1950; 0.1959]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.5242 [0.5240; 0.5245]        1.6        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6845 [0.6836; 0.6854]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         2.9403 [2.9396; 2.9409]        7.8        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.1866 [2.1863; 2.1868]       28.3        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.3948 [0.3937; 0.3959]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.3710 [0.3706; 0.3713]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 64
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.5664 [1.5663; 1.5665] 13307.14        0
## Random effects model 0.3546 [0.2720; 0.4623]    -7.66 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1715 [1.2291; 3.2801]; tau = 1.0824 [1.1087; 1.8111]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3807.60
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##             Q d.f. p-value
##  913361648.43   63       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 2.2143 [2.2142; 2.2145] 141815376.74 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.2544 [0.2543; 0.2544]  43490994.08 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0912 [0.0911; 0.0912]  11211744.77 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 716843532.84    2       0
## Within groups  196518115.59   61       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 0.9960 [0.8568; 1.1578] 0.2183 0.4673
## income = UMIC  21 0.0834 [0.0579; 0.1202] 0.7308 0.8549
## income = LMIC   6 0.0963 [0.0582; 0.1595] 0.3969 0.6300
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   205.97    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.6692 [0.6688; 0.6696]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.1969 [1.1962; 1.1977]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                1.9266 [1.9250; 1.9281]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0061 [0.0060; 0.0062]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.2474 [2.2459; 2.2489]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0084 [0.0082; 0.0085]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1127 [0.1126; 0.1128]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0647 [0.0644; 0.0650]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 3.1446 [3.1436; 3.1456]        4.0        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.3808 [0.3804; 0.3813]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0017 [0.0017; 0.0017]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0711 [0.0710; 0.0712]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.3248 [0.3239; 0.3257]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.1044 [1.1034; 1.1055]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3125 [0.3120; 0.3129]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.3476 [0.3474; 0.3478]        1.1        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2598 [0.2584; 0.2613]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.0579 [5.0548; 5.0610]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.4227 [3.4219; 3.4234]        8.0        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                2.6294 [2.6288; 2.6300]        7.8        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.1222 [2.1208; 2.1237]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.9178 [0.9168; 0.9188]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0698 [0.0698; 0.0699]        3.2        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                4.8273 [4.8240; 4.8306]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  1.6178 [1.6172; 1.6183]        3.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  1.6550 [1.6546; 1.6554]        7.8        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1713 [0.1709; 0.1718]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0219 [0.0218; 0.0220]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.3129 [0.3119; 0.3139]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0739 [0.0733; 0.0745]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.4941 [0.4931; 0.4951]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.5840 [0.5826; 0.5855]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3108 [3.3027; 3.3189]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.1834 [0.1833; 0.1835]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0481 [0.0479; 0.0482]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.1870 [2.1858; 2.1881]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0606 [0.0602; 0.0610]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.6430 [2.6406; 2.6454]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1655 [0.1654; 0.1656]        1.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0764 [0.0762; 0.0766]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0513 [0.0512; 0.0513]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0124 [0.0124; 0.0125]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.1609 [3.1591; 3.1627]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2744 [1.2724; 1.2763]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2308 [0.2305; 0.2312]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.2983 [0.2982; 0.2985]        1.6        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.6099 [0.6094; 0.6103]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0514 [0.0512; 0.0517]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.1634 [2.1614; 2.1655]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.0907 [2.0875; 2.0940]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1847 [0.1845; 0.1849]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.0076 [1.0072; 1.0081]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  3.9095 [3.9085; 3.9104]        6.7        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2022 [3.2003; 3.2040]        1.1        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.4428 [2.4410; 2.4445]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0082 [0.0082; 0.0083]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1173 [0.1172; 0.1175]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.2953 [0.2948; 0.2959]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                0.7695 [0.7692; 0.7699]        2.1        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.2766 [0.2760; 0.2772]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.4816 [3.4808; 3.4823]        8.2        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.0969 [2.0967; 2.0972]       24.2        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.6758 [0.6743; 0.6772]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.4633 [0.4629; 0.4637]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.6762 [1.6761; 1.6763] 16299.08        0
## Random effects model 0.3943 [0.3052; 0.5095]    -7.12 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.1102 [1.2216; 3.2212]; tau = 1.0537 [1.1053; 1.7948]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 3953.76
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1000461830.41   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 2.3945 [2.3944; 2.3947] 139373093.33 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.3334 [0.3333; 0.3334]  71090434.70 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1136 [0.1135; 0.1136]  25617580.11 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 764380722.27    2       0
## Within groups  236081108.14   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 0.9818 [0.8552; 1.1272] 0.1886 0.4343
## income = UMIC  21 0.1064 [0.0709; 0.1598] 0.9027 0.9501
## income = LMIC   6 0.1196 [0.0608; 0.2351] 0.7143 0.8451
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   131.43    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.8307 [0.8302; 0.8311]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              3.1224 [3.1212; 3.1236]        2.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.1375 [2.1358; 2.1391]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0123 [0.0122; 0.0124]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.0611 [2.0597; 2.0625]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0126 [0.0124; 0.0128]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1486 [0.1485; 0.1487]        0.9        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.0809 [0.0806; 0.0813]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 3.7305 [3.7294; 3.7315]        4.1        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.4682 [0.4676; 0.4687]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0024 [0.0024; 0.0024]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0892 [0.0891; 0.0893]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.3720 [0.3710; 0.3730]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.3551 [1.3539; 1.3562]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3316 [0.3311; 0.3320]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.4690 [0.4688; 0.4693]        1.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.3397 [0.3381; 0.3414]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.3754 [5.3721; 5.3786]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.6856 [3.6849; 3.6864]        7.4        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                2.8213 [2.8207; 2.8219]        7.2        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.3245 [2.3230; 2.3260]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.0685 [1.0674; 1.0696]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0717 [0.0717; 0.0718]        2.9        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                6.0138 [6.0100; 6.0175]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  1.7605 [1.7600; 1.7611]        3.3        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  2.1922 [2.1917; 2.1926]        8.8        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.3112 [0.3106; 0.3118]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0286 [0.0284; 0.0287]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.6898 [0.6884; 0.6913]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0938 [0.0931; 0.0945]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.5122 [0.5112; 0.5131]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.7074 [0.7058; 0.7089]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3751 [3.3670; 3.3832]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.1822 [0.1821; 0.1823]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0512 [0.0510; 0.0513]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.4227 [2.4214; 2.4239]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0756 [0.0752; 0.0760]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.7219 [2.7196; 2.7243]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1842 [0.1841; 0.1843]        1.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0920 [0.0918; 0.0922]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0583 [0.0583; 0.0584]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0159 [0.0159; 0.0160]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.1361 [3.1343; 3.1379]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2648 [1.2629; 1.2668]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1968 [0.1965; 0.1972]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.6995 [0.6993; 0.6997]        3.2        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.9389 [0.9383; 0.9395]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.1583 [0.1578; 0.1587]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.2623 [2.2602; 2.2644]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.2580 [2.2546; 2.2614]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1957 [0.1955; 0.1959]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.1367 [1.1362; 1.1372]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.2439 [4.2429; 4.2448]        6.2        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2839 [3.2820; 3.2858]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.6708 [2.6689; 2.6726]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.0939 [0.0937; 0.0941]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1231 [0.1230; 0.1233]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.3557 [0.3552; 0.3563]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.0282 [1.0278; 1.0286]        2.4        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.4835 [0.4828; 0.4843]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.2010 [4.2002; 4.2019]        8.6        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.2311 [2.2308; 2.2313]       22.1        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.7672 [0.7657; 0.7688]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.6107 [0.6102; 0.6111]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  1.8841 [1.8840; 1.8842] 21624.21        0
## Random effects model 0.5042 [0.3934; 0.6462]    -5.41 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0417 [1.1631; 3.0301]; tau = 1.0207 [1.0785; 1.7407]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4163.34
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1109335495.37   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 2.6903 [2.6902; 2.6905] 155938952.31 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.4937 [0.4936; 0.4938] 103644354.42 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1363 [0.1363; 0.1364]  41553714.39 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 808198474.25    2       0
## Within groups  301137021.12   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.2461 [1.0878; 1.4274] 0.1826 0.4273
## income = UMIC  21 0.1424 [0.0937; 0.2163] 0.9551 0.9773
## income = LMIC   6 0.1369 [0.0620; 0.3020] 0.9781 0.9890
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   117.51    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.8746 [0.8741; 0.8750]        0.9        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.9517 [0.9512; 0.9522]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              5.4618 [5.4602; 5.4633]        3.5        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.3277 [2.3261; 2.3294]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0146 [0.0145; 0.0147]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.0963 [2.0949; 2.0978]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0180 [0.0177; 0.0182]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1909 [0.1908; 0.1910]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1039 [0.1035; 0.1043]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 4.2330 [4.2318; 4.2341]        4.1        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.5657 [0.5651; 0.5663]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0026 [0.0026; 0.0026]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1081 [0.1080; 0.1083]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.4368 [0.4358; 0.4379]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.5417 [1.5405; 1.5430]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3778 [0.3774; 0.3783]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.6020 [0.6018; 0.6023]        1.5        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.4430 [0.4412; 0.4449]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                4.9036 [4.9005; 4.9067]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.0148 [4.0140; 4.0156]        7.0        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.0256 [3.0250; 3.0263]        6.7        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.3194 [2.3179; 2.3209]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.1791 [1.1780; 1.1803]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0766 [0.0766; 0.0766]        2.7        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                6.5956 [6.5917; 6.5995]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  1.9060 [1.9054; 1.9065]        3.1        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  2.7970 [2.7965; 2.7974]        9.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.4901 [0.4893; 0.4909]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0399 [0.0398; 0.0401]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.5753 [0.5740; 0.5766]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.1005 [0.0998; 0.1013]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.5807 [0.5797; 0.5817]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.8691 [0.8674; 0.8709]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.5380 [3.5298; 3.5462]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2060 [0.2059; 0.2062]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0550]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.6728 [2.6715; 2.6741]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.0869 [0.0864; 0.0873]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 2.8620 [2.8596; 2.8645]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2062 [0.2061; 0.2063]        1.1        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1047 [0.1045; 0.1049]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0678 [0.0678; 0.0679]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0388 [0.0387; 0.0389]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.6144 [3.6125; 3.6163]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.2472 [1.2452; 1.2491]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1747 [0.1744; 0.1750]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.9011 [0.9009; 0.9014]        3.5        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.2680 [1.2673; 1.2687]        1.1        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.3061 [0.3055; 0.3067]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.3157 [2.3136; 2.3179]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.6181 [2.6145; 2.6218]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2145 [0.2143; 0.2147]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.2171 [1.2166; 1.2176]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.4807 [4.4797; 4.4817]        5.7        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2563 [3.2544; 3.2582]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.9188 [2.9169; 2.9207]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1689 [0.1687; 0.1692]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1475 [0.1474; 0.1477]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.3975 [0.3969; 0.3982]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.5190 [1.5185; 1.5194]        3.2        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7207 [0.7198; 0.7216]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.0509 [5.0500; 5.0518]        9.0        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.3340 [2.3338; 2.3343]       20.2        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.9316 [0.9299; 0.9333]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.7561 [0.7556; 0.7566]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  2.1325 [2.1324; 2.1327] 27754.66        0
## Random effects model 0.5987 [0.4682; 0.7654]    -4.09 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0216 [1.1325; 2.9345]; tau = 1.0107 [1.0642; 1.7130]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4441.49
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1262517087.33   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 3.0394 [3.0392; 3.0395] 200279695.07 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.6742 [0.6741; 0.6743] 143107710.39 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1642 [0.1642; 0.1643]  59420687.05 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 859708994.83    2       0
## Within groups  402808092.51   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.4454 [1.2512; 1.6697] 0.2058 0.4537
## income = UMIC  21 0.1786 [0.1160; 0.2749] 1.0171 1.0085
## income = LMIC   6 0.1554 [0.0650; 0.3716] 1.1875 1.0897
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   101.32    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                1.0163 [1.0158; 1.0168]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              1.1057 [1.1052; 1.1062]        1.2        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              6.8676 [6.8659; 6.8693]        4.1        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.4571 [2.4554; 2.4588]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0133 [0.0132; 0.0134]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.3686 [2.3671; 2.3700]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0204 [0.0202; 0.0207]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.2552 [0.2551; 0.2553]        1.3        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1449 [0.1444; 0.1453]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 4.8298 [4.8286; 4.8310]        4.3        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.6778 [0.6772; 0.6785]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0034 [0.0034; 0.0034]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1500 [0.1498; 0.1502]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.5667 [0.5655; 0.5679]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.0048 [2.0034; 2.0062]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.4372 [0.4367; 0.4377]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.8155 [0.8152; 0.8158]        1.9        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.6044 [0.6022; 0.6066]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                4.7511 [4.7480; 4.7541]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.2238 [4.2230; 4.2247]        6.7        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.2835 [3.2828; 3.2841]        6.6        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.3751 [2.3736; 2.3766]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.1061 [1.1050; 1.1072]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0808 [0.0808; 0.0808]        2.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                8.2475 [8.2432; 8.2519]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  1.9980 [1.9974; 1.9986]        3.0        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  3.0553 [3.0548; 3.0558]        9.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.5068 [0.5060; 0.5075]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0641 [0.0639; 0.0643]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.6329 [0.6316; 0.6342]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.0874 [0.0867; 0.0881]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.6932 [0.6922; 0.6943]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.9057 [0.9039; 0.9075]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.4906 [3.4825; 3.4986]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2250 [0.2249; 0.2252]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0612 [0.0611; 0.0613]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.8345 [2.8332; 2.8359]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1001 [0.0997; 0.1006]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.0177 [3.0153; 3.0202]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2419 [0.2418; 0.2420]        1.2        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1435 [0.1433; 0.1437]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0782]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.0669 [0.0667; 0.0670]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.7551 [3.7532; 3.7571]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.1861 [1.1842; 1.1881]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1684 [0.1681; 0.1687]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.7960 [0.7958; 0.7963]        2.8        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.0275 [1.0269; 1.0281]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.6683 [0.6674; 0.6692]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.5507 [2.5485; 2.5529]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.9286 [2.9248; 2.9325]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2358 [0.2356; 0.2360]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.3430 [1.3425; 1.3435]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.4954 [4.4944; 4.4964]        5.2        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2796 [3.2777; 3.2815]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.2163 [3.2143; 3.2183]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2086 [0.2083; 0.2089]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1601 [0.1599; 0.1602]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.4702 [0.4696; 0.4709]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.0758 [2.0753; 2.0763]        4.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.9940 [0.9929; 0.9951]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.8870 [5.8860; 5.8879]        9.6        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.4324 [2.4321; 2.4326]       19.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.1259 [1.1241; 1.1278]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.7361 [0.7356; 0.7366]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.3234 [2.3233; 2.3235] 32424.33       0
## Random effects model 0.6843 [0.5331; 0.8783]    -2.98  0.0029
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0543 [1.1237; 2.8903]; tau = 1.0268 [1.0600; 1.7001]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 4743.32
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1439939034.97   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 3.3265 [3.3264; 3.3267] 258015807.24 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.7787 [0.7786; 0.7789] 188778156.22 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.2115 [0.2114; 0.2115]  91586275.41 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 901558796.10    2       0
## Within groups  538380238.87   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.6000 [1.3678; 1.8716] 0.2432 0.4932
## income = UMIC  21 0.2150 [0.1357; 0.3406] 1.1575 1.0759
## income = LMIC   6 0.1816 [0.0679; 0.4855] 1.5110 1.2292
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   80.53    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                1.3989 [1.3983; 1.3995]        1.3        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              1.1449 [1.1443; 1.1454]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              8.0026 [8.0007; 8.0044]        4.4        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.4469 [3.4449; 3.4489]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0210 [0.0209; 0.0212]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                3.6912 [3.6894; 3.6931]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0389 [0.0386; 0.0393]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.3278 [0.3277; 0.3280]        1.5        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.4235 [0.4227; 0.4243]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 5.4479 [5.4466; 5.4491]        4.5        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.7712 [0.7705; 0.7719]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0048 [0.0048; 0.0048]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1520 [0.1518; 0.1521]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.9388 [0.9372; 0.9403]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.9635 [2.9618; 2.9652]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.4496 [0.4491; 0.4501]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  1.1842 [1.1839; 1.1846]        2.5        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.8538 [0.8512; 0.8564]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                4.9233 [4.9203; 4.9264]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.3282 [4.3274; 4.3290]        6.4        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.5834 [3.5827; 3.5840]        6.7        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.9066 [2.9049; 2.9083]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.1861 [1.1849; 1.1872]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0826 [0.0826; 0.0827]        2.5        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                8.8947 [8.8902; 8.8992]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.0556 [2.0550; 2.0562]        2.8        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  3.3683 [3.3678; 3.3688]        9.8        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.8144 [0.8134; 0.8153]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0473 [0.0471; 0.0474]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.8609 [0.8594; 0.8624]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.1269 [0.1260; 0.1277]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.8859 [0.8847; 0.8870]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              1.2196 [1.2174; 1.2217]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.6592 [3.6511; 3.6674]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2381 [0.2379; 0.2382]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0617 [0.0615; 0.0618]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            3.0032 [3.0018; 3.0045]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1140 [0.1135; 0.1145]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.1358 [3.1333; 3.1384]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2771 [0.2770; 0.2773]        1.3        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1565 [0.1563; 0.1567]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0931 [0.0930; 0.0932]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.3348 [0.3345; 0.3352]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.5745 [3.5725; 3.5764]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.1569 [1.1550; 1.1589]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.1887 [0.1883; 0.1890]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.1847 [0.1846; 0.1849]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.8962 [0.8957; 0.8968]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 1.0159 [1.0148; 1.0170]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.5712 [3.5686; 3.5739]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               3.3094 [3.3053; 3.3135]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2596 [0.2594; 0.2599]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.5523 [1.5517; 1.5529]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.7605 [4.7595; 4.7615]        5.0        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2710 [3.2692; 3.2729]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.4599 [3.4578; 3.4619]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2559 [0.2555; 0.2562]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1710 [0.1709; 0.1712]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.5303 [0.5296; 0.5310]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.5278 [2.5272; 2.5284]        4.6        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7037 [0.7028; 0.7046]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         6.7927 [6.7917; 6.7938]       10.2        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.4771 [2.4768; 2.4773]       18.2        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.1942 [1.1923; 1.1961]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.5555 [0.5550; 0.5559]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.5771 [2.5770; 2.5773] 37946.55       0
## Random effects model 0.8006 [0.6206; 1.0328]    -1.71  0.0870
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0978 [1.1543; 2.9411]; tau = 1.0477 [1.0744; 1.7150]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5050.88
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1632730148.26   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 3.6291 [3.6289; 3.6293] 325732543.59 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.8607 [0.8605; 0.8608] 264750191.75 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.2966 [0.2966; 0.2967] 151110460.53 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 891136952.40    2       0
## Within groups  741593195.86   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.8988 [1.6051; 2.2464] 0.2794 0.5286
## income = UMIC  21 0.2463 [0.1415; 0.4288] 1.6802 1.2962
## income = LMIC   6 0.2087 [0.0663; 0.6569] 2.0536 1.4331
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   59.62    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                2.9210 [2.9202; 2.9219]        2.5        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              1.2095 [1.2090; 1.2101]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              8.6417 [8.6397; 8.6436]        4.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.6534 [3.6513; 3.6555]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0391 [0.0389; 0.0393]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                4.3393 [4.3373; 4.3413]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0747 [0.0742; 0.0752]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.4008 [0.4007; 0.4010]        1.7        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.6955 [0.6945; 0.6965]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 6.0241 [6.0228; 6.0254]        4.5        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.8596 [0.8589; 0.8603]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0065 [0.0065; 0.0066]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1610 [0.1608; 0.1612]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                1.1064 [1.1047; 1.1081]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         3.5544 [3.5525; 3.5563]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.4751 [0.4746; 0.4757]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  1.9074 [1.9069; 1.9078]        3.7        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                1.1673 [1.1643; 1.1704]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.0831 [5.0800; 5.0862]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.4210 [4.4201; 4.4218]        5.8        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.7208 [3.7201; 3.7215]        6.3        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 3.2721 [3.2703; 3.2740]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.2721 [1.2710; 1.2733]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0859 [0.0858; 0.0859]        2.3        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                8.9632 [8.9587; 8.9676]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.2635 [2.2629; 2.2641]        2.8        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  3.7304 [3.7298; 3.7310]        9.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 1.0108 [1.0097; 1.0118]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0662 [0.0660; 0.0664]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 1.7104 [1.7083; 1.7125]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.1982 [0.1971; 0.1992]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.9871 [0.9858; 0.9883]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              1.1829 [1.1808; 1.1850]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.8108 [3.8026; 3.8190]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2819 [0.2817; 0.2820]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.1094 [0.1092; 0.1095]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            3.0973 [3.0959; 3.0987]        1.1        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.1255 [0.1250; 0.1260]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.3743 [3.3717; 3.3769]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.3093 [0.3092; 0.3094]        1.3        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1504 [0.1501; 0.1506]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1065]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.7340 [0.7336; 0.7345]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.5756 [3.5737; 3.5776]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.1721 [1.1701; 1.1741]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2316 [0.2312; 0.2319]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.2277 [0.2276; 0.2278]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.3068 [1.3061; 1.3074]        0.9        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 1.3730 [1.3717; 1.3743]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.1730 [3.1705; 3.1755]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               3.4915 [3.4873; 3.4957]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2695 [0.2693; 0.2697]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.8268 [1.8262; 1.8274]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.9381 [4.9371; 4.9392]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2632 [3.2613; 3.2650]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.5588 [3.5567; 3.5609]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.3043 [0.3040; 0.3047]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.1857 [0.1856; 0.1859]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.7481 [0.7473; 0.7489]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                3.2525 [3.2518; 3.2531]        5.4        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6187 [0.6179; 0.6196]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.4479 [7.4468; 7.4490]       10.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.4957 [2.4955; 2.4960]       16.5        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.3737 [1.3716; 1.3757]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.3986 [0.3983; 0.3990]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.7818 [2.7817; 2.7819] 43365.34       0
## Random effects model 0.9485 [0.7393; 1.2170]    -0.42  0.6778
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0514 [1.1046; 2.7869]; tau = 1.0254 [1.0510; 1.6694]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5244.10
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1760038568.55   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 3.8480 [3.8478; 3.8482] 360046421.19 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.2266 [1.2264; 1.2267] 386768680.72 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.4912 [0.4911; 0.4912] 269713335.35 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups  743510131.30    2       0
## Within groups  1016528437.25   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.1440 [1.8085; 2.5417] 0.2865 0.5352
## income = UMIC  21 0.3086 [0.1714; 0.5557] 1.8908 1.3751
## income = LMIC   6 0.2759 [0.0705; 1.0796] 2.9076 1.7052
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   45.85    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    2
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                2.8536 [2.8528; 2.8544]        2.2        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              1.2643 [1.2638; 1.2649]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              8.7381 [8.7362; 8.7400]        4.0        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.9874 [3.9852; 3.9895]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0664 [0.0661; 0.0666]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                4.7493 [4.7472; 4.7514]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1682 [0.1675; 0.1690]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.5116 [0.5115; 0.5118]        2.0        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.9454 [0.9442; 0.9466]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 6.0709 [6.0696; 6.0722]        4.2        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.9066 [0.9059; 0.9073]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0108 [0.0108; 0.0108]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1810 [0.1808; 0.1812]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                1.2599 [1.2581; 1.2616]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         3.9558 [3.9538; 3.9577]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.4963 [0.4958; 0.4969]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  3.7697 [3.7691; 3.7704]        6.9        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                1.7170 [1.7133; 1.7207]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.1854 [5.1823; 5.1886]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.6663 [4.6654; 4.6671]        5.6        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.9886 [3.9879; 3.9893]        6.1        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 3.6452 [3.6433; 3.6471]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.3400 [1.3388; 1.3412]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0924 [0.0923; 0.0924]        2.3        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                7.2645 [7.2606; 7.2685]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.3084 [2.3077; 2.3090]        2.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  3.9854 [3.9848; 3.9859]        9.4        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.3184 [0.3178; 0.3190]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0783 [0.0781; 0.0785]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 2.3085 [2.3061; 2.3110]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.2861 [0.2849; 0.2874]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                1.0700 [1.0688; 1.0713]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              1.4162 [1.4139; 1.4185]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.7805 [3.7724; 3.7886]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.3123 [0.3121; 0.3124]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.1609 [0.1607; 0.1611]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            3.2409 [3.2395; 3.2423]        1.0        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.0352 [1.0336; 1.0367]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.4372 [3.4346; 3.4398]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.3657 [0.3656; 0.3658]        1.4        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1859 [0.1856; 0.1861]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.1273 [0.1272; 0.1274]        0.3        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 1.1714 [1.1709; 1.1720]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.6716 [3.6697; 3.6735]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            1.1985 [1.1965; 1.2006]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.2448 [0.2444; 0.2451]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.2948 [0.2947; 0.2950]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3547 [0.3544; 0.3550]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 1.8492 [1.8478; 1.8507]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.4508 [3.4482; 3.4534]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               3.6286 [3.6243; 3.6329]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.3076 [0.3074; 0.3079]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            2.1687 [2.1681; 2.1694]        2.1        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  5.1063 [5.1052; 5.1073]        4.4        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.2313 [3.2294; 3.2331]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.7111 [3.7090; 3.7132]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.3825 [0.3821; 0.3829]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.2323 [0.2321; 0.2325]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                1.9419 [1.9406; 1.9433]        0.4        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                3.5747 [3.5740; 3.5753]        5.5        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.6074 [0.6066; 0.6082]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         7.7862 [7.7851; 7.7873]        9.7        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          2.5196 [2.5193; 2.5199]       15.3        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.2352 [1.2333; 1.2372]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.3925 [0.3921; 0.3928]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  2.9372 [2.9371; 2.9374] 47830.30       0
## Random effects model 1.0938 [0.8546; 1.4001]     0.71  0.4763
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.0308 [1.0661; 2.6777]; tau = 1.0153 [1.0325; 1.6364]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5446.99
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1898862125.23   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 4.0013 [4.0011; 4.0016] 368027543.06 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.2599 [1.2597; 1.2600] 440123102.08 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 1.1632 [1.1630; 1.1633] 552856709.89 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups  537854770.20    2       0
## Within groups  1361007355.03   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.3691 [2.0018; 2.8037] 0.2807 0.5298
## income = UMIC  21 0.3565 [0.1975; 0.6436] 1.9075 1.3811
## income = LMIC   6 0.4144 [0.0795; 2.1606] 4.2592 2.0638
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   40.09    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2008    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.0709 [0.0708; 0.0711]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.2110 [0.2108; 0.2113]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.2865 [1.2857; 1.2873]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.1978 [2.1961; 2.1995]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0056 [0.0055; 0.0057]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                1.3012 [1.3001; 1.3024]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0522 [0.0522; 0.0523]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.1053 [0.1049; 0.1057]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 4.1266 [4.1254; 4.1277]        3.7        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2113 [0.2110; 0.2117]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0009 [0.0009; 0.0009]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0876 [0.0874; 0.0877]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.3160 [0.3151; 0.3168]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.1416 [1.1405; 1.1427]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.1948 [0.1944; 0.1951]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1064 [0.1063; 0.1066]        0.2        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2020 [0.2007; 0.2032]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                4.3558 [4.3528; 4.3587]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.5466 [3.5458; 3.5473]        5.9        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                2.7848 [2.7842; 2.7854]        6.1        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 2.2484 [2.2470; 2.2499]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.7213 [0.7204; 0.7221]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0537 [0.0537; 0.0537]        1.7        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                2.8727 [2.8700; 2.8753]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  1.4918 [1.4913; 1.4923]        2.4        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1016 [0.1015; 0.1017]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1265 [0.1261; 0.1270]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1175 [0.1168; 0.1182]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.4164 [0.4150; 0.4178]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.4021 [0.4012; 0.4031]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.3469 [0.3459; 0.3480]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.2514 [3.2430; 3.2598]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2788 [0.2786; 0.2789]        0.8        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0236 [0.0235; 0.0237]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            0.9869 [0.9853; 0.9885]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.4299 [3.4272; 3.4327]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.0973 [0.0972; 0.0974]        0.4        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0497 [0.0495; 0.0498]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0530 [0.0529; 0.0531]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1513 [0.1511; 0.1515]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.1225 [3.1207; 3.1243]        0.9        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            5.0091 [5.0053; 5.0129]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.3109 [0.3105; 0.3113]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0289 [0.0289; 0.0290]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.3616 [0.3612; 0.3620]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.4112 [1.4096; 1.4129]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.5309 [1.5280; 1.5337]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1159 [0.1158; 0.1161]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            0.9479 [0.9475; 0.9484]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  3.8350 [3.8340; 3.8359]        4.8        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.3977 [3.3958; 3.3997]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            1.9623 [1.9607; 1.9640]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1750 [0.1747; 0.1753]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.1223 [0.1220; 0.1227]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.3869 [1.3864; 1.3873]        2.6        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3101 [0.3094; 0.3108]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.0456 [3.0449; 3.0463]        5.1        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          6.6631 [6.6626; 6.6636]       54.5        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.2539 [0.2530; 0.2548]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.6793 [0.6788; 0.6798]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z  p-value
## Common effect model  3.6284 [3.6282; 3.6286] 47464.74        0
## Random effects model 0.4114 [0.2989; 0.5663]    -5.45 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5947 [1.5270; 4.6989]; tau = 1.2628 [1.2357; 2.1677]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5021.10
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1487474580.99   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 4.5536 [4.5533; 4.5538] 456103261.99 100.0%
## income = UMIC  17 0.5143 [0.5141; 0.5144] 111270810.72 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0634 [0.0634; 0.0635]   3125551.48 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                           Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 916974956.81    2       0
## Within groups  570499624.18   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 1.0789 [0.8447; 1.3781] 0.5769 0.7596
## income = UMIC  17 0.0961 [0.0478; 0.1932] 2.1566 1.4685
## income = LMIC   6 0.0663 [0.0475; 0.0925] 0.1728 0.4158
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   190.33    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2009    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.2753 [0.2750; 0.2756]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.2916 [0.2913; 0.2918]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.4792 [1.4784; 1.4801]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## AUSTRIA                2.5392 [2.5375; 2.5410]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0141 [0.0139; 0.0142]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## BELGIUM                1.5782 [1.5770; 1.5795]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.0739 [0.0739; 0.0740]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.2261 [0.2255; 0.2267]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## CANADA                 4.7887 [4.7875; 4.7899]        3.8        1.7    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2263 [0.2259; 0.2266]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0020 [0.0020; 0.0020]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0840 [0.0839; 0.0841]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.3611 [0.3602; 0.3621]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.4811 [1.4799; 1.4823]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.2420 [0.2416; 0.2424]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.1499 [0.1497; 0.1500]        0.3        1.7   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.2543 [0.2529; 0.2557]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## FINLAND                4.9666 [4.9635; 4.9698]        0.6        1.7    HIC
## FRANCE                 3.8551 [3.8543; 3.8559]        5.6        1.7    HIC
## GERMANY                3.2166 [3.2159; 3.2172]        6.1        1.7    HIC
## GREECE                 2.6236 [2.6221; 2.6252]        0.7        1.7    HIC
## HUNGARY                0.8353 [0.8344; 0.8363]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0629 [0.0629; 0.0630]        1.8        1.7   LMIC
## IRELAND                3.5075 [3.5046; 3.5103]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## ITALY                  1.6554 [1.6548; 1.6559]        2.3        1.7    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.1478 [0.1477; 0.1479]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1551 [0.1546; 0.1556]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1514 [0.1507; 0.1522]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.5005 [0.4989; 0.5021]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LEBANON                0.5855 [0.5844; 0.5867]        0.1        1.7   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.4040 [0.4028; 0.4051]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.3859 [3.3774; 3.3943]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2677 [0.2676; 0.2679]        0.7        1.7   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0386 [0.0385; 0.0387]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.1928 [1.1911; 1.1945]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.6102 [3.6074; 3.6130]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1376 [0.1375; 0.1377]        0.6        1.7   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0548 [0.0547; 0.0549]        0.0        1.7   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0637 [0.0636; 0.0638]        0.1        1.7   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.1745 [0.1743; 0.1747]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.3821 [3.3803; 3.3840]        0.8        1.7    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            5.9562 [5.9520; 5.9603]        0.5        1.7    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.5838 [0.5832; 0.5843]        0.3        1.7   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0450 [0.0449; 0.0451]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4092 [0.4088; 0.4096]        0.3        1.7    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               1.8496 [1.8477; 1.8515]        0.2        1.7    HIC
## SLOVENIA               1.7773 [1.7743; 1.7803]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1586 [0.1584; 0.1588]        0.2        1.7   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.1294 [1.1289; 1.1299]        1.3        1.7    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.4325 [4.4315; 4.4335]        4.8        1.7    HIC
## SWEDEN                 3.9503 [3.9482; 3.9524]        0.9        1.7    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.1416 [2.1399; 2.1433]        0.4        1.7    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1779 [0.1776; 0.1781]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## THAILAND               0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.2006 [0.2002; 0.2011]        0.0        1.7   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                1.7331 [1.7326; 1.7337]        2.9        1.7   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.4496 [0.4488; 0.4503]        0.1        1.7    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         3.8182 [3.8174; 3.8190]        5.6        1.7    HIC
## UNITED STATES          7.4008 [7.4003; 7.4013]       53.0        1.7    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.4441 [0.4430; 0.4453]        0.0        1.7    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.7331 [0.7326; 0.7337]        0.5        1.7   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 60
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  3.9825 [3.9823; 3.9827] 54600.50       0
## Random effects model 0.5307 [0.3854; 0.7308]    -3.88  0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5991 [1.4772; 4.4476]; tau = 1.2646 [1.2154; 2.1089]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5451.73
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  1753562347.73   59       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 5.0846 [5.0843; 5.0849] 508514702.66 100.0%
## income = UMIC  17 0.6088 [0.6087; 0.6089] 150350083.78 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0813 [0.0813; 0.0814]   6943865.22 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1087753696.07    2       0
## Within groups   665808651.65   57       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 1.2793 [1.0063; 1.6263] 0.5548 0.7448
## income = UMIC  17 0.1447 [0.0713; 0.2937] 2.2174 1.4891
## income = LMIC   6 0.0928 [0.0608; 0.1418] 0.2805 0.5296
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   128.25    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2010    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.3584 [0.3581; 0.3587]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.4124 [0.4120; 0.4127]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.6897 [1.6888; 1.6906]        0.7        1.6    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.0211 [3.0192; 3.0231]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0180 [0.0178; 0.0181]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.2085 [2.2071; 2.2100]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1212 [0.1211; 0.1213]        0.5        1.6   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.3263 [0.3256; 0.3270]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## CANADA                 5.3477 [5.3464; 5.3490]        3.7        1.6    HIC
## CHILE                  0.2580 [0.2576; 0.2584]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0031 [0.0031; 0.0031]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0760 [0.0759; 0.0762]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.4543 [0.4532; 0.4553]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         1.8185 [1.8172; 1.8199]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.2917 [0.2912; 0.2921]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.2397 [0.2396; 0.2399]        0.4        1.6   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.4373 [0.4355; 0.4392]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## FINLAND                5.4352 [5.4319; 5.4384]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.1757 [4.1748; 4.1765]        5.3        1.6    HIC
## GERMANY                3.5994 [3.5987; 3.6001]        5.8        1.6    HIC
## GREECE                 2.8252 [2.8236; 2.8269]        0.6        1.6    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.0156 [1.0146; 1.0167]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0720 [0.0719; 0.0720]        1.8        1.6   LMIC
## IRELAND                3.9361 [3.9331; 3.9391]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## ITALY                  1.8485 [1.8479; 1.8491]        2.2        1.6    HIC
## JAPAN                  0.3150 [0.3149; 0.3152]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.1833 [0.1828; 0.1838]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.1562 [0.1555; 0.1569]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.5646 [0.5630; 0.5663]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LEBANON                0.6460 [0.6448; 0.6471]        0.1        1.6   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.5072 [0.5059; 0.5085]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.6404 [3.6317; 3.6491]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2720 [0.2718; 0.2721]        0.6        1.6   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0432 [0.0431; 0.0433]        0.0        1.6   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            0.0000                         0.0        0.0    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.4364 [1.4345; 1.4383]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## NORWAY                 3.9539 [3.9510; 3.9568]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1573 [0.1572; 0.1574]        0.6        1.6   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0700 [0.0698; 0.0702]        0.0        1.6   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0686 [0.0685; 0.0687]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2009 [0.2007; 0.2012]        0.2        1.6    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.8120 [3.8101; 3.8140]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            6.7601 [6.7556; 6.7645]        0.5        1.6    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.5874 [0.5868; 0.5879]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.0884 [0.0883; 0.0885]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.4869 [0.4865; 0.4873]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0000                         0.0        0.0   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.3771 [2.3750; 2.3793]        0.3        1.6    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.0489 [2.0457; 2.0522]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.1825 [0.1823; 0.1827]        0.2        1.6   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.2561 [1.2556; 1.2566]        1.2        1.6    HIC
## SPAIN                  4.8978 [4.8967; 4.8988]        4.6        1.6    HIC
## SWEDEN                 4.3114 [4.3092; 4.3136]        0.8        1.6    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.4739 [2.4721; 2.4758]        0.4        1.6    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.1970 [0.1967; 0.1973]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## THAILAND               0.2391 [0.2389; 0.2393]        0.3        1.6   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.2414 [0.2409; 0.2418]        0.1        1.6   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.1626 [2.1620; 2.1632]        3.1        1.6   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.7453 [0.7443; 0.7462]        0.1        1.6    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         4.7452 [4.7443; 4.7461]        6.0        1.6    HIC
## UNITED STATES          8.5063 [8.5057; 8.5068]       52.6        1.6    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.5483 [0.5470; 0.5496]        0.0        1.6    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.7677 [0.7672; 0.7682]        0.4        1.6   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 61
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.4356 [4.4354; 4.4358] 63637.75       0
## Random effects model 0.6343 [0.4586; 0.8775]    -2.75  0.0060
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.6714 [1.4492; 4.2686]; tau = 1.2928 [1.2038; 2.0660]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 5996.98
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2157825551.28   60       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   37 5.7706 [5.7703; 5.7709] 618378082.54 100.0%
## income = UMIC  18 0.6753 [0.6752; 0.6755] 205401063.73 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.0997 [0.0997; 0.0997]  12584477.28 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1321461927.73    2       0
## Within groups   836363623.55   58       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   37 1.5329 [1.1986; 1.9604] 0.5827 0.7634
## income = UMIC  18 0.1845 [0.0925; 0.3683] 2.2370 1.4957
## income = LMIC   6 0.1117 [0.0672; 0.1857] 0.4038 0.6355
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                       Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   101.75    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2011    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.5023 [0.5019; 0.5026]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.6236 [0.6232; 0.6240]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              1.9091 [1.9081; 1.9100]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.4460 [3.4440; 3.4481]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0188 [0.0187; 0.0190]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.6343 [2.6327; 2.6359]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.0490 [0.0486; 0.0494]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.1618 [0.1617; 0.1619]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.4892 [0.4884; 0.4901]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 5.8395 [5.8381; 5.8408]        3.6        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.3141 [0.3137; 0.3146]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0053 [0.0053; 0.0053]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0820 [0.0819; 0.0821]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.4773 [0.4762; 0.4783]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.2432 [2.2417; 2.2447]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3322 [0.3317; 0.3327]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.3250 [0.3248; 0.3252]        0.5        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.5211 [0.5191; 0.5231]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                5.7890 [5.7856; 5.7923]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.3160 [4.3151; 4.3168]        4.9        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                3.8865 [3.8858; 3.8872]        5.6        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 3.0761 [3.0744; 3.0778]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.2037 [1.2026; 1.2048]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0808 [0.0808; 0.0808]        1.8        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                4.6899 [4.6866; 4.6932]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.0384 [2.0378; 2.0390]        2.2        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  1.0988 [1.0985; 1.0991]        2.5        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.2052 [0.2047; 0.2057]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0285 [0.0283; 0.0286]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.2263 [0.2254; 0.2271]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.6788 [0.6770; 0.6807]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.7612 [0.7600; 0.7625]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.7232 [0.7217; 0.7248]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             3.7951 [3.7863; 3.8039]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2476 [0.2474; 0.2477]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0533 [0.0531; 0.0534]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.5304 [2.5291; 2.5317]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.6623 [1.6603; 1.6643]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 4.4844 [4.4813; 4.4874]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.1948 [0.1947; 0.1949]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0813 [0.0811; 0.0815]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0735 [0.0734; 0.0736]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2380 [0.2377; 0.2383]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               3.8753 [3.8734; 3.8773]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            8.4500 [8.4450; 8.4550]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.7133 [0.7126; 0.7139]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.1598 [0.1597; 0.1599]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.5929 [0.5924; 0.5933]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.0947 [0.0944; 0.0950]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               2.9752 [2.9728; 2.9776]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.2320 [2.2286; 2.2354]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2093 [0.2091; 0.2095]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.3683 [1.3677; 1.3688]        1.2        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  5.4072 [5.4061; 5.4083]        4.6        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 4.6491 [4.6469; 4.6514]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.7352 [2.7333; 2.7371]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2174 [0.2171; 0.2177]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.3580 [0.3578; 0.3583]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.2845 [0.2840; 0.2851]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                2.7223 [2.7216; 2.7229]        3.6        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.8151 [0.8141; 0.8160]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         5.6548 [5.6539; 5.6558]        6.5        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          8.7465 [8.7459; 8.7470]       48.9        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                0.6987 [0.6973; 0.7002]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              0.8805 [0.8799; 0.8810]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.4452 [4.4450; 4.4454] 67329.03       0
## Random effects model 0.6891 [0.5086; 0.9337]    -2.40  0.0163
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.5618 [1.3732; 3.8752]; tau = 1.2497 [1.1718; 1.9686]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6082.87
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2368087497.44   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 5.8483 [5.8481; 5.8486] 651691238.35 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.8211 [0.8210; 0.8212] 276710707.56 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1217 [0.1217; 0.1217]  20640596.92 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1419044954.60    2       0
## Within groups   949042542.83   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 1.8301 [1.4526; 2.3056] 0.5278 0.7265
## income = UMIC  21 0.1880 [0.0981; 0.3603] 2.3116 1.5204
## income = LMIC   6 0.1336 [0.0745; 0.2396] 0.5323 0.7296
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   96.98    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2012    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.5436 [0.5432; 0.5440]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.8075 [0.8071; 0.8080]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              2.1429 [2.1419; 2.1439]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                3.8892 [3.8870; 3.8914]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0209 [0.0208; 0.0211]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.8197 [2.8180; 2.8213]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1042 [0.1036; 0.1047]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.2003 [0.2002; 0.2004]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.3512 [0.3505; 0.3520]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 6.4490 [6.4476; 6.4504]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.4029 [0.4024; 0.4033]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0100 [0.0100; 0.0101]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.0904 [0.0902; 0.0905]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.5290 [0.5279; 0.5302]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.4462 [2.4447; 2.4478]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3715 [0.3710; 0.3720]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.4519 [0.4517; 0.4522]        0.7        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.6499 [0.6477; 0.6522]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                6.2340 [6.2305; 6.2375]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.6399 [4.6391; 4.6408]        5.0        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                4.1898 [4.1890; 4.1905]        5.7        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 2.9461 [2.9444; 2.9478]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.3818 [1.3806; 1.3831]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0843 [0.0843; 0.0844]        1.8        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                5.7487 [5.7451; 5.7523]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.1488 [2.1482; 2.1494]        2.2        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  1.7794 [1.7790; 1.7798]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.2711 [0.2705; 0.2717]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0437 [0.0436; 0.0439]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.3421 [0.3411; 0.3431]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 0.8875 [0.8853; 0.8896]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.7933 [0.7921; 0.7945]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              0.8457 [0.8440; 0.8474]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             4.0584 [4.0494; 4.0674]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2474 [0.2473; 0.2476]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0653 [0.0651; 0.0654]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            2.8475 [2.8461; 2.8488]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            1.9467 [1.9446; 1.9489]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 4.8179 [4.8147; 4.8211]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2124 [0.2123; 0.2125]        0.7        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.0954 [0.0952; 0.0955]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0780 [0.0779; 0.0781]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2180 [0.2177; 0.2182]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               4.3551 [4.3530; 4.3572]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            9.4847 [9.4794; 9.4900]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.7460 [0.7453; 0.7466]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.3209 [0.3208; 0.3211]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           0.7378 [0.7373; 0.7383]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.1341 [0.1337; 0.1345]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.2284 [3.2259; 3.2309]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.4452 [2.4416; 2.4487]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2379 [0.2377; 0.2381]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.7305 [1.7299; 1.7311]        1.5        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  5.7247 [5.7236; 5.7258]        4.5        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 4.7299 [4.7276; 4.7322]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            2.9603 [2.9584; 2.9623]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2224 [0.2221; 0.2227]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.4123 [0.4121; 0.4126]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.4017 [0.4011; 0.4024]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                3.1476 [3.1470; 3.1483]        4.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.3576 [0.3569; 0.3582]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         6.6897 [6.6887; 6.6908]        7.3        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          8.4560 [8.4555; 8.4565]       44.7        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.0938 [1.0920; 1.0957]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              1.0497 [1.0491; 1.0503]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.3669 [4.3667; 4.3671] 68686.77       0
## Random effects model 0.7995 [0.5972; 1.0702]    -1.50  0.1326
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4395 [1.3196; 3.6551]; tau = 1.1998 [1.1488; 1.9118]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6176.17
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2441281374.51   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 5.8356 [5.8353; 5.8359] 576470883.83 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 0.9058 [0.9057; 0.9060] 345088843.44 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1448 [0.1448; 0.1449]  35222923.64 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1484498723.60    2       0
## Within groups   956782650.91   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.0373 [1.6575; 2.5042] 0.4211 0.6489
## income = UMIC  21 0.2331 [0.1216; 0.4468] 2.3135 1.5210
## income = LMIC   6 0.1597 [0.0794; 0.3209] 0.7613 0.8725
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   79.02    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2013    3
##                          rate           95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                0.6123 [0.6119; 0.6128]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA              0.9655 [0.9650; 0.9660]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA              3.9071 [3.9058; 3.9084]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                4.2035 [4.2012; 4.2058]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                0.0344 [0.0342; 0.0346]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                2.8712 [2.8696; 2.8729]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 0.1485 [0.1479; 0.1492]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                 0.2464 [0.2463; 0.2465]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA               0.4812 [0.4804; 0.4820]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 7.3987 [7.3972; 7.4002]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                  0.4888 [0.4882; 0.4893]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                  0.0143 [0.0143; 0.0143]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA               0.1060 [0.1058; 0.1062]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                0.5611 [0.5599; 0.5622]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC         2.8554 [2.8537; 2.8570]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                0.3806 [0.3801; 0.3811]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                  0.5793 [0.5791; 0.5796]        0.7        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                0.8479 [0.8453; 0.8505]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                6.7770 [6.7733; 6.7806]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                 4.9101 [4.9092; 4.9110]        4.6        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                4.4645 [4.4637; 4.4653]        5.3        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                 3.2543 [3.2525; 3.2561]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                1.6067 [1.6054; 1.6080]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                  0.0874 [0.0874; 0.0874]        1.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                6.9816 [6.9776; 6.9855]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                  2.2892 [2.2886; 2.2899]        2.0        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                  2.3035 [2.3031; 2.3040]        4.3        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                 0.4185 [0.4177; 0.4192]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN             0.0488 [0.0487; 0.0490]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                 0.7306 [0.7291; 0.7321]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                 1.1425 [1.1401; 1.1449]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                0.8309 [0.8297; 0.8321]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA              1.0202 [1.0183; 1.0221]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG             4.0818 [4.0729; 4.0907]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                 0.2527 [0.2525; 0.2528]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                0.0781 [0.0780; 0.0783]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS            3.0818 [3.0804; 3.0832]        0.8        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND            2.2133 [2.2110; 2.2155]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                 4.9931 [4.9899; 4.9963]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN               0.2292 [0.2291; 0.2293]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                   0.1101 [0.1099; 0.1103]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES            0.0914 [0.0913; 0.0915]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                 0.2820 [0.2817; 0.2822]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL               4.3602 [4.3581; 4.3623]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            9.6517 [9.6463; 9.6571]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                0.8871 [0.8865; 0.8878]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                 0.7291 [0.7288; 0.7293]        1.5        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA           1.0581 [1.0575; 1.0587]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                 0.2477 [0.2471; 0.2482]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA               3.4486 [3.4460; 3.4511]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA               2.6081 [2.6045; 2.6118]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA           0.2529 [0.2527; 0.2532]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA            1.8725 [1.8719; 1.8731]        1.4        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                  6.0784 [6.0772; 6.0795]        4.2        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                 5.1810 [5.1786; 5.1834]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND            3.1810 [3.1789; 3.1830]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                 0.2939 [0.2935; 0.2942]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND               0.5597 [0.5594; 0.5600]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                0.4665 [0.4658; 0.4671]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                3.5727 [3.5720; 3.5734]        4.0        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES   0.5663 [0.5655; 0.5671]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         8.0419 [8.0408; 8.0431]        7.6        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          9.5835 [9.5830; 9.5841]       44.2        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                1.1789 [1.1770; 1.1809]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA              1.2948 [1.2941; 1.2954]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  4.8683 [4.8681; 4.8685] 79244.65       0
## Random effects model 0.9651 [0.7220; 1.2901]    -0.24  0.8104
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4252 [1.2649; 3.4746]; tau = 1.1938 [1.1247; 1.8640]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6622.16
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  2806590083.64   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 6.5760 [6.5757; 6.5763] 659063858.68 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.0495 [1.0493; 1.0496] 393503431.21 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1692 [0.1691; 0.1692]  51399203.72 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1702623590.03    2       0
## Within groups  1103966493.61   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.3930 [1.9469; 2.9413] 0.4210 0.6489
## income = UMIC  21 0.2997 [0.1637; 0.5485] 1.9974 1.4133
## income = LMIC   6 0.1839 [0.0840; 0.4023] 0.9577 0.9786
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   73.20    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2014    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 0.8777 [ 0.8772;  0.8782]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.0803 [ 1.0798;  1.0808]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               6.1076 [ 6.1060;  6.1093]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 4.5047 [ 4.5024;  4.5071]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0451 [ 0.0449;  0.0453]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 3.1127 [ 3.1110;  3.1144]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.1600 [ 0.1593;  0.1607]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.2972 [ 0.2971;  0.2973]        0.8        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.5914 [ 0.5905;  0.5924]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  8.1048 [ 8.1032;  8.1063]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.5859 [ 0.5853;  0.5865]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0183 [ 0.0183;  0.0184]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1232 [ 0.1230;  0.1233]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.6205 [ 0.6193;  0.6218]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          3.2558 [ 3.2540;  3.2576]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.4213 [ 0.4207;  0.4218]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.7263 [ 0.7261;  0.7266]        0.9        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.0802 [ 1.0772;  1.0831]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 6.5386 [ 6.5351;  6.5422]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  5.2787 [ 5.2778;  5.2797]        4.4        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 4.7110 [ 4.7102;  4.7117]        5.0        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  3.2833 [ 3.2815;  3.2851]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 1.7894 [ 1.7880;  1.7908]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.0949 [ 0.0949;  0.0949]        1.6        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 7.5993 [ 7.5952;  7.6035]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.4579 [ 2.4572;  2.4585]        1.9        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   2.9007 [ 2.9002;  2.9012]        4.8        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.5784 [ 0.5776;  0.5793]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0671 [ 0.0669;  0.0673]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.6781 [ 0.6767;  0.6794]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.3962 [ 1.3935;  1.3989]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 0.9179 [ 0.9167;  0.9192]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               1.2046 [ 1.2026;  1.2067]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.2040 [ 4.1951;  4.2129]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.2758 [ 0.2756;  0.2759]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.0859 [ 0.0858;  0.0861]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             3.3712 [ 3.3698;  3.3727]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             2.5248 [ 2.5224;  2.5272]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  5.0716 [ 5.0683;  5.0748]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.2485 [ 0.2483;  0.2486]        0.6        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.1205 [ 0.1203;  0.1207]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.0950 [ 0.0949;  0.0951]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.3720 [ 0.3717;  0.3723]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                4.8798 [ 4.8776;  4.8821]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            11.3900 [11.3841; 11.3959]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.0166 [ 1.0159;  1.0174]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.9373 [ 0.9370;  0.9376]        1.8        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.3930 [ 1.3923;  1.3936]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.3969 [ 0.3962;  0.3976]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                3.7363 [ 3.7336;  3.7390]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                2.9582 [ 2.9543;  2.9621]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.2727 [ 0.2724;  0.2729]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             2.0337 [ 2.0331;  2.0344]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   6.3670 [ 6.3658;  6.3682]        3.9        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  5.6087 [ 5.6063;  5.6112]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             3.4305 [ 3.4284;  3.4326]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.3606 [ 0.3602;  0.3610]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.6334 [ 0.6331;  0.6337]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.5206 [ 0.5199;  0.5213]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 4.0912 [ 4.0905;  4.0920]        4.1        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.8103 [ 0.8094;  0.8113]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM          9.5420 [ 9.5407;  9.5432]        8.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          10.2551 [10.2546; 10.2557]       42.6        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.3733 [ 1.3712;  1.3753]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               1.5927 [ 1.5919;  1.5934]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  5.2538 [5.2536; 5.2540] 87794.11       0
## Random effects model 1.1159 [0.8385; 1.4850]     0.75  0.4521
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3821 [1.2326; 3.3581]; tau = 1.1756 [1.1102; 1.8325]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 6947.47
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3089108590.44   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 7.1419 [7.1416; 7.1422] 697065631.26 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.2179 [1.2177; 1.2180] 461153450.94 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.1996 [0.1996; 0.1996]  70314896.82 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 1860574611.42    2       0
## Within groups  1228533979.02   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 2.7130 [2.2212; 3.3138] 0.3958 0.6291
## income = UMIC  21 0.3631 [0.2003; 0.6584] 1.9353 1.3912
## income = LMIC   6 0.2044 [0.0871; 0.4793] 1.1351 1.0654
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   68.00    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2015    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 1.0435 [ 1.0430;  1.0440]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.2359 [ 1.2353;  1.2364]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               7.5188 [ 7.5170;  7.5207]        2.1        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 4.6332 [ 4.6308;  4.6355]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0609 [ 0.0607;  0.0612]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 3.4623 [ 3.4605;  3.4641]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.2186 [ 0.2178;  0.2194]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.3671 [ 0.3669;  0.3672]        0.9        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.6868 [ 0.6858;  0.6878]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  8.9837 [ 8.9821;  8.9854]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.6971 [ 0.6964;  0.6977]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0236 [ 0.0236;  0.0236]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1650 [ 0.1648;  0.1652]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 0.7200 [ 0.7187;  0.7214]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          3.8896 [ 3.8876;  3.8915]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.4820 [ 0.4815;  0.4826]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   0.9495 [ 0.9492;  0.9498]        1.0        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.3609 [ 1.3576;  1.3642]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 6.6345 [ 6.6310;  6.6381]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  5.5188 [ 5.5179;  5.5198]        4.2        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 4.9624 [ 4.9616;  4.9632]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  3.3903 [ 3.3884;  3.3921]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 1.7720 [ 1.7706;  1.7734]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.1004 [ 0.1004;  0.1005]        1.5        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 9.3143 [ 9.3098;  9.3189]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.5593 [ 2.5587;  2.5600]        1.8        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   3.1521 [ 3.1516;  3.1526]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.5796 [ 0.5788;  0.5804]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0902 [ 0.0899;  0.0904]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  0.7833 [ 0.7818;  0.7847]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.6802 [ 1.6772;  1.6832]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 1.0485 [ 1.0472;  1.0498]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               1.2834 [ 1.2812;  1.2855]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.1852 [ 4.1764;  4.1940]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.2998 [ 0.2996;  0.2999]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.1033 [ 0.1032;  0.1035]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             3.5567 [ 3.5552;  3.5582]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             2.9494 [ 2.9468;  2.9520]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  5.6805 [ 5.6771;  5.6839]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.2817 [ 0.2816;  0.2818]        0.7        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.1993 [ 0.1991;  0.1996]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.1056 [ 0.1055;  0.1057]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.4692 [ 0.4688;  0.4696]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                5.0680 [ 5.0657;  5.0703]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            12.9824 [12.9761; 12.9888]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.1237 [ 1.1229;  1.1244]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.8413 [ 0.8411;  0.8416]        1.4        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.2320 [ 1.2313;  1.2326]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  0.7818 [ 0.7808;  0.7827]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                4.1169 [ 4.1141;  4.1198]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                3.2621 [ 3.2581;  3.2662]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.2909 [ 0.2907;  0.2912]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             2.1810 [ 2.1803;  2.1817]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   6.4617 [ 6.4605;  6.4629]        3.5        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  6.0197 [ 6.0172;  6.0223]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             3.7244 [ 3.7222;  3.7265]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.4099 [ 0.4094;  0.4103]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.6688 [ 0.6685;  0.6691]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.5660 [ 0.5653;  0.5668]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 4.6908 [ 4.6900;  4.6915]        4.3        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    1.0947 [ 1.0936;  1.0958]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         11.0046 [11.0033; 11.0059]        8.5        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          11.6350 [11.6343; 11.6356]       43.6        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.4897 [ 1.4876;  1.4919]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               1.0882 [ 1.0875;  1.0888]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI        z p-value
## Common effect model  5.9048 [5.9046; 5.9050] 99352.31       0
## Random effects model 1.2656 [0.9445; 1.6958]     1.58  0.1147
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4489 [1.2407; 3.3792]; tau = 1.2037 [1.1139; 1.8383]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7483.56
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3584233012.20   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 8.0522 [8.0519; 8.0525] 839037339.89 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.3106 [1.3105; 1.3108] 551920284.09 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.2471 [0.2471; 0.2472] 102827393.89 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2090447994.32    2       0
## Within groups  1493785017.87   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 3.0013 [2.4353; 3.6989] 0.4320 0.6573
## income = UMIC  21 0.4294 [0.2300; 0.8019] 2.1318 1.4601
## income = LMIC   6 0.2344 [0.0908; 0.6049] 1.4037 1.1848
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   56.18    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2016    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 1.4666 [ 1.4659;  1.4672]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.2701 [ 1.2696;  1.2707]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               8.6392 [ 8.6372;  8.6411]        2.2        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 5.5558 [ 5.5533;  5.5584]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.0745 [ 0.0742;  0.0748]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 4.6625 [ 4.6604;  4.6645]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3015 [ 0.3006;  0.3025]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.4401 [ 0.4399;  0.4402]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                0.9792 [ 0.9780;  0.9804]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                  9.9954 [ 9.9937;  9.9971]        3.9        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.7907 [ 0.7900;  0.7914]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0286 [ 0.0286;  0.0286]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1667 [ 0.1665;  0.1669]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 1.0827 [ 1.0810;  1.0843]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          4.9366 [ 4.9344;  4.9388]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.4980 [ 0.4975;  0.4986]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   1.3411 [ 1.3407;  1.3414]        1.3        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 1.7473 [ 1.7435;  1.7510]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 7.1434 [ 7.1397;  7.1470]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  5.6502 [ 5.6492;  5.6511]        3.9        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 5.2710 [ 5.2702;  5.2718]        4.6        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  3.9338 [ 3.9318;  3.9358]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 1.9009 [ 1.8995;  1.9024]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.1038 [ 0.1038;  0.1038]        1.5        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                10.0262 [10.0215; 10.0310]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.6128 [ 2.6122;  2.6135]        1.7        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   3.4593 [ 3.4587;  3.4598]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.8999 [ 0.8989;  0.9009]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0727 [ 0.0725;  0.0729]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  1.3133 [ 1.3114;  1.3152]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  1.8527 [ 1.8495;  1.8558]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 1.3224 [ 1.3210;  1.3239]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               1.6490 [ 1.6465;  1.6514]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.3268 [ 4.3179;  4.3357]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.3259 [ 0.3257;  0.3260]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.1130 [ 0.1129;  0.1132]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             3.7671 [ 3.7656;  3.7687]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.4626 [ 3.4598;  3.4654]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  5.8838 [ 5.8804;  5.8872]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.3136 [ 0.3135;  0.3137]        0.7        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.2131 [ 0.2128;  0.2134]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.1206 [ 0.1205;  0.1207]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  0.7797 [ 0.7792;  0.7801]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                4.9211 [ 4.9189;  4.9233]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            14.3848 [14.3780; 14.3916]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.3004 [ 1.2996;  1.3013]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.2778 [ 0.2776;  0.2779]        0.4        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.3045 [ 1.3039;  1.3052]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  1.1215 [ 1.1203;  1.1226]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                5.0693 [ 5.0662;  5.0724]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                3.6342 [ 3.6299;  3.6385]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3238 [ 0.3236;  0.3241]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             2.4374 [ 2.4367;  2.4381]        1.3        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   6.8250 [ 6.8237;  6.8262]        3.4        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  6.6761 [ 6.6734;  6.6787]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             3.9619 [ 3.9597;  3.9641]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.4897 [ 0.4893;  0.4902]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.7037 [ 0.7034;  0.7040]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.6241 [ 0.6234;  0.6249]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 5.0234 [ 5.0226;  5.0242]        4.3        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.7763 [ 0.7753;  0.7772]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         12.5535 [12.5521; 12.5549]        8.9        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          12.7740 [12.7734; 12.7747]       43.9        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.5550 [ 1.5528;  1.5572]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.6046 [ 0.6041;  0.6051]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  6.5643 [6.5641; 6.5645] 110256.30       0
## Random effects model 1.4086 [1.0497; 1.8904]      2.28  0.0224
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4640 [1.2644; 3.4394]; tau = 1.2100 [1.1245; 1.8546]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 7862.69
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  3956604647.10   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI            Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 8.8598 [8.8594; 8.8601] 951641538.31 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.3875 [1.3874; 1.3877] 637775673.31 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.3328 [0.3327; 0.3329] 165525751.56 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2201661683.92    2       0
## Within groups  1754942963.18   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 3.4099 [2.7590; 4.2144] 0.4438 0.6662
## income = UMIC  21 0.4570 [0.2317; 0.9012] 2.5209 1.5877
## income = LMIC   6 0.2681 [0.0893; 0.8053] 1.8893 1.3745
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   47.85    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2017    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 3.0485 [ 3.0476;  3.0494]        1.2        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.3337 [ 1.3331;  1.3342]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               9.3000 [ 9.2980;  9.3020]        2.2        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 5.7414 [ 5.7388;  5.7440]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.1234 [ 0.1230;  0.1238]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 5.2455 [ 5.2433;  5.2477]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.3756 [ 0.3746;  0.3767]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.5157 [ 0.5155;  0.5158]        1.0        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                1.2179 [ 1.2166;  1.2192]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 10.7934 [10.7916; 10.7951]        3.8        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.8795 [ 0.8788;  0.8802]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0358 [ 0.0358;  0.0358]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1728 [ 0.1727;  0.1730]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 1.2346 [ 1.2328;  1.2364]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          5.6135 [ 5.6112;  5.6159]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.5272 [ 0.5266;  0.5277]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   2.0563 [ 2.0558;  2.0568]        1.9        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 2.2727 [ 2.2684;  2.2769]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 7.7485 [ 7.7446;  7.7523]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  5.7629 [ 5.7619;  5.7639]        3.6        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 5.3977 [ 5.3969;  5.3985]        4.3        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  4.2748 [ 4.2727;  4.2768]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 2.0198 [ 2.0184;  2.0213]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.1090 [ 0.1090;  0.1090]        1.4        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                10.1551 [10.1504; 10.1599]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.8330 [ 2.8323;  2.8337]        1.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   3.8160 [ 3.8155;  3.8166]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  1.1300 [ 1.1289;  1.1311]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.0892 [ 0.0890;  0.0894]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  2.6181 [ 2.6155;  2.6207]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  2.1990 [ 2.1955;  2.2024]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 1.4841 [ 1.4826;  1.4856]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               1.7040 [ 1.7015;  1.7065]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.4402 [ 4.4314;  4.4491]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.3797 [ 0.3795;  0.3799]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.1463 [ 0.1461;  0.1465]        0.0        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             3.8860 [ 3.8844;  3.8875]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             3.8784 [ 3.8754;  3.8813]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  6.3251 [ 6.3215;  6.3286]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.3403 [ 0.3402;  0.3405]        0.7        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.2237 [ 0.2234;  0.2239]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.1306 [ 0.1305;  0.1307]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  1.2022 [ 1.2016;  1.2028]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                4.9841 [ 4.9818;  4.9863]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            16.0002 [15.9929; 16.0075]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.5396 [ 1.5387;  1.5405]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.3809 [ 0.3807;  0.3810]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.8736 [ 1.8729;  1.8744]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  1.4789 [ 1.4775;  1.4802]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                4.7357 [ 4.7327;  4.7387]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                3.8317 [ 3.8273;  3.8361]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3350 [ 0.3347;  0.3352]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             2.7612 [ 2.7604;  2.7619]        1.4        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   7.1036 [ 7.1024;  7.1049]        3.2        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  7.1681 [ 7.1654;  7.1709]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             4.0655 [ 4.0633;  4.0678]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.5447 [ 0.5442;  0.5452]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.8093 [ 0.8090;  0.8097]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 0.8396 [ 0.8388;  0.8405]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 5.8298 [ 5.8289;  5.8307]        4.5        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.6780 [ 0.6771;  0.6789]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         13.5562 [13.5548; 13.5577]        8.7        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          13.9471 [13.9465; 13.9478]       43.5        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.7113 [ 1.7090;  1.7135]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.4621 [ 0.4617;  0.4625]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z p-value
## Common effect model  7.0395 [7.0393; 7.0398] 120460.32       0
## Random effects model 1.6148 [1.2059; 2.1623]      3.22  0.0013
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.4424 [1.2156; 3.2813]; tau = 1.2010 [1.1026; 1.8114]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8243.80
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4349451471.67   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI             Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 9.5747 [9.5744; 9.5751] 1058810343.14 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.7098 [1.7096; 1.7100]  775835855.84 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 0.5126 [0.5126; 0.5127]  285073308.29 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2229731964.39    2       0
## Within groups  2119719507.27   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 3.7805 [3.0502; 4.6856] 0.4557 0.6751
## income = UMIC  21 0.5467 [0.2799; 1.0676] 2.4489 1.5649
## income = LMIC   6 0.3271 [0.0890; 1.2022] 2.6467 1.6269
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   40.45    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
## [1] 2018    3
##                           rate             95%-CI %W(common) %W(random) income
## ALGERIA                 2.9435 [ 2.9427;  2.9444]        1.1        1.5   UMIC
## ARGENTINA               1.3902 [ 1.3896;  1.3907]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## AUSTRALIA               9.4384 [ 9.4364;  9.4404]        2.1        1.5    HIC
## AUSTRIA                 6.0504 [ 6.0478;  6.0531]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## BELARUS                 0.1868 [ 0.1863;  0.1872]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BELGIUM                 5.6263 [ 5.6240;  5.6286]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA  0.5333 [ 0.5320;  0.5346]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## BRAZIL                  0.6318 [ 0.6316;  0.6320]        1.2        1.5   UMIC
## BULGARIA                1.3771 [ 1.3757;  1.3785]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CANADA                 10.8953 [10.8936; 10.8971]        3.7        1.5    HIC
## CHILE                   0.9280 [ 0.9273;  0.9288]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## CHINA                   0.0438 [ 0.0438;  0.0438]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## COLOMBIA                0.1955 [ 0.1953;  0.1957]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## CROATIA                 1.3816 [ 1.3797;  1.3834]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## CZECH REPUBLIC          6.0546 [ 6.0522;  6.0571]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## ECUADOR                 0.5475 [ 0.5469;  0.5481]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## EGYPT                   3.9344 [ 3.9338;  3.9351]        3.5        1.5   LMIC
## ESTONIA                 3.0000 [ 2.9952;  3.0049]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## FINLAND                 8.2826 [ 8.2786;  8.2865]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## FRANCE                  6.0179 [ 6.0169;  6.0188]        3.5        1.5    HIC
## GERMANY                 5.6636 [ 5.6628;  5.6645]        4.3        1.5    HIC
## GREECE                  4.6340 [ 4.6318;  4.6361]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## HUNGARY                 2.1507 [ 2.1492;  2.1522]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## INDIA                   0.1168 [ 0.1168;  0.1168]        1.4        1.5   LMIC
## IRELAND                 8.5190 [ 8.5147;  8.5234]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ITALY                   2.8818 [ 2.8811;  2.8825]        1.6        1.5    HIC
## JAPAN                   4.0686 [ 4.0680;  4.0692]        4.7        1.5    HIC
## JORDAN                  0.6513 [ 0.6504;  0.6521]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## KAZAKHSTAN              0.1047 [ 0.1044;  0.1049]        0.0        1.5   UMIC
## KUWAIT                  3.2250 [ 3.2222;  3.2279]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LATVIA                  2.6394 [ 2.6357;  2.6432]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## LEBANON                 1.5687 [ 1.5672;  1.5703]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## LITHUANIA               2.0118 [ 2.0091;  2.0146]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## LUXEMBOURG              4.4238 [ 4.4151;  4.4326]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## MEXICO                  0.4124 [ 0.4122;  0.4126]        0.5        1.5   UMIC
## MOROCCO                 0.2011 [ 0.2009;  0.2014]        0.1        1.5   LMIC
## NETHERLANDS             4.0538 [ 4.0522;  4.0554]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## NEW ZEALAND             5.0261 [ 5.0228;  5.0295]        0.2        1.5    HIC
## NORWAY                  6.6320 [ 6.6284;  6.6356]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## PAKISTAN                0.3985 [ 0.3984;  0.3986]        0.8        1.5   LMIC
## PERU                    0.2562 [ 0.2559;  0.2565]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## PHILIPPINES             0.1572 [ 0.1570;  0.1573]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## POLAND                  1.6797 [ 1.6790;  1.6803]        0.6        1.5    HIC
## PORTUGAL                5.1522 [ 5.1499;  5.1545]        0.5        1.5    HIC
## PUERTO RICO            15.1233 [15.1160; 15.1305]        0.4        1.5    HIC
## ROMANIA                 1.6365 [ 1.6356;  1.6375]        0.3        1.5   UMIC
## RUSSIA                  0.5050 [ 0.5048;  0.5052]        0.7        1.5   UMIC
## SAUDI ARABIA            1.1357 [ 1.1351;  1.1363]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SERBIA                  1.9559 [ 1.9543;  1.9574]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SLOVAKIA                5.1626 [ 5.1594;  5.1657]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## SLOVENIA                3.9999 [ 3.9954;  4.0044]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## SOUTH AFRICA            0.3738 [ 0.3736;  0.3741]        0.2        1.5   UMIC
## SOUTH KOREA             3.0995 [ 3.0987;  3.1003]        1.4        1.5    HIC
## SPAIN                   7.3282 [ 7.3269;  7.3295]        3.1        1.5    HIC
## SWEDEN                  7.6667 [ 7.6638;  7.6695]        0.7        1.5    HIC
## SWITZERLAND             4.2259 [ 4.2237;  4.2282]        0.3        1.5    HIC
## TAIWAN                  0.6414 [ 0.6408;  0.6419]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## THAILAND                0.9387 [ 0.9383;  0.9390]        0.6        1.5   UMIC
## TUNISIA                 2.0328 [ 2.0314;  2.0342]        0.2        1.5   LMIC
## TÜRKIYE                 6.0922 [ 6.0913;  6.0931]        4.5        1.5   UMIC
## UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    0.6640 [ 0.6631;  0.6648]        0.1        1.5    HIC
## UNITED KINGDOM         13.8879 [13.8864; 13.8894]        8.4        1.5    HIC
## UNITED STATES          14.2069 [14.2062; 14.2076]       42.0        1.5    HIC
## URUGUAY                 1.5402 [ 1.5380;  1.5424]        0.0        1.5    HIC
## VENEZUELA               0.4182 [ 0.4178;  0.4186]        0.1        1.5   UMIC
## 
## Number of studies combined: k = 65
## 
##                        rate           95%-CI         z  p-value
## Common effect model  7.0838 [7.0836; 7.0840] 124461.49        0
## Random effects model 1.7840 [1.3391; 2.3767]      3.95 < 0.0001
## 
## Quantifying heterogeneity:
##  tau^2 = 1.3924 [1.1595; 3.1026]; tau = 1.1800 [1.0768; 1.7614]
##  I^2 = 100.0%; H = 8406.45
## 
## Test of heterogeneity:
##              Q d.f. p-value
##  4522777067.76   64       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (common effect model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI             Q    I^2
## income = HIC   38 9.7768 [9.7765; 9.7771] 1054363705.55 100.0%
## income = UMIC  21 1.7263 [1.7261; 1.7264]  822572064.85 100.0%
## income = LMIC   6 1.1377 [1.1376; 1.1379]  585568586.11 100.0%
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (common effect model):
##                            Q d.f. p-value
## Between groups 2060272711.24    2       0
## Within groups  2462504356.51   62       0
## 
## Results for subgroups (random effects model):
##                 k   rate           95%-CI  tau^2    tau
## income = HIC   38 3.9898 [3.2334; 4.9231] 0.4371 0.6611
## income = UMIC  21 0.6061 [0.3151; 1.1657] 2.3383 1.5291
## income = LMIC   6 0.4769 [0.0975; 2.3332] 3.9370 1.9842
## 
## Test for subgroup differences (random effects model):
##                      Q d.f.  p-value
## Between groups   34.60    2 < 0.0001
## 
## Details on meta-analytical method:
## - Inverse variance method
## - DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau^2
## - Jackson method for confidence interval of tau^2 and tau
## - Log transformation
##income
gaba_income<-as.data.frame(do.call(rbind, datout))[c(5:10)] 

gaba_income$Year<-as.numeric(gaba_income$Year)
out <- unlist(gaba_income)
Year<-out[1:44]
Drug<-out[45:88]
DDDTID<-out[89:220]
lower<-out[221:352]
upper<-out[353:484]

out2<-data.frame(Year,Drug)
out3<-do.call("rbind", replicate(3, out2, simplify = FALSE))
newdata <- out3%>% arrange(Drug, Year)

newdata$DDDTID<-DDDTID
newdata$lower<-lower
newdata$upper<-upper
region_name<-(rep(c("HIC","UMIC","LMIC"),44))
newdata$Income<-region_name

newdata$Drug<-c(rep(("Gabapentin"), 33),
                     rep(("Gabapentin Enacarbil"), 33),
                     rep(("Pregabalin"), 33),
                     rep(("Gabapentinoids"), 33))
gaba_income2<-newdata
gaba_income2$`DDD/TID`<-gaba_income2$DDDTID
gaba_income2$`DDD/TID - lower`<-gaba_income2$lower
gaba_income2$`DDD/TID - upper`<-gaba_income2$upper

gaba_income3<-gaba_income2[c(1,2,6:9)]


library(DT)
datatable(gaba_income3, options = list(
  autoWidth = TRUE,
  columnDefs = list(list(width = '100px', targets = c(1, 3)))
))
write.csv(gaba_income3,"D:/R/midas gaba/Output_14_Sensitivity3_Subgroup_AAPC_income_meta_sens3.csv")